A THOUSAND PLATEAUS Capitalism nnd Schizophrenia

Transcription

1 -.1 A THOUSAND PLATEAUS Capitalism nnd Schizophrenia Gilles Deleuze F6lix Guattari Translation and Foreword by Brian Massumi lfr lfh l \ t l I{/{ frl llil University of Minnesota press Minneapolis London

2 The University of Minnesota Press gratefully acknowledges translation assistance provided for this book by the French Ministry of Culture and by the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency by the University of Minnesota Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmifted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher' Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290, Minneapolis, MN http: / / Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Eighth printing 2000 Library of Congress Cataloging'in'Publication Data Deleuze, Gilles. [Mille plateaux. English] A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia/gilles Deleuze. F6lix Guattari; translation and foreword by Brian Massumi. p.cm. Translation of: Mille plateaux, v. 2 of Capitalisme et schizophr6nie. A comdanion volume to Anti-Oedipus: capitalism and schizophrenia. Bibliography: p. Includes index. rsbn ISBN (Pbk.) l. Philosophy. I. Guattari, F6lix. II. Title B'17.D cl9 8' Originally publi shed u Mitle Plateaux' volume 2 of Capitalisme et 1980 by ks Editions de Minuit' Paris' Photo of Sylvano Bussoti, Five Pieces for Piano for DavidTudor, reproduced by permission of G. Ricordi, Milan, 1970 by G. Ricordi E.C. SPA; photo of Fernandllget, Men in the Cities, 1987 by ARS, N.Y./SPADEM; photo of Paul Klee, Twittering Machine,1922, reproduced by permission of The Museum of Modern Art, N.Y., 1987 by Cosmopress, Geneva. The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer. Translator's Foreword: PL Notes on the Translatioi Author's Note,/,.,n roduction: Rhizon Root, radicle. and rhi: the Multiple-Tree Orient, Occident, An plateau? :One or Severa Neurosis and psycho unconscious and the r 3. 10,000 s.c.: The GeoL It IS?) Strata-Double artic unity of a stratum-lv and substances. epistr The diversity among s machine and assemb 4. November 20, I 923: p The order-word-indi

3 Contents Translator's Foreword: pleasures of philosoph y Brian Massumt Notes on ix the Translation and Acknowledgments - Author's xvl Note 1/ t. rntroduction: xx Rhizome Root, radicl.,u* rhizome_issues _.rr the concerning Multipl e_tree books_fn" una Joil"l1n" One unj g"jg."pt Ameritu-irt"Lisdeeds l"ut, oi...ti on r, 03",::lrottident' oitn. treelwnat is a 2 l?14: One or Several Wotves? "ffi il'.:t,:ffij#?:inh::f rheoryormurtipricities_packs_;: ' n'c.: The Geologv of Morars,iti,0,3t (who Does rhe Earth Think strata-double articulation (segmentarity)-what unity of a srratum-m'ieus-ifre constitu,"r ri3 and substances, Jiu.rriry within epistratu a stratum: ""d p;;;r;utu_cont.nt forms The diversity among strata-the and expression* mach n,,otu, i ne una and the assemltug., morecula.labr,.u., ttr.i..-o-i Jruti u. stares-metasrrara 4. November 20, I 92j: postulates of Linguistics Th e order_word_indi re", Ji r;;;;:order_words, V acrs, una i n.jrl

4 vi tr CONTENTS poreal transformations-dates-content and expression, and their respective variables-the aspects of the assemblage-constants, variables, and continuous variation-music-style-major and minor -Becoming-Death and escape, figure and metamorphosis B.C.-A.D. 70: On Several Resimes of Siens ill The signifying despotic regime-the passional subjective regime_ The two kinds of delusion and the problem of psychiatry-the ancient history of the Jewish people-the line of flight and the prophet-the face, turning away, and betrayal-the Book-The system of subjectivity: consciousness and passion, Doubles-Domestic squabble and office squabble-redundancy-the figures of deterritorialization-abstract machine and diagram-the generative, the transformational, the diagrammatic, and the machinic./ 6. November 28. l94l:how Do You Make yourself a Body Without Organs? t49 The body without organs, waves and intensities-the egg- Masochism, courtly love, and the Tao-The strata and the plane of consistency-antonin Artaud-The art of caution-the three-bodv problem-desire, plane, selection, and composition t/ J. Year Zero: Faciality 167 White wall, black hole-the abstract machine of faciality-body, head, and face-face and landscape-the courtly novel-theorems of deterritorialization-the face and christ-the two figures of the face: frontal view and profile, the turning away-dismantling the face :Three Novellas, or "What Happened?" 192 The novella and the tale: the secret-the three lines-break, crack, and rupture-the couple, the double, and the clandestine t/ : Micropolitics and Segmenrarity 20g Segmentarity, primitive and civilized-the molar and the molecular-fascism and totalitarianism-the segmented line and the quantum flow-gabriel rarde-masses and classes-the abstract rnachine: mutation and overcoding-what is a power center?-the three lines and the dangers of each-fear, clarity, power, and death V : Becoming-lntense, Becoming-Animal, Becoming- Imperceptible Becoming-Three aspects of sorcery: multiplicity; the Anomalous, or the outsider; transformations-individuation and Haecceity: five o'clock in the evening-longitude, latitude, and the plane of consistency-the two planes, or the two conceptions of the plane- Becoming-woma molecular: zone secret_majority, I ter and dissymme memory and bec between punctual s and becomings_t tinued-becomin I l 1837: Of the Refra In the dark, at non placard and the t, melodic landscap interassemblage lem of consistenc Classicism and mil the people-moder and material_mus : Treatise on N The two poles of the war machine_the sciences-the bod nomadology_first Second aspect: tne v nomad number_tl -Free action and w arms and jewelry_ machinic phylum al ated space, holey spa of the relation n.c.: Apparatu The paleolithic Stat wide organizations "last" (marginalism (rent). fiscal organiz lem of violence_th Capitalism and the S axiomatics : The Smooth an The technological mc

5 esslon, and their -Constants, varrlajor and minor rrphosis lll ective regimesychiatry-the 'flight and the Book-The sysrles-domestic igures of deter- : generative, the c ody t49 s-the eggrd the plane of fhe three-body t67 ciality-body, el-theorems r figures of the ntling the face 192 -Break, crack, lne 208 rd the molecline and the -The abstract renter?-the r, and death 232 nomalous, or recceity: five he plane of 'the plane- '' CONTENTS D vii i:::nil:l-_"^tan, becom i ne-ch il d* becom i ng_an i mat, becom i secrer-m:.zo.nes or proximi,l;*."il;;':#leptrbre-the ng_ ter and o,.rt'otttt' minority' mini m e m. ry ;r n::,;: ipult [t 1T :{[l'+ffi j * ll;i: between punctual a n d systenis b I ock -- Th ;o;.t.il-t e oppo si ti on and becom ir""-;;::^::^:iru m ultrl t near sysrem s-m ti"".d-b;li;ili:l*ffi;l::'..;;i;;;;;li' j;il,ll,l;l I l : Of rhe Refrain toward,?":*ithu:j:t', rhe worrd-mlieus and rhyrhm-rhe melodic lunn:l-t territory-expr i n rerassem b,l:"uo"r-t i.i on as stvte: rh r"",',i-t"ltr vth t i " ru..r. F,ff :,:r:,ii..t#:i*d;:lx,lffi xx*lt'ffilln:i -#" th e peopie [i ffi;*",ff :j,,.]'1, ir' ",...u".r, 1i'. "u,tr,, u n a and material_ :r,.uri,,'i' ;;;';;;;;;iliil::;f;t."il1',t:1?l;;."t;;;; rr,. r*o pl"r.";1,ilofr,11iil.,jn: war Machine war machine-the man of *u.-t9y:iulriiil"a "-,eriority "til: sciences_the n o m a d o r og y- 3,::.t : "i".' o''i t' "[:1 #i, f; ili; 'x: ;i [T il;il,"jj;;ff:'#:rl ; nomad number-thi.d _Free ";;;;;,'ri.y'nt action a ;T.lachine ""?' "","o,pu""_ composition of oeople. the armsand,"-.1$:#;;lf:,1:1;iiil:*;ile::l,j;hf i: machinic phvlum ano tecrrioioei;it:,t::l and nomaaism-ine ated --il;;::l^lllus.t. space, holey space-the -Smooth space, stri_ or tr,.^r.iuiioi'-y war machine and *".,-ir,. i",nprexities " 1?90 S': Appararus of,capture in :?f#i::f"::t;i,:,:;:;:, :::y*, own s s, a, es un o * o!,11 Iem r'ffi of,h:#i:::l'r?*iiiitti:::u#,ln{rl# vioten.j:yut'9n (taxation), Fubtic works (profirjlirr" p.ou_ :l1,1;riil'""l;ffi ;l:t,",'j,:illt::1.:1.,il;;;;;rlaw_ axtomatics : The Smooth and the Striated The technological model (,.;i;i;;:the "uulrlrrun and enslavement_jssues in musical modet_th, ^:l:

