Oversættelse af symbolsk maskinsprog. Sammenkædning og indlæsning af maskinsprog
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- Roderick Blair
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1 Oversættelse af symbolsk maskinsprog Sammenkædning og indlæsning af maskinsprog
2 Niveauer af abstrakte maskiner Spørgsmål... Hvordan bruges asm-niveauet? metode til programmering Hvordan stilles asm-niveauet tilrådighed? oversættelse af symbolsk maskinsprog til absolut maskinsprog
3 Programmering i symbolsk maskinsprog Tag udgangspunkt i et C program Oversæt systematisk til symbolsk maskinsprog Kommenter med C programmet Afprøv programmet eksternt og internt Evt. optimeringer foretages altid på et korrekt program...
4 Hvilke opgaver har assembleren for at producere absolut maskinkode? // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: 40 bytes b ac b 00 0a a ac constant pool: 2 words e
5 Oversættelse af symbolsk maskinsprog 1-1 afbildning mellem maskinordre og symbolsk maskinordre Oversættelse er vel ligetil? Hvad med symbolske konstanter, labels og direktiver?
6 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Sekventiel oversættelse method area: 40 bytes b6???? ac b???? a7???? ac constant pool: 2 words e
7 Two-pass assembler // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn ijvm-asm test.j test.bc 1. gennemløb Opbyg symboltabel Sammenknytning af symbolske navne og værdier gennemløb oversættelse af program ordre for ordre... method area: 40 bytes b ac b 00 0a a ac constant pool: 2 words e
8 Hvad skal asm holde styr på? // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; istore main index: r 0 goto method end_if area: 40 bytes // 15 else b ac iload a // 64 9b r 00 = a; 0a a7 00 istore r ac constant pool: 2 words iload r // return r; ireturn e Adressen på næste ledige byte i method area: Instruction Location Counter Adressen på næste ledige word i constant pool: Constant Location Counter Værdier knyttet til symboler, konstanter, metodenavne, labels: Symboltabel
9 1. gennemløb ILC: 0 CLC: 0 Symbol værdi type // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn main index: method area: constant pool:
10 1. gennemløb ILC: 0 CLC: 1 Symbol værdi type main 0 metode // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: constant pool:
11 1. gennemløb ILC: 4 CLC: 1 Symbol værdi type main 0 metode // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: constant pool:
12 1. gennemløb ILC: 4 CLC: 1 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: constant pool:
13 1. gennemløb ILC: 4 CLC: 1 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: constant pool:
14 1. gennemløb ILC: 6 CLC: 1 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: constant pool:
15 1. gennemløb ILC: 8 CLC: 1 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: constant pool:
16 1. gennemløb ILC: 10 CLC: 1 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: constant pool:
17 1. gennemløb ILC: 13 CLC: 1 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main Forward reference (min er ikke i symboltabellen) method area: b6???? constant pool:
18 1. gennemløb ILC: 14 CLC: 1 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: b6???? ac constant pool:
19 1. gennemløb ILC: 14 CLC: 2 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: b6???? ac constant pool: e
20 1. gennemløb ILC: 18 CLC: 2 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: b6???? ac constant pool: e
21 1. gennemløb ILC: 20 CLC: 2 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: b6???? ac constant pool: e
22 1. gennemløb ILC: 22 CLC: 2 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: b6???? ac constant pool: e
23 1. gennemløb ILC: 23 CLC: 2 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: b6???? ac constant pool: e
24 1. gennemløb ILC: 26 CLC: 2 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min Forward reference (else er ikke defineret) method area: b6???? ac b???? constant pool: e
25 1. gennemløb ILC: 28 CLC: 2 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: b6???? ac b???? constant pool: e
26 1. gennemløb ILC: 30 CLC: 2 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn method area: b6???? ac b???? constant pool: e
27 1. gennemløb ILC: 33 CLC: 2 Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Forward reference method area: b6???? ac b???? a7???? constant pool: e
28 1. gennemløb ILC: 33 CLC: 2 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min method area: b6???? ac b???? a7???? constant pool: e
