NON-PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF NATURAL GAS

Transcription

1 NON-PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF NATURAL GAS Jón Steinar Gudmundsson TPG4140 NATURGASS NTNU September 16, 2010

2 Associated Gas Problem World-wide, oil fields cannot be developed unless the associated gas problem can be solved ( stranded oil ) The term stranded gas is used in situations where the oil/gas field is remote or located in deep water The term marginal gas is used in situations where the oil/gas field is too small to justify a gas pipeline

3 Associated Gas Solutions Gas-to-Flare (burning) Gas-to-Well (injection) Gas-to-Liquid (LNG, MOH etc.) Gas-to-Wire (electricity) Gas-to-Tank (CNG) Gas-to-Solid (NGH)

4 Non-Pipeline Technologies CNG GTL GTW LNG NGH Compressed Natural Gas Gas-to-Liquid (incl. MOH) Gas-to-Wire (DC and AC) Liqufied Natural Gas Natural Gas Hydrate

5 CAPACITY-DISTANCE DIAGRAM Gudmundsson and Mork (2001) 10,0 PIPE LNG Capacity (BCM/year) 1,0 CNG, GTW, NGH ALL GTL 0, Distance (km)

6 Quick Chemistry Lesson Methanol CH 4 + H 2 O (steam) CO + 3H 2 CO + 2H 2 CH 3 OH Ammonia CH 4 + H 2 O (steam) CO 2 + H 2 3H 2 + N 2 2NH 3 Urea 2NH 3 + CO 2 CO(NH 2 ) 2 + H 2 O

7 Size and Technology Hove et al. (1999) Non-Pipeline Technology Nominal Plant Capacity Field Size LNG Syncrude MOH NGH 3 MTPY 20,000 bbl/d 2500 MTPD 1.6 MSm3/d 2.75 TCF 1.36 TCF 0.54 TCF 0.38 TCF

8 Norwegian Fields and Plants Field Name Ormen Lange Hammerfest LNG* Reserves (gas, LPG, cond.) 400 BCM (=14.1 TCF) 190 BCM (=6.7 TCF) Plant Size (gas prod.) 20 BCM/year 4.3 BCM/year 1 Sm3 = ft3 * Feed flow 6.9 BCM/year, Products 6.0 BCM/year, LPG 0.2 MTPY, Condensate 0.7 MTPY (Heiersted 2005)

9 Natural Gas Resources BP (2001) and Hove et al. (1999) World reserves 150 TCM (=5295 TCF) 38% in FSU, 35% Middle East, 9% OECD and 18% other regions 80% new gas fields less than 0.25 TCF (=7 BCM) in size Assuming 20 years, gives delivery 0.35 BCM/year (=12.5 BCF/year)

10 Natural Gas Monetisation Routes 5 TCF field size,, 600 MMscfd (=6.2 BCM/year) Klein Nagervoort (2000) Non-Pipeline Technology Global Demand Plant Size Plant % Global Demand MOH 30 MTPA (corrected) 6 MTPA 20% LNG 100 MTPA 4 MTPA 4% GTL 3,000 MTPA 3 MTPA 0.1%

11 Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis Process Klein Nagervoort (2000)

12 FPSO Overview of Alternatives

13 FPSO + Methanol UT-769

14 FPSO + Methanol Separation Gas Steam TCR reforming Choke Manifold Desulphurisation Methanol Synthesis Stabilisation/ Distillation Water Crude oil Crude Methanol Grade AA Methanol Produced water treatment Crude Oil Storage tanks Methanol Storage tanks Oil Water Gas Discharge To shuttle Tanker

15 Process, Marine CNG Load - $10% 54 bar 27 o C compress refrigerate 200 bar 10 o C 200 bar 5 o C 15.5 knots Sail - $85% Discharge - $5% expand scavenge heat 47 bar 5 o C 10 bar -30 o C

16 Pipe, CNG and LNG, 400 MMscfd 3.00 T ariff, $/mmbtu LNG One Train Ship 1 Ship 3 Ship 2 Ship 1 Compression & Marine Ship 2 Continental Shelf Pipeline CNG Conservative Tech CNG Achievable Tech Ship Distance, Kilometers

17 Pipe vs. CNG T ariff, $/mmbtu $55,000 per dia.inch.mi, 900 miles No intermediate compressor stations 30" pipeline Two 30" pipelines Standard CNG Carriers (Cons) DCQ bcmy

18 Hydrate Equilibrium Curve 200 Pressure [bar] m 3 of hydrate Methane Natural gas 180 Sm 3 of gas Temperature [ C]

19 Capital cost of NGH and LNG chains for 400 MMscf/d production and transport over 3500 nautical miles. Million US dollars mid Chain LNG NGH Difference Production 1220 (51%) 792 (44%) 428 (35%) Carriers 750 (32% ) 704 (39% ) 46 (6% ) Regasification 400 (17%) 317 (17%) 83 (21%) Total 2370 (100%) 1813 (100%) 557 (24%)

20 PIPE, GTL, LNG, NGH Capex vs. Distance

21 NGH Slurry on FPSO

22 NGH Slurry on FPSO Process Flow Diagram

23 NGH on FPSO Transport Cost vs. Distance Hove et al. (1999)

24 CONCLUSIONS 1. There is a need for non-pipeline technologies that can capture stranded gas and transport to market. NGH technology is being developed for this purpose and is increasingly recognised as an attractive alternative. Several groups are developing NGH technology world-wide, including NTNU in Norway. 2. LNG technology is recognised as the technology of choice for largevolume, long-distance transport of natural gas. However, about 80% of the natural gas resources yet to be developed world-wide are too small for state-of-the-art LNG technology and about one-half of these (40% of total) are stranded. 3. The cost of transporting stranded gas to market using non-pipeline technologies has been estimated in the range 1.5 to 3.0 US$ per million BTU (ca US$/GJ), depending on scale of development and distance to market. CNG and NGH are competing in similar stranded gas situations.