6 viii tl CONTENTS time model-the mathematical model (multiplicities)-the physical model-the aesthetic model(nomad art),,'/ ts. Conclusion: Concrete Rules and Abstract Machines Notes Bibliography (compiled by Brian Massumi) 579 Index 587 List of Illustrations 611 Tian Pleas B This is a book that speaksc sets and noology and pol approach it. What do you d music and animal behavi presents itselfas a networ be read in any order? That from a wide range of disc humanities, but whose au listen to a record?r "Philosophy, nothing br The annals of offrcial ph reason" who speak in "the r plicity with the State.3 They... effectively functions in judgment. of stable subjec tity, "universal" truth, and thought is in conformity witl nifications, and with the rec Gilles Deleuze was scho

7 re physi rl Translator's Foreword: Pleasures of philosophy Brian Massumi This is a book that speaks gf.manv things, ofticks sets and quirts and noology and fuzzy and politicat sub_ "conolry. It is approach difficult it. to what know do you how do to with a book ihat dedicates music and un.nri.".rrupterto animar behavior-a"a trr.r "i"ims presents that it isn't itselfas a chapter? a network That of "plateausriihu, u.. precisely be read in any dated, order? but That can a.provt u "o-or.,. from technical a wide vocabulary range of drawn oisciptines-rn1"rr.'i.i"nces, mathemarics, and the lmf ;:;"but whose authors.".orn_.n d that you ;.;Jii;;"u would "Philosophy, nothing bul philosophy.,,2 Of a The bastard annals line. of official philosophy ire poputateo reason" by who,,bureaucrats speak in "the of pure shadow or,rr" o"rpot,, plicity and with are in the historical State.3 They com_ invent"u oroojrrv rpiritual ' ' ' effectivery... absorute functions State that in the mind." judgment, frr"i., is the discou* of stable oirou.."rgn subjectivity.r.girrur.jtv..good,,sense, tity' "universal" of rocklike truth, iden_ and (white"mui.jl*i""..thus thought is the in exercise conformity of their with the ai-r orti-r"..ul nifications, State, *irn,rr. and o.-inunt.ig_ with rhe requirem.*, ;il; established Gilles Dereuze order.,,4 was schooled in trtut ptjrosophy. The titres of his earriest IX

8 Notes on the Translation and Acknowledgments AFFECT/AFFECTTON. Neither word denotes a personal feeling (sentiment in Deleuze and Guattarl). L'affect (spinoza's affeclzs) is an ability to affect and be affected. It is a prepersonal intensity corresponding to the passage from one experiential state of the body to another and implying an augmentation or diminution in that body's capacity to act. L'affection (Spinoza's affectio) is each such state considered as an encounter between the affected body and a second, affecting, body (with body taken in its broadest possible sense to include "mental" or ideal bodies). DRAw. ln A Thousand Plateaus, to draw is an act of creation. What is drawn (the Body without Organs, the plane of consistency, a line of flight) does not preexist the act of drawing. The French word tracer captures this better: It has all the graphic connotations of "to draw" in English, but can also mean to blaze a trail or open a road. "To trace" (dbcalquer), on the other hand, is to copy something from a model. FLIGHT/ESCApr. Both words translate fuile, which has a different range of meanings than either of the English terms. Fuite covers not only the act of fleeing or eluding but also flowing, leaking, and disappearing into the distance (the vanishing point in a painting is a point de fuite).lthas no relation to flying. xvt NOTES ON THE T MILIEU. In French chemistry), and "milieu,'..mid should be rea plane. Thewordpla and a..plan... The auth meanings seem "plan(e)" to be pr has been use power. Two words fr In Deleuze and Guatta (although the termino Puissance refers "capacity to a ran for existence multipty connections th degrees in different situa fu_llness of existence (or a of a number to be raisedi lation of Nietzsche's terr has an additional mathe in a finite or infinite set. of consisten cy), pouvotr authors use pouvoir in as reproducible relation of fi puissance and pouvoir ha tinction between the conc terms have been added in occasional passages wher PROCESS/PROCEEDING lated as "process." proces covering both the stratifie Procbs pertains only to tht means "trial,' (as in the ti exp.loit this polysemy as a, soctat power and regimeso or proci:s de subjectivatrcn their usage) translated as, ness this produces in Engli process. or way ofproceed always "process.'. SELE Both Moiand Soi French in brackets. Soi is thr person pronoun implies an

9 xviiitrnotesonthetranslationandacknov/ledgments more restricted concept: the "me" as subject of enunciation for the "I" ffe) as subject of the statement. It is also the French term for the Freudian ego' ST6NIFIANCE/INTERPRETANCE. I have followed the increasingly common practice of importi ng signi.fiance and interpr?tance into English without modification. In Deleuze and Guattari these terms refer respectively to the syntagmatic and paradigmatic processes of language as a "signifying regime of signs." They are borrowed from Benveniste ("signifying capacity" and "interpretative capacity" are the English translations used in Benveniste's work). STMEMENT. Enonc? (often "utterance") has been translated here as..statement," in keeping with the choice of the English translators of "Enunciation" is used for i'non<'iatittn. Foucault, to whose conception Deleuze and Guattari's is closest. TRAIT. The word traithasa range of meanings not covered by any single word in English. Literally, it refers to a graphic drawing, and to the act of drawing a line. Abstractly, it is the purely graphic element. Figuratively, it is an identifying mark (a feature, or trait in the English sense), or any act constituting a mark or sign. In linguistics, "distinctive features" (traits distinctifs or traits pertinents) are the elementary units of language that combine to form a phoneme. Trait also refers to a projectile, especially an arrow. and to the act of throwing a projectile. Here, "trait" has been retained in all but narrowly linguistic contexts. GENDER-BTASED USAGE has been largely eliminated through pluralization or the use of male and female pronouns. However, where Deleuze and Guattari seem deliberately to be using "man" to designate a socially constructed, patriarchal standard of human behavior applied to both men and wotnen, the masculine generic has been retained' NOTES ON THE TF! pp.49-7l); "Rhizome" r and Guattari, On the Lit eral Wolves?" (first vers pp ( I 977); "Ho version, abridged), tran (1981), pp Portions of this tran Nomadology" was publi (New York: Semiotext( appeared under the title (Spring I 985), pp the title "Nomad Art" in, A.KN.*LEDGMENTS. I *""1d l;" to express my gratitude to the National Endowment for the Humanities and the French Ministry of culture for their generous assistance, without which this translation would not have been possible. and to the authors for their patience in answering my questions. winnie Berman, Ken Dean, Nannie Doyle, Shoshana Felman, Jim Fleming, Robert Hurley, Fredric Jameson, Sylvdre Lotringeq Susan McClary. Giorgio Passerone. Paul Patton. Dana Polan. Mary Quaintance. Michaei Ryan, Lianne Sullivan, Susan Yazijian, and Caveh Zahedi provided much-appreciated aid and advice. Glenn Hendler likes to see his name in print. "Rhizome" I consulted the following translations: (first version), trans. Paul Foss and Paul Patton, Ideologv and Con.sciousne,sr, no. 8 (Spring 1981,