29 1. gennemløb ILC: 35 CLC: 2 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min method area: b6???? ac b???? a7???? constant pool: e
30 1. gennemløb ILC: 37 CLC: 2 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min method area: b6???? ac b???? a7???? constant pool: e
31 1. gennemløb ILC: 37 CLC: 2 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min end_if 37 label min method area: b6???? ac b???? a7???? constant pool: e
32 1. gennemløb ILC: 39 CLC: 2 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min end_if 37 label min method area: b6???? ac b???? a7???? constant pool: e
33 1. gennemløb ILC: 40 CLC: 2 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min end_if 37 label min method area: b6???? ac b???? a7???? ac constant pool: e
34 1. gennemløb ILC: 40 CLC: 2 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min end_if 37 label min method area: 40 bytes b6???? ac b???? a7???? ac constant pool: 2 words e
35 2. gennemløb // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode Udfyld huller vha. symboltabel a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min end_if 37 label min method area: 40 bytes b6???? ac b???? a7???? ac constant pool: 2 words e
36 2. gennemløb ILC: 13 CLC: 1 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min end_if 37 label min method area: 40 bytes b ac b???? a7???? ac constant pool: 2 words e
37 2. gennemløb ILC: 26 CLC: 2 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min end_if 37 label min Relativt hop: = 10 method area: 40 bytes b ac b 00 0a a7???? ac constant pool: 2 words e 23
38 2. gennemløb ILC: 33 CLC: 2 // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn Symbol værdi type scope main 0 metode a 1 konstant main b 2 konstant main min 1 metode a 1 konstant min b 2 konstant min r 3 konstant min else 33 label min end_if 37 label min Relativt hop: = 7 method area: 40 bytes b ac b 00 0a a ac constant pool: 2 words e 30
39 Two-pass assembler // if ( a >= b ) // r = b; // r = a; ireturn ijvm-asm test.j test.bc 1. gennemløb Opbyg symboltabel Sammenknytning af symbolske navne og værdier gennemløb oversættelse af program ordre for ordre... method area: 40 bytes b ac b 00 0a a ac constant pool: 2 words e
40 Indlæsning af IJVM program Maskinsprog / binært program method area: 40 bytes b ac b 00 0a a ac constant pool: 2 words e Simpelt indlæseprogram 1.Indlæs binært program i lager (method area og constant pool) startende fra adresse 0 2.Initialiser kontrolregistre PC, CPP, LV og SP 3.Start afvikling; invokevirtual ''main index'' b ac b 00 0a a ac e PC = 0 CPP = 10 LV = 12 SP = 16
41 ijvm test.bc IJVM Trace of test.bc stack = 0, 1, 87, 42, 15 [10 58] stack = 88, 0, 1, 87, 42, 15 iload 1 [15 01] stack = 42, 88, 0, 1, 87, 42, 15 iload 2 [15 02] stack = 87, 42, 88, 0, 1, 87, 42, 15 invokevirtual 1 [b ] stack = 12, 13, 0, 87, 42, 21, 0, 1 iload 1 [15 01] stack = 42, 12, 13, 0, 87, 42, 21, 0 iload 2 [15 02] stack = 87, 42, 12, 13, 0, 87, 42, 21 [64] stack = -45, 12, 13, 0, 87, 42, 21, 0 iflt 10 [9b 00 0a] stack = 12, 13, 0, 87, 42, 21, 0, 1 iload 1 [15 01] stack = 42, 12, 13, 0, 87, 42, 21, 0 istore 3 [36 03] stack = 12, 13, 42, 87, 42, 21, 0, 1 iload 3 [15 03] stack = 42, 12, 13, 42, 87, 42, 21, 0 ireturn [ac] stack = 42, 0, 1, 87, 42, 15 ireturn [ac] stack = 42 return value: Hvordan ser indholdet af lageret ud ved programstart? Caller's LV: 0 Caller's PC: 1 b: 87 a: 42 Link prt: 15 SP LV
42 // Integer multiplication.... Store programmer Man vil gerne anvende ''biblioteksmetoder''.method imul.args 3 // ( int x, int y ).define x = 1.define y = 2.locals 1 // int p;.define p = 3 ldc_w 0 istore p // p = 0; while: // while iload x ifeq end_while // ( x > 0 ) iload x bipush 1 istore x // x = x - 1; iload p iload y iadd istore p // p = p + y; goto while end_while: iload p ireturn // return p; // My multiplication program.args 3.method calc.args 3 invokevirtual calc ireturn invokevirtual imul ldc_w 42 iadd ireturn // return a*b+42
43 // Integer multiplication.method imul.args 3 // ( int x, int y ).define x = 1.define y = 2.locals 1 // int p;.define p = 3 ldc_w 0 istore p // p = 0; // My multiplication program.args 3 Mulig løsning Sammenkæd den oversattte invokevirtual calc ireturn kode, maskinkoden, inden indlæsning....method calc.args 3 invokevirtual imul ldc_w 42 iadd ireturn // return a*b+42 Mulig løsning Lav et samlet program i symbolsk maskinsprog, der kan oversættes... main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words a Problemer Kræver adgang til kildeteksten for de anvendte biblioteksmetoder... Biblioteksmetoder skal oversættes hver gang der rettes i egen kode...