10 1. Introduction: Rhizome 7,.ti'/f.fi XIVpi""o Fiece f.' Da"id Tvdor 4. lhr- ae 1*r 6ttd ra$i.tic.: tt,j.195t {# *lt',lr- 5E SYLVANO EUSSOTI The Jyro of us-*rote L nti:oedipus together. Since each of us was several, there was already quite a crowd. Here we have made use of everything that came within range' what was closest as well as farthest uruy. w. huu. trigneo clerer pse.*donyms to prevent recognition, why have we kept our own names? out of habit, purely out of ha6it.[o make ourselves unrecog_ nizable in tufnrto render impeiceptible, not ourselves, but what makes us act, feel, and think. Also because it's nice to talk like everybody else, ro say the sun rises, when everybody knows it's only u -unn.i of speaking. To reach' not the point where one no longer says I, but the point where it is no longer of any importance whether one says L We are no longer ourselves. Each will know his own. we have -A been aided,inspired, multlpried. book has neither object nor subject; it is made of variously formed matters, and very different dates and speeds. To attribute the book to a subject is to overlook this working of matters,.and the exteriority of their relations- I! iq to fabqpate a beneficerrt God to explain geologicat movements. In a book. as in ail things. there are rines of articulation or segr4sntarity, strata and territories;iut also lin-es of fligh\, movements of deterritorialization and destratification. comparative rates of frow on

11 4 I INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME theselinesproducephenomenaofrelativeslownessandviscosity'or'on the contrary, of acceleration and rupture' All this' lines and measurable speeds, constitutes ""^"tt"int'ge' A book is an assemblage of this kind' and as such is.rnu,,tiuuiuule' tiis a multiplicity-but we don't know yet what the multiple..oii. *t.n it is no lo.nger attributed, that is, after it has been elevated to the status of a substantive' Bne sidg oia m'ac'hi"it^i:::1- blagefacesttrestrata,wtrlctroouuttes-smakeiiakindoforganism'orstgnr- 'fving totality, or deter;i;ation attributable to a subject; it also has a side i;:.i;;;;;t ; i tili' *;i;'*hicr' i s co nti nu allv di sm antli ns the o rganism, causing asignifying"p4-rt'icl9s- -or- pq-re intensities to pass or circulate'.-and"attributing to tj*if.";:..tr itrii it leaves with nothing more than a j;;;;;iiv' name as the trace ";;; pvt'ut is the bodv without organs of a i book? There u."..uttll itp"tai"g"n the nature of the lines considered' their particuta, g.uo;;.'density, und th. possibility of their converging on a "plane of consistei"v;u""'ing their selection' Here' as elsewhere' the units of mea,'.. u,. *,t'ut is essential I quantify'writing..q.wr! no differencebetweenwhatuloor.'urrcaboutandho*iti.made.theret6rea6ook l' also has no object. nt un uttttblage' a book has only itself in connection, with other assembhg; ;ili;i.tuiio" to other bodies-without organs' We Iwillneveraskwhatabookmeans,assignifiedorsignifier;wewillnotlook, for anything to unajrstaiji" 1,. We wiil ask what it functions with' in connection with what.ii.. irrlrg, it does or does not transmit intensities, in whichothermultiplicitiesitsownareinsertedandmetamorphosed,and with what bodies *i;;;;"tgans it makes its own converge' A book exists only througf, tn. o"i'io" u'no on the outside' A book its'elf is a little machine;whatistherelation(alsomeasurable)ofthisliterarymachinetoa war machine, love -utt'in"' revolutionary machine' etc'-and ^" "b:::i:: vnachinethat sweeps irrem atong? We have beei crll1:li::-y overquotrns literary authors. s,r1 *t "r, one- writes, the only question is which other machine ttre titerarl mu"irl*.", be plugged inio, mustbe plugged into in order to work. Kleist and a mad *ut'nutill-"e' Kafka and a most extraordinary bureaucratic machine ' ' ' (What if one became animal or plant throughliterature, *rtit-rt "ttt"inlv does "*i".t-!j:1i1t]t^?-t: it not first throughthevoicethatonebecomesanimal?)literatureisanassemblage' Ithasnothingtooowitrlideology.Thereisnoideologyandneverhasbeen' All we tatt auout aie muttipticities, lines, strata and segmentarities, lines of nignt anjir;;;*i;;,',"achinic assemblages and their various types, bodies *lttt""i "tgutt''uoo their construction and selection' the plane of conrirt."."v, "Jlr, "u.r, case the units of measure. stratometers, deteometers, sro-j)i;r};;;;;;y:b*o units of convergencz: Not onlv do these constitut. u quu"iltltatio" of- writing' but they define writing as always the measurj of.o-.tt",ing else. Wiiting has nothing to do with signifying. It has to do v come. -A ff tsl lyoe 9f b99k1 world. or the root the lr noble, signifying, and s The book imitates ther to it that accomplish wt book is the law of refle oiiligbook reside in n! between world and boc encouirter this formuii the most "dialectical" v sical and well reflect doesn't work that wgy lateral, and circular s1 o ne. T-ottghfla slehir 6oi with its pivotal sp tual reality, the Tree or One that becomes two, the spiritual reality of t guistics retains the roc wedded to classical ref trees, which begin at a as to say that this syst multiplicity: in order t assume a strong princi sible, following the na or five, but only ifther otal taproot supportln The binary logic of dic tionships betwegnsu ter understanding ofn in the object, the othe ships still dominate P interpretation of Sch information science. The radicle-syste to wt6["oui moiieri rdot has aborted, or -. i' multlpllclty ol secon development. This tii but the rool's unity su II

12 u g.< l s and viscosity, or, on lines and measurable remblage of this kind, )ut we don't know yet ted, that is, after it has :-of q machinic assemof organism, or signiject; it also has a side ismantling the organi^ tg p-ass or circulate, nothing more than a ' without organs of a the lines considered, rf their converging on :re, as elsewhere, the r8.t*9:gis no differrde. Therefore a b'ook 'itself, in connection s without organs. We f!9r;we will not look nctions with, in connsmit intensities, in tetamorphosed, and verge. A book exists iok-its'elf is a little iterary machine to a tc.-and an abstract zed for overquoting tion is which other st be plugged into in td a most extraordire animal or plant rarily? Is it not first reisan assemblage. tnd neverhas been. rnd segmentarities, and their various and selection, the sure. Stratometers, gence: Not only do 'define writing as :othing to do with signifying. It has to do wirh with qrr^,p.,i-^ surveying, come. mapping, even rearms that are yet to...-4 {rsr type g-f b.gok is the ro-ot-book. worrd' oiihb Thprlree ioot is ih. arready in'"s;;;;;.*iora-t*.. the image of the ifi;il:lssic', book, as ) ii3hliiil*i:,1ffi1tlit::i*',r*i',",i".,,viir,"ltilta.orth ts it that accomprish whar bv procedur..r narure.""ll"l:e^-!3jtt9:.;..iii; book is rhe law orcan of r"n..tlon:;il;;"i"r no tonger do. ff,e f a* oiitre o iih'e'boo k "' i o' i " "";;;;,';ilil : i :il :ecoq e'q 1 ryo' H oy-q-"1'1d$ i.y' H:ml;:;l3 fl1 o:"u ;il:;.i"#lh:t:*'jj,*: ;Tl.to'un,' th e m ost'id i ;;;iltlllr"ji,li;i::;i *t "i cailv bv Ma or u n d erstoo d i n sical and weli reflectej: before ;,dd' us is the most ;#ti.t]li-"e clasdoesn't iluu work wearrest that *;t;; kind of thoughl #j."jl Ng1ur" rritbrar, "" i'"i;iirl"!,?"tr'j'i.;i3ffi 5,e lapt?l! *iit, u i o-." m u r t ipr e, ss.rhougr'ilaesneainj{,;;.:il;:f; Hlilx'Hm;.1''Trffi : root' with its pivotarpin. unj*.ro"unornr tuar rearitv' the r"u"., Tree J*irrJooou oi noo, ur ui';;;:, as a spiri_ one that becomes endressry two,.trren-oitie deverops the raw r*"rn", of the g".;;; t""r.ri r,rary rogic is ;ff:ijt::,1,:jlitt ortn" 'oot-t';;' ;;." a disciprine as',aduanced,,as rinwedded,";i",,,.li,l"ij-"'i::?tt:*ilqu;l;nl:it ffix;"til,til:1" INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME D 5 points l"o o'""."4 bv dichotomy). rhis is as much m u, t i p ii c i r ;;;; ;J:liT ;Il assume f :i[:?i:ff a srrons nrincipar r*#, uni,v. #; m,":lli:l sibte. forowinfine.narurar on ri.lio"or,i. o;jffi; merhod. ir'io io oouut po._ eo oirecrry f;;;'ii;;,o,r.,... rou., " **ll[;:;:iillilh:'il'.'*:**ry r1;";1i,h;;", of rh the pi e b i v- n a r oeri ir o i.ni'. * ;ilili,fi ::J ; Ij::t.b::L tronships-berween *,glj:: succesri;'. te r;;.'itr. r u n d e rs t a n d i n e o f m oiuoru, laproor u I r i p I provides i ci ;t1; ; n i ir'. no i i.r-, bet_ in rhe object, theither "," ri ir,i.'rri;"";;'lilu.r ; ;;; ;:6" e o pe rar rog^ic e s and biunivocar rerarion_ ttl'n::',xtdi;l'jr"f f ":r' o.u n ur v'i''t,t' ",1i9 or de r u s i on i n th e Freud ian information r",.n.llnr"oer,s case). lingurstrcs. structuralism, and even," liffi: curar lt5?:1."*.:lrasci.oo,, I l",y l d rigure or the book, root has' b" ;.1".;:?l:i'?il:,-#'#.1'Ji? a n ce. rh i s ti ;;; ;; pri n ci par riunr ptrci ty "f ;;; ; ;;;;::- :::lceltroyed ; an immediate, indefinite developmen,. tnr"l*jv roots eiaft.s. onlo it and undergoe, a hou.irt ing il,;;;;;\,"ili"lil,i;;::[1jtjlj,i::1fr.::rx;,: l

13 dy l s and viscosity, or, on lines and measurable ;emblage of this kind, )ut we don't know yet ted, that is, after it has :of a m-achinic assemof organism, or signiy'egt; it also has a side ismantling the organi" tg p-+ss or circulate, nothing more than a i'without organs of a the lines considered, rf their converging on :re, as elsewhere, the tg. Thqe is no differrde. tfeefo=reab-o-ok 'itself, in connection s without organs. We f!9r;we will not look nctions with, in con-.nsmit intensities, in tetamorphosed, and verge. A book exists iok-itsblf is a little iiterary machine to a tc.-and an abstract zed for overquoting tion is which other st be plugged into in rd a most extraordire animal or plant rarily? Is it not first re isan assemblage. tnd neverhas been. rnd segmentarities, and their various and selection, the sure. Stratometers, gence: Not only do 'define writing as Lothing to do with INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME D 5 signifying. It has to do wirh with qrr^,p'i-^ surveying, come. mapplng, even realms that are yet to -4-{*t tvoe g-f b.gok is tlre world' 10-qt-bo$, orihi: ioiit fherrel is ih. arready i''"s;j;;."iorro-til. the image ofthe ifi;il:lssicar, book, as.,, iishliiiifl;,?iil1tlit::i*1f*i",",i".,,,iir,..,ii,u.",, r ts it that accomplish *h;;;;;illll-9l*l3j:'f : bv procedur":.p;ii; l book is the law orcan of r"n..tlon:;il;;.i"r no tongerdo. ff," f u* oiit. o r t-h'rboo k,.' ; o. i " "";;;;,';ilil: j :il :1oqe-s 1 wo. Hoysqsld"* alry'. berween wo rr d a n d b"" k. ;;;;;;,;;jxlh:t:ttj,*: ;TJ"l,*:;r, - encounrei this formura, ;".;;;;;ritrategicatv the mosr "diarecticar" uv *ut ruruor-understood oorriil;, ;r wehave in before us is the mosr cras_ ;'d;;# weariesr ki;; il:i"1$"ffl;renecteo' ;i;;"u'hr. ratbrar, "";;"il;":;+tr,ji..fiffifi:f,t:t Nature gr.r'sush'rasshehind n;;.it"r,t. *ljhuli$ root' with its pivotar u"tt rpin. ","rffilearityis unj*-"r"ar"r r"u"", a tap_ tuarearitv, J*irrl roou as a spiri_ the Tree oi noo, one ur rhat ui'i;;:, becomes endressry tro,.tr,"n-oiti" o"u"rop] r*"itr", *," Iaw of the orin.,oo1_t.;. g..;; i""r..ri,rary rogic is ;ff iilt::,1,:.jli,r ;;." a disciprine as..aduanced,,as rinwedded,";i",,.1i,1",ij-"1[:?t'l:i:iltlr6l;ru ffirx,l,fl,t::::1" points i"o 0.""."a by dichotomy). rhis is as much mu,tipiicirf ;;;;;J:liT3:lli::iH?i:ff assume r,x"f,rux.",;,":t[i:l a strons nrincipal,nitv. sibte. on fotowinfine.narurar ti.iio"orri" o;j;;; ir'io merhod. oouut io go por_ ai.ecuy f;;;'6;;,o tr,... rou., **l' [;?;:i:'iiil H: ""'.'*:iu*: r " r1; ";1,,H;;;, rh o f t h e p i v - e b i n a r v r oei i r r o i. rio'- * ;ilililt::jli r j::t;* tronships-berween succesri :r il"::r ijx: ;'. rer u 1;;:'itr. nderstandi ne or oiuo,u, laproor m u rr provides i pr iciiv rrr an no iir. ber_ o i.rroron,, ;;;;;;:;"e operares $.ti:{1t:*f,**ll:ilil::iil?arv,ogicandbi,"i,"-""rre,ationill::il:li*"" ; i s.r ;;#:, :iil;: I Iff Jlff :*.m; I,1l: tr*;,";iffi: i?.yjj:l'*.:l-{1'.i ry1.1,.r0,, : lh ",y I d rigure or the book, rdot h a s. 0".,.0".11?li t,'?"il:,'"#.1#.1'ji? a n ce rh i s t i ;;; r ; pri n ci par ri-mtrptrci ty " f ;;; ; ;; ;;::- :::l 1e;troved ; an i m m edi ate, i n defi n i te deve.lopmenr. tn;, l*jv-roots siaft!. fro it and undergoe, a-hou.irhng ;;d;;;;;ili*il,i*::[1jtl,j,i::;t:3ff.'ffit:'11"1"" ]

14 ./: /, v I ; 6 tr INTRODUCTION: RHTZOME if reflexive, spiritual reality does not compensate for this state of things by demanding an even more comprehensive secret unity, or a more extensive totality. llke william Burroughs's cut-up method:tire folding of one text onto anotheq-which constitutes rnultiple and even adventitious roots (like a cutting), implies a supplementary dimension to that of the texts under consideration. In this supplementary dimension of folding, unity continues its spiritual labor. That is why the most resolutely fragm-ented work can also be presented as the Total work or Magnum opus. Most modern methods for making series proliferate or a multiplicity gro* are perfectly valid in one direction, for example, a rinear direction, whereas a unity of totalization asserts itself even more firmly in another, circular or cyclic, dimension. whenever a multiplicity is taken up in a structure, its growth is ioflset by a.reduction in its laws of combination. The abortionists of unity I are indeedangel makers, doctores angelici,because they affirm a properly 'angelic and superior unity. Joyce's words, "multiple accurately described as hiving roots," shatter the linear unity of the woid, even of language, only to posit a cyclic unity of the sentence, text, or knowledge. NiQt-zqqhe,s aglrolismshatter-the linear unity of knowledge, only to inioke the cyclic lsrtxol'the eternal return, pqesqnt as*the nonknown in thought. This is as luch 1s to say that the fascicular sysgrii does nor really ureit wiie?ualism. with the complementarity between a subject and an object. " ""ir."r i6ality and a spiritual reality: unity is consistently thwarted and obstructed inthe object, while a new type of unity triumphs in the subject. The world has lost its pivot; the subject can no longer even dichoto-ir., but accedes to a higher unity, of ambivarence or overdetermination, an always supplementary dimension to that of its object. The world has become chaos, but the book remains the image of the world: radicle-chaosmos rather than root-cosmos. A strange mystification: a book all the more total for being fra_gmented. At aiy- rate, what a vapid idea, the book as the image of the woild. In truth, it is not enough to say, "Long live the multiple,,, difficult as it is to raise that cry. No typographical, lexical, or even syntactical cleverness is enough to make it heard. The multipl e must be mide,not by always adding a higher dimension, but rather in the simplest of ways, by dint of sobriety, with the number of dimensions one already hai availablealways n - I (the only way the one belongs to the muitiple: always subtracted). Subtracthe unique from the multiplicity to be constituled; write at n - dimensions. A system of this kind could bi called a rhizome. a rhizome as subterranean stem is absolutely different from roots and radicles. Bulbs and tubers are rhizomes. plants with roots or radicles may be rhizomorphic in other respects altogether: the question is whether prant life,in its specificity is not entirely rhizomatic. Even some animals are, in their pack form. Rats are rhizomes. Burrows are too, in all of their func- \ i, 1{:*. i i I II\ tions of sheltee supply itself assumes very dive d.i_r,ection s to concretion other. The rhizome inclu or the weed. Animal and feeling that we will conv,mate characteristics of t ; I and 2. principles of zome can ' be connecrefu Fnt from the tree or root lreeurnn-e Cti om sky fr or omy. On the contrary. no linguistic feature: r.rnio diverse modes of codins inro play not only differj I fering status. Collectiv 1 within machinic assemb, between regimes of signs conllne itself to what is ex guage,il_is still in tlle qph assemblage and types ofs gorical S symbol that don marker of power than a sy correct sentences, you wil verb phrase (first dichoto is not that they are too a abstract enough, that they a language to the semanti tive assemblages '1 of enun field. A rhizome ceasel chai ns. organ izations ' of p< ences, and social struggle very diverse acts, not or gestural, and cognitive: the ; guistic universals, only d'ii ranguages. There is no idt homogeneous '?n linguistico essentially heterogen power takeover by a dom Language stabi I izes around It evolves by subterranea tracks; it spreads like a patc