44 Sammenkædning Sammenkæd den oversatte kode, maskinkoden, inden indlæsning... method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words e a main index:?? method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words Mangler ''imul'' Har ingen mainmetode
45 Sammenkædning Sammenkæd den oversatte kode, maskinkoden, inden indlæsning... method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words e a Mangler ''imul'' main index:?? method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words Har ingen main-metode calc index: 1 method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] main.obj imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] imul.obj
46 Sammenkædning calc index: 1 main.o bj method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] imul.o bj imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] Linker main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words a all.bc
47 Sammenkædning calc index: 1 main.o bj method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] imul.o bj imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] Linker main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words a all.b c
48 Sammenkædning calc index: 1 main.o bj method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] imul.o bj imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] Linker main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words Hvordan? a all.b c
49 Generelt eksempel Fire objekt-moduler skal sammenkædes Hver oversat under antagelse af indlæsning fra adresse 0...
50 Reallokeringsproblem Absolutte referencer til lageradresse skal justeres jvf. indlæsningsadresser... Eksterne referencer Skal sættes jvf. indlæsnings-adresser...
51 IJVM eksempel calc index: 1 method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] Linker main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words a all.bc
52 IJVM eksempel calc index: 1 method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] Eksterne referencer sættes jvf. placering i fælles ''method area'' og ''constant Linkerpool''... main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words a all.bc
53 IJVM eksempel calc index: 1 method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] Startadresser for metoder i eget ''method area'' skal justeres i fælles ''constant Linker pool'' jvf. placering i fælles ''method area''... main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words a all.bc
54 IJVM eksempel calc index: 1 method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] Startadresser for metoder i eget ''method area'' skal justeres i fælles ''constant Linker pool'' jvf. placering i fælles ''method area''... adresse 34 main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words a all.bc
55 IJVM eksempel calc index: 1 method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] Referencer til egen ''constant pool'' (via invokevirtual eller ldc_w) skal justeres jvf. Linker placering i fælles ''constant pool''... main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words a all.bc
56 IJVM eksempel calc index: 1 method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] Referencer til egen ''constant pool'' (via invokevirtual eller ldc_w) Linker skal justeres jvf. placering i fælles ''constant pool''... adresse 1 main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words a all.bc
57 calc index: 1 method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] relocation dictionary: [10: invokevirtual] [27: ldc_w] IJVM eksempel Referencer til egen ''constant pool'' (via invokevirtual eller ldc_w) Linker skal justeres jvf. placering i fælles ''constant pool''... adresse 1 main index: 1 method area: 66 bytes a7 ff ed ac b ac b ac constant pool: 4 words a imul index: 1 method area: 34 bytes a7 ff ed ac constant pool: 1 words [ldc_w constant] [.method imul] all.bc
58 Opsummering calc index: 1 method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] relocation dictionary: [10: invokevirtual] [27: ldc_w]
59 Opsummering calc index: 1 method area: 32 bytes b ac b6???? ac constant pool: 3 words [] e [.method calc] a [ldc_w constant] external symbols:.method imul [ 24: invokevirtual imul ] relocation dictionary: [10: invokevirtual] [27: ldc_w]
60 Opsummering Egentlig en diskussion af bindingstidspunkt, dvs. hvornår bindes referencer til lageret til fysiske adresse... ijvm-asm eksempel Når programmet skrives Når programmet oversættes Når programmet sammenkædes Når programmet indlæses... et samspil med operativ-systemets ''memory manager''......
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