15 ofthings by re extensive ; ofone text Ls roots (like texts under nity contincd work can rdern methfectly valid a unity of.r or cyclic, tsgrowth is sts of unity a properly I as having I language, $gtzleia's ; the cyclic. This is as rnlieijilat-, a natural ibstructed The world ut accedes ways supme chaos, tther than for being 4e of the ifficult as :al cleverby always ry dint of ailablevays subgd;write rela rhiradicles. may be ter plant ls are, in eir func- INTRODUCTION: RHIZOIv tions of shelter, supply, movement itsel f assum.r ;.;;';;;#;#'j'!::1t'on'. :n g breakout. I rrre rhizome jf;i:ttr H?{ii il ii:"',,fi il jt T"i#j Tft :*i# :T#Jil o r t h e we d ^: 3,*! J ffi j n::,.#:,* h*::,r. * f; ::lh1x3,ff:'#:;nffi ;1;ff:m:*r# u n r e s.,'." ;;_;;;; t e ce rt a i n a p rox i - t.: l-rr"l;y"ig;"ipr'"oilon""ii"' ""4 hererogeneity: an-, - \ - - to anything pornt r Fnt from,1r.,rflt.ted other,.an;;;;;#. ora rhi-\ ;ilv t r..."',n L-r,;T ff;lj.:,l';il ;ll; a poi n t. n ^ou "' ".i;i:fl::ilrtj ffi + ;H,?.iJi.T::Jiiyjil,,,:""TI*:;:lil'lil:;i*J,",""T,H-..:T:z,ffi';fr:1'"'"?'::".i"'i;ffi ;i:j,;li;iui'j.tffi:xtt:f "',";Ti,, *=r, :l;il.;,i# ii::::ffii;;:i,"y{;;ii;nytl"ti:*ml$. a! f within machinic ot^t"^itoi"i';;;:;rimpossible to make a radicar break r r [.H:'J, iiffi :,:"i*"' ; il;. f, i Lj..,,: r ue n * r,. n r ii'e ui,, i., c r a i m guage. j1 s t o I i',, i i i ;i;:' :;;:l:1'rt j,l? T "u' I " p*' " pp"'iii o n, uoo u t r uniffi i,:"ff ;ti,.',ff t::x*:f **r:","*pjiililhlfi ii;,hl{:: markerorpowerrhan";r;il;i;;*":"f correct sentences, :ti,::tjiil"j.i*:,,,x,1r,f you *it oiuiae;ui;'rrut",n"ni verb phrase (first dichot"* in-to u,ljui prr.ur"...; oir criticism uno u ts not that thev are of too these abitraci ringuistic ti:,1 moders the contrary, ttrai ttrey are not trrev oo ;;;';;; tne absr,ai-r. *ili,,, iiiff"uj,""",t*'rrrat rn^r connects I,*l^;*::,,1, ':r#:f.tlff:?r:t;nm::iliiiti:1 I,.li!'ilt,Hg;:*i:rln';"i*l*T_{if ::ili:t:ff.i;::;n* ''-l ;:.';' ;ili.:::1 "'ueer J,l e,ffi ;::HI:'?l l?: TiX'ol: :iliff[:,: jt ; e s t u ra,, a n d ""il, l i:,, ff i : liffi ;i i"t.i; l+ j :"lt ffi"*;#,,::1, paroii. srirngs. *i* and speciarized i,,t",i"ee;;#:f ;:*1i"'"H,Jiili:iiliilt1ai;fsili:,ilt**i.\ ] rinfiff;:] H'J,':',, '?n essentially heterogeneour..uitif,;,,1, power takeover a,:9.9:;;;";1.;,ionsue, only a i, '.o::_l".ij";j;;;r"se within a polirical laney_age stabi I i zes "'.;; around il ;;;H#;fl a parish, :j:ij'" i :_3i11 car m ur t i pr i ciiy. rt ejorv-es;; a bishonric,,;itt ";o;;. L rorms aburb. r ra c k s : i,, o,! " o,l I i:fi : lji, :;il i,il i iil#i;, *ii,i*::f i;r"jrlt*

16 - - rrr r'roduction: RHIZOME down into internal structural elements, an undertaking not fundamentally different from a search for roots. There is always something genealogicil about a tree. It is not a method for the people. A method of the rhiztme type, on the contrary, can analyze language only by decentering it onto other dimensions and other registers. A language is never closed upon itself, except as a function of impotence lrlnciple of multiplicity: it is only when the multiple is effectively ' treated as a'substantive, "multiplicity," that it ceases to have any relation to the one as subject or object, '-\lultiplicities natural or spiritual reality, image and world. are rhizomatic, and expose arborescent pseudomultii plicities for what they are. There is no_unity to serve as a pivot in the object, i or to divide in the subject. ThEle is-nof even the unity to abort in the objeci i or "return" in the subject. A multiplicity has neither subject no. ouj'.a, I only-determinations, ' magnitudes, and dimensions that cannot increase in number without the multiplicity changing in nature (the ' laws of combination therefore increase in number as the multiplicity grows). puppet strings, as a rhizome or multiplicity, are tied not to the supposed will olan artist or puppeteer but to a multiplicity of nerve fibers, which form another puppet in other dimensions connected to the first: "call the strings or rods that move the puppet the weave. It might be objected that i/s multiplicity resides in the person of the actor, who projects it into the text. Granted; but the actor's nerve fibers in turn form a weave. And they fall through the gray matter, the grid, into the undifferentiated.... The interplay approximates the pure activity of weavers attributed in myth to the 1 Fates or Norns."3 An assemblage is precisely this increase in the dimen- _'=..,\,f'sions of a multiplicity that necessarily changes in nature as it expands its There,I\:onn::tions. are no points or positions in a rhizome, such as those v : Iound ln a structure, tree, or root. There are only lines. when Glenn I Gould speeds up the performance ofa piece, he is not just displaying virtuosity, he is transforming the musical points into lines, he is making the whole piece proliferate. The number is no longer a universal concept measuring elements according to their emplacement in a given dimension, but has itself become a multiplicity that varies according to the dimensions considered (the primacy of the domain over a complex of numbers attached to that, domain). do not Y. have units (unitbs) of measure, only multiplicities or I vanetres ot measurement. The notion of unity (unitb) appears only when there is a power takeover in the multiplicity-by the rig;ri"r or a correi sponding subjectification proceeding: This is the case for a pivot-unity, \ forming the basis for a set of biunivocal relationships between objectivl i elements o_r-points. or for the One that divides following the law of atinary : logic of differentiation in the subject. Unity arways operates in an empty idimension supplementary to that of the system considered (overcodingj. The point is t overcoded, ne above its numb bers attached tc rjjtcir.ocet{pya consistencvbi,rrc-easy-*l-f are defined bg deterritorializ niiih olhei rnul all multiplicitit dimensions tha plemeniary'a fl-rght; the possi a single plane o dimensions. Th ofexteriority of torical determi Kleist inventedi speeds, with ac the outside. Op the classical or r or subject. The multiplicities oj designated by in some of a rhizor 4. Principle_< separating struc broken, shatter lines, or on new animal rhizome destroyed. Ever which it is strat as well as lines of is a rupture in th of flight, but the back to one anot omy, even in ther a rupture, draw reencounter org restore power to anything you like

17 INTRODUCTION: RHIZoME tr 9 lally ;ical lme )nto pon vely nto rrld. rltiect, ;..-l Jlcr ect, ein Lnarpet lan her ;or tlti- :xt. fall terthe enits ose uld he 9Ce :leielf red nat or n reitv ive ]ry )ty s). The point is that a rhizome or murtiplicity never ailows itself to be overcoded, never ha.s avairable a supplementary dimension over and above its number of lines, that is, over and above t-he multiplicity of num_ bers attached to those lines. All multiplicities are flat, in theiense that thev jtry-"*.\y all of rheir dimensions: we wilt rrrerefo.e spej ;iiwrf ffi f, lil:'lh[:li?ffi :.1i""J,'h:[,1'ffi :'ffi,:ililihffii l{! {gfin9o..by.the outside: bv the abstract line, the line of flieht deterritoriallzati.on qererntonallzatlon or I according to which they change in nature u"d';;;"7 and conneef *.:ilttl"l;jtiipncities. The plane of consistencv (grid) ir th.;r;;i;;;i all multiplicities. The line of flight marks: the reality-of a finite number of dimensions that the murtipricity effectivery fills; theimp;ffiili;; of a pgm6ntari sup_ dimension, unl"rq_t"h. -uiiipfl'"trv is tr4psformed-by the line of 'a it-r4htlrhepossib,rlity and necessiry of flirtening uit ortn. mutiipir.i,i., on single plane of consistency or exteriority, regardless of their number of dimensions. The ideal for a book would ue to tay everything out on a plane of exteriority of this kind, on a single pug",1n. same sheet: li-ved events, historical determinations, concepts, individuals, groups, social formations. Kleist invented a writing of this type, a broken chain of affects and variable speeds, with accelerations and transformations, always in a relaiion with the outside. open rings. His texts, therefore, are opposed in every way to the classical or romantic book constituted by ttre iniiriority of a substance or subject. The war machine-book against the state apparatus-b ook. Frat multiplicities of n dimensio.ns are aiignifying and asubjective. They are designated by indefinite articles, or rather-by partitives (somecouchgrass, someofarhizome...). 4. Principle 9,f. aqi.glifyllg r.upture: against the oversignifying breaks separating structures or.cutting across a single structure. a ltrizome may be broken, shattered at a given spot, but it wili start up again on one of its old lines' or on new lines. you can never get rid of anis b-ecause,r,.y ro.- un animal rhizome that can rebound time and again after most of it has been destroyed. Every rhizome contains lines oi segmentaritf acctrding to which it is stratified, territorialized, organized, signified, attributed, etc., as well as lines of deterritorialization down which ii constantly flees. There is a rupture in the rhizome whenever segmentary lines explo-de into a line of flight, but rhe line of flight is part of tf,e rhizome. These lines always tie back to one another. That is why one can never posit a dualism or a dichotomy' even in the rudimenlary form of the good and the bad. you may make a rupture, draw a line of flight, yet there is still a danger that you will reencounter organizations that restratify everything, l0rmations that restore power to a signifier, attributions that reconititute a subjectanything you like, from oedipal resurgences to fascist concretions. Groups

18 l0 D INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME andindividualscontainmicrofascismsjustwaitingtocrystallize.yes, couchgrass is also u.[iro-.. Good and bad are only the products of active and temporary selection, which must be renewed' How could lnou.nl.ni' oiott"t'itorialization and processes of reterritorialization not be relative, always connected, caught up in o-ne another? The orchid deterritoriali'"t UV forming an image' a tracing o-flwaso; but the wasp..t.rrito,iji"s on that image' The wasp is nevertheless deterritorialized'becomingapieceintheorchid'sreproductiveapparatus. But it reterritorializes the orchid by transporting its noll-e1, Wasp and orchid, as heterogen"ott' tl"*t"ts' iorm a rhizome' It could be said that the orchid imitates,tt. *"tp, reproducing.its image in a signifying fashion (mimesis, mimicry, i".., ot'l''gut this is true only, "i th: t:,"-tt :^ltl:,lu,u-tpurallelism between two strata suchlhat a plant organtzatlon on on. i-i,ui., an animal organization on the other' At the same trme' something else entirely i, going-o", not imitatio.n at all but a capture of code, surplus value oi.oo., un"ittt"u" in valence' a veritable becoming' a becoming-wasp of the orchid and a becoming-orchid of the wasp' Each of thesebecoming,u,ing,uuo.'..t'.deterritorializationofonetermandthe reterritorialization oi tt''t other; the two becomings interlink and form relays in a circulation oi l"t"".ities pushing the deterritorialization ever further. There is nerther imitation no.,.r"iblance, only an exploding of two heterogeneous,;;i;ro; the line of flight composed by a common rhizome that can no rong.i u. attributed to oisubjugated by anyth^ing signifying. R6my Chauvin;"^;;;;, itwell:,.,the aparallel evolution of two beings that have absolutely njttring to do with each other."a More generally, evolutionary schemas.;;;f;;;tjio uuunaon the old model of the tree and descent. Under cert;in conditions' a virus can connect to germ cells and transmit itself as tr't..tflufut gene of a complex species; moreover' it can take flight.,nou. intl it..ettrlf an entirely different species,but not without bringing *itr, it l"g.n.ii. infor*ation" from the first host (for example, Benveniste ano foaa?o scurrent research on a type C virus' with its double connectiontobauoondnaandthednaof-certainkindsofdomestic cats). Evolutionary ;emas would no loneer follow models of arborescent descent going from the least to the most ;ifferentiated, but instead a rhizome operating imm;diately in the heterogeneous and jumping from one already differentiatj ii*,6 another.s onc,-e again, there is aparallel evolutlon, of the buuoon ujltte cati it is obvious that they are not models or copies of each ottt., tul.toting-uuuoon in the cat does not mean that the cat "plays" baboon). w; f;; u ihi'orn" with our viruses' or rather our viruses cause us to form a rhizome with other animals' As Frangois Jacob says' transfers or g.n.ti.-;aterial by viruses or through other procedures, fusions of cells o,ili,'uii"g in diiferent species' have results analogous to INTF those of "the abominab Ages." n TJa n;_v9 rsa! g-orn genealogical trees. AlwaY patticle with which *6i fbiymorphous and rhiz diseases that have their g-enealogy. The same applies to tht beliel the book is not an world, there is an aparal assures the deterritorial torialization of the boo$ (if it is capable. if it canl binary logic to describe crocodile does not reprd reproduces the colors ofi ing, it reproduces nothin its becoming-world, carr ble itsell asignifying, mz "aparallel evolution" thr when they have roots, the with something else-wi is also an aspect under t people, etc.). "Drunkenn Always follow the rhizom of flight; make it vary, un ous of lines of n din deterrito ri ali z-e-{ fl -oyq. F coniiiting of circles of c you see whether inside th selves, with new Pointsl Write, form a rhizome extend the line of flight t covering the entire Plan watch carefully the wate have carried the seeds fal from them determine th growing at the farthest t that are growing in betw your territory by follou way."7 Music has alway tional multiplicities," e

19 INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME! I I L- a rf re n,t rf i- Y- 3s n- rd rd IN n- le ic nt rine 'u- p- :at ies /S' 3S' to those of "the abominable couplings dear to antiquity and the Middle Ages."0 Transversal communications between different lines scramble the 1 SenealogiEalTi6es. nwii loot for the molecular, or even submoleculaqi. I. pa1icle with which we are allied. We evolve and die more from our;, -{ folymorphous and rhizomatic llus than from hereditary diseas"r. orj - \ diseases that have their own line of descent. The rhizome is an antilli g-enealogy. I The same applies to the book and the world: contrary to a deeply rooted belief, the book is not an image of the world. It forms a rhizome with the world, there is an aparallel evolution of the book and the world;the book assures the deterritorialization of the world, but the world effects a reterritorialization of the book, which in tuln deterritorializes itself in the world (if ir is capable. if it canflvlimicry is a very bad concept. since it relies on binary logic to describe-ftfr-o#en6 of an entirely differ-ent nature. The crocodile does not reproduce a tree trunk, any more than the chameleon reproduces the colors of its surroundings. The Pink Panther imitates nothing, it reproduces nothing, it paints the world its colol pink on pink; this is its becoming-world, carried out in such a way that it becomes imperceptible itself, asignifying, makes its rupture, its own line of flight, follows its "aparallel evolution" through to the end. The wisdom of the plants: even when they have roots, there is always an outside where they form a rhizome with something else-with the wind, an animal, human beings (and there is also an aspect under which animals themselves form rhizomes, as do people, etc.). "Drunkenness as a triumphant irruption of the plant in us." Always follow the rhizome by rupture; lengthen, prolong, and relay the line of flight; make it vary, until you have produced the most abstract and tortu- ) ous of lines of n dimensions and broken directions. GqLilgatel deterritorialized flows. Follow the plants: you start by delimiting a first line consisiing oliircles of convergence around successive singulaiities; then you see whether inside that line new circles of convergencestablish themselves, with new points located outside the limits and in other directions. Write, form a rhizome, increase your territory by deterritorialization, extend the line of flight to the point where it becomes an abstract machine covering the entire plane of consistency. "Go first to your old plant and watch carefully the watercourse made by the rain. By now the rain must have carried the seeds far away. Watch the crevices made by the runoff, and from them determine the direction of the flow. Then find the plant that is growing at the farthest point from your plant. All the devil's weed plants that are growing in between are yours. Later... you can extend the size of your territory by following the watercourse from each point along the way."7 Music has always sent out lines of flight, like so many "transformational multiplicities," even overturning the very codes that structure or

20 l2! INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME arborify it; that is why musical form, right down to its ruptures and proliferations, is comparable to a weed, a rhizome.8 ' 5 and 6. Principle of cartography and decalcomaniuigluzomejlnot amenable to any structural or generative model. It is a stranger to any idea ofgenetic qxis oi deep structure. A genetic axis is like an objective pivotal unity-upon which successive stages are organized; a deep structure is more like a base sequence that can be broken down into immediate constituents, while the unity of the product passes into another, transformational and subjective, dimension. This does not constitute a departure from the representative model of the tree, or root-pivotal taproot or fascicles (for example, "tree" Chomsky's is associated with a base sequence and represents the process of its own generation in terms of binary logic). A variation on the oldest form ofthought. It is our view that genetic axis and profound structure are above all infinitely reproducible principles of tracing. All of tree logic is a logic of tracing and reproduction. In linguistics as in psychoanalysis, its object is an unconscious that is itself representative, crystallized into codified complexes, laid out along a genetic axis and distributed within a syntagmatic structure. Its goal is to describe a de facto state, to maintain balance in intersubjective relations, or to explore an unconscious that is already there from the start, lurking in the dark recesses of memory ' and language. It c,onsists of tracing, on the basis of an overcoding structure or supporting axis, something that comes ready-made. The tree articulates and hierarchizes tracings; tracings are like the leaves ofa tree. The rhizome is altogether different, a map and not a tracing. Make a, {nup, not a tracing. The orchid does not reproduce the tracing of the wasp; it forms a map with the wasp, in a rhizome. W-hat distinguishes the map, from the tracing is that it is entirely oriented toward an experimentation in contact with the real. The map does not reproduce an unconscious closed ' in Upon itself; it constructs the unconscious. It fosters connections between fields, the removal of blockages on bodies without organs, the maximum I opening of bodies without organs onto a plane of consistency. It is itself a ' part of the rhizome. The map is open and connectable in all of its dimensions; it is detachable, reversible, susceptible to constant modification. It can be torn, reversed, adapted to any kind of mounting, reworked by an individual, group, or social formation. It can be drawn on a wall, conceived of as a work of art, constructed as a political action or as a meditation. Perhaps one of the most important characteristics of the rhizome is that it g!ygay--s--has multiple entryways; ih this sense, the burrow is an animal rhiiomd.'-and sometimes maintains a clear distinction between the line of *, flight as passageway and storage or living strata (cf' the muskrat). A map Y has multiple entryways, as opposed to the tracing, which always comes Ft\Uact< "to the same." The map has to do with performance, whereasthe trac- I ing always involves a choanalytic compei genetic axis or overc ings of the stages o schizoanalysis rejec given to it-divine, a or syntagmatic. (lt is the cartography ofor to make ready-mad daddy, the bad mom desperate attempt tr y* totallv misconstrue ;I'll 1.,,',i$-Sgtettc axls nor Po.s pr,f problems, they are er :! cally; in other wor.dg f Have we not. howe to tracings, as good a traceable? Is it not c sometimes merge w redundancy that are city have strata upon mimetic mechanism tions take root? Do r gence, reproduce the outflank? But the op1 ing should always be 1 one are not at all sy reproduces the map. selecting or isolatin restrictive procedur creates the model, ar map into an image;i radicles. It has organ ing to the axes ofsign erated, structuralize something else it is in so dangerous. It inje. ing reproduces ofthr incipient taproots, or and linguistics: all th unconscious, and the (it's not surprising th

21 and prolifrme-ifnot o any idea ve pivotal.re is more rstituents, ional and the reprefor examesents the on on the tnd struc- \ll oftree :hoanalyrstallized stributed state, to onscious memory itructure ticulates Make a [i_i:_.yasp; the riap :afion in s closed )etween Lximum ; itselfa dimenttion.it Cbyan rceived ln. Perthat it ral rhiline of A map comes le trac- $j''' INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME tr l3 ing alwavs tnuollt:un alleged competence,comn";1nce." Unlike psychoanarysis, (which confines psy_ ;f; #:yjf every desiri und r,ut"-.nt to a ings or,'; J_{JTf iff't"j:'; schizoanalysis 1ii,Hff il**m"lii;1.',# rejects any given.ioeu-oi pretrace to it-divine, destiny, wharever anagogic, historicar,."onon'i.,ri.u.iu.ur, name is or svntagmatic. (It is obvious hereditary, that the Merani. cartographv K1;iil;; o-f ;l'ulo..rrunding one of h.r;;; of ;;tienrs, Little Richard, tracings-oiiipu,, and is content ::'il;5:tfj-made the good d";;; and and the good the bad desperate mommv-*rrileti; u,,..-ot-y child makes a ;5 t o t a,, y '" i,;;; #,i. : :f 3TH:j *?:1FT,:ff ii.",": # i#t: y,fu ' ''f j f;;!lia.:,rh{:ff chlty; in other ililf"t'jlt*n:$v;lil*htryi}q4,' words, with a'irr. r"...orrrr, U o.rr..;;;;;.''t"rour noriti-rfi," to,liv;f tracings, T:j3v".f:{s..",? i as. good simpre duarism and 6ad by ri d;;ii;; contrastins ;;i;r]il::ffj#it:'$ffi _".,*,. traceabre? Is it not of the "rr.n"" [T sometimes of the.hi;;";;'iir"rr.., roots and Terge with them? ooes.not redundancv a map that contain are phenomena already like tia.cings of citv have oritr-o*jiles srrata upon wtricn nor uniiicatronjuna a murtipri_ mi metic mech itt;ii;ffi;, an i sm s, massificarions, rigniving'jower tions takeo take root? vers, Do an d r", ".".r subjecti ve iiijs attribu_ gence' or fligrri,-d;;;il# reproduce the very eventuar formations diver_ outflank? ttr"t run"ti* But the ii'*", opposiie t" ituil;;;". dismantle or ing tt should is a quesii,on alwavs,be pur or]netnoa btrk;;;i; : the trac_ one map.thiiop..uilon are not ar ail symmetricar. and the previous For reproduces it ir inu."u";;;;;'r;, the map. It is instead that a like tracins a photogrupr, serecting or isolating, o, i.uv uv trrut ".tiii.i"i begins b restrictive means procedurei, such as colorations wiat it or _i."0, other creates to reproduce. t h e m o der, The an d at r ract s i t.-ir,.. map into un i-:c:_il_las ^,.u"r-ne il;r..ui;t.:::il,xllfl: at.eaav t tranrro.-.o"tt!.rri#; radicles. It has organized, into roots stabilized, and neutrarized r ins ro the axes then'urripri.i,i.s orsignifianc.;;;;;;j..,ii;il;#;;#;," accord_ \>-erated, structurarizeo trre-rn]r".".,'1"q it. rt hasgen_ '' ;;;;i;;i;i"r'ii,, \ somethint "tt reproducing so dangerous. l1:: li.?"t?;dj.;ducing itserr. riaii. It injects *r,y 1,. red,_,,ri,nqiesandprop-aga,;;;;;. t.ucing is ing reproduces oflhe What."0 ". rhe *iil trac_ incipient are only,uproorr, the impasses, or points tlockages, of,t.u.tutt an d r i n gu i sii cs : a, th e r" ;;; ;;:;liilill; unconscious, H: :J,::::?ffl,ruiht and the Iarter of ranguage, (it's with not at surprisi the ;;;;;y"ats ng rhat psvjo""liii,,i"o ttrat impries t;r;;; ;;;r ringuistics).

22 l4 n INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME Look at what happened to Little Hans already, an example of child psychoanalysis at its purest: they kept on BREAKTNG HIS RHlzotug and BLOTcHING HIS MAB setting it straight ior him, blocking his every way until he 9ul' t.g".," desire-his o\"n it,u." and guilt, until they had rooted shame and guiltinhim,phosh(theybarredhimfromtherhizomeofthebuilding' then from the rhizome of tne street, they rooted him in his parents'bed' it,ey.ucict"d him to his own body, they fixated him on Professor Freud). F..ua explicitly takes Little Hans's cartography into account'-but always and only in order to project it back onto the family photo' And look what Melanie Klein did to Little Richard's geopolitical maps: she developed photos from them, made tracings of thim' Strike the pose or follow the axis, genetic stage or structural destiny-one way or the other' your rhizomewillbebroken.youwillbeallowedtoliveandspeak,butonlyafter every outlet has been obstructed' Once a rhizome has been obstructed' arborified, it's all over, no desire stirs; for it is always by rhizomethat desire movesandproduces.wheneverdesireclimbsatree'internalrepercus-,lon.,.ip it up and it falls to its death: the rhizome' on the other hand' acts on desiri by external, productive outgrowths' Thatiswhyitissoimportanttotrytheother,reversebutnonsymmetrical, operation. Plug the tracings back into the map' connecthe roots or trees back up with a ihiro-". In the case of Little Hans, sludying the unconscious would!e to show!r-ow h-e tries to build a r-bizosre' with the i;;iith""re'but also with the line of flight of the building, the street, etc.; how these lines are bl'ocked, how the child is made to take root in the family' bephotographedunderthefather,betracedontothemother'sbed;then how Professor Freud's intervention assures a power takeover by the tigiiii"., " subjectification ofaffects; how the only escape route left to the child is a becoming-animal perceived as shameful and guilty (the i.*-ing-t,orse of Liltle Hans, a truly political option). But these impasses -.rt"ft,""v. be resituated on the map, thereby opening th"t up to possible lines of flight. The same applies to the group map: show at what point in the rhizome there fbrm prr"notr."u of maisification, bureaucracy, leadership, fascization, etc', *hich lines neverthelessurvive' if only underground' continuing to make rhizome in the shadows' Deligny's method: map the gestures and movem"nt, of un autistic child, combine several maps for the samechild,fbrseveraldifferentchildren.l0ifitistruethatitisofthe essence of the map or rhizome to have multiple entryways, then it is plausible that one could even enter them through tracings or the root-tree' assuming the necessary precautions are taken (once again' one must avoid any Manichaean duatism). For example, one will often be forced to take deadends,toworkwithsignifyingpowersandsubjectiveaffections'tofind a foothold in formations that are oedipal or paranoid or even worse' rigidified territorial operations. It is eve spite of itself. In ot directly on a line of f make new connectio root assemblages, wi exist tree or root stn division may begin t mined not by theore cgmposing multipli form in the heart of. else it is a microscop production goina. e can begin to burge Kafka novel. An int perception, synesth challenging the hege mimetic, ludic, andr cate themselves fron ofthe teacher's lang power. Similarly, ge syntagmatic model r zome.rr To be rhizo to be roots, or bette put them to strangei in trees, roots, and arborescent culturei ing is beautiful or l< aerial roots. adven entirely without roc connects with the gr Thought is not a matter. What are wr ofneurons in a cont of the axons, the fu microfissures. the le brain a multiplicity whole uncertain, pr Many people have a more a grass than a other like bindwe thorns."r2 The sam

23 rfchild psychondnlorcnrnc y out, until he ted shame and f rhe building, ; parents' bed, fessor Freud). nt, but always tnd look what rhe developed or follow the her, your rhibut only after n obstructed, ne that desire nal repercusrer hand, acts but nonsymtect the roots glq{y:in_g the mq with the e street, etc.; n the family, is bed; then over by the te left to the guilty (the :se impasses r to possible point in the leadership, derground,,d: map the raps for the it is of the it is plausiree, assumavoid any ed to take rns, to find /en worse, INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME D ls ;'j::jffii,:ill'ifliarlti"' ljrat onen,1. -."{ ror otherransrbrmationar,pit. or r* l^i, "iin?:*:: t"#svch oanalvsit to'".u" ula. rootr,or J, I n di rectr v o n a r i n e. o r n irll ","i' make -, new # connections' i{;iit:r:l.j;ll" Ht;n:ii Trr", root irr..i assembrages, "r. with "".iuur. 111di1e1se map-tracing, """rir.ients rhizome- of dete..*.i"rir",ion. There iiij :'F'Jifi[,T ttl?" :: l*"lf, co n ve rse r v, u, * f.u n "h o minednotbyth;:i,"^r,,:il;;i;##rlffi r r o t cqmposi ng m u tri!ff;,*ili33fltffi.;ff or.!gr.guiir,"r {l:tle,.r"" J,"; r",.r. ^ "llirh i zome may :i,t,'il:tff:ffj,iffi:l?ji,'l".t"ora root, tre croor ora branch or p_roduction goi;;. a radicle, Accounting that getsrhizome unc uu..'^t..t^11: ff.r".i'#ixx;i":"""";;h'"r.;;ffi XlE:l""il?:::i.,:',[fr ::l'ji:.1 perception,,,""#jn:ffiffi',:'fjll,fo.u'nr.to; r;;;;:; il1ucinatory illf::ff drij:uli:*[:n'rr#it"{!:;-:;ffi :n:ff Tr,,"fii car e r h e m se I ue s f,o m r h "..; ;;; i ;;.: iiiljllfiff il :ihlfi : ffitjj :: i:i.i!ffi i: H::?:il e ven r H:*:; u p sets the, oca, buia n c" o i syntagmatic.;.i;;;;;;; il:: :?Tf::.t* according to chomsky's l:or".,,r"b..hi;;xxeofo".l,tl:?!.{j:.j;.t:,"xx.#h#,1 I to be roots' or better yet connecl *itr,' rrril by penetrating I out them ro strange n"*.yrgr. we'.e the trunk, r;reo oflrees. but we shoure f riop u"u.uing rf:.'r';. 1?'ji,llJ,jioicles..they:"" '"0..us sufrer too.n,i"n. Ar or i"s i';;;;;ffi;;;j'tounded on them, rrom biologf r" i'nr"ir,t.s. Notha e ri a r ro ot s, ;;;; ;ilff" :'rffi[t' ;lt :"T:. u n i..e.o,;n J, t. -, u n o entirely without -"rr, " u,ii?"lr'j::lr::.:,,:nltomes. rhizome-citv Amsterdam, a city connects with with,'tt the tt.--"un;;;,,r,tt' ;;"." utility rh *il ;; # :',n':.'j"?,1'l ;UT m 1,1 co m e ;;;i ;;;'. " ch i n e $il::"y,1x';::#:,r,r"31.ir:a."i,,;;:.il';:'":,:?:l"rx:ilit.,,? "f th. ;;;r: il.;;il:l: 3b'i "" rhe di sconri n ui tv ;;;;;il"il, rhe rore -i".orirri..;, ns of the svnapses, ;" il:::l' tt,".*isteicj"oi rvnupti" le[{illrxxff"1ilffi,ffi l,iffi trl*,il*"jl*ri,,*ffi Many peopre have a rree grorvingr",rr"r. rr""os, more a.grass than a but tree...th.;^";-;;;.;; the brain itseiris much other like UlnO*eeO^.;;,,;;"#T,^lT rhe.dendrite rwisr around each tr,o.n,'ir"r,;fr :"r;j:ij..j#t#kj.:iljrnrrl j:n#

24 16 tr INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME gists distinguish between long-term memory and short-term memor-v (on the order of a -in"tt j'-fbt Oiift*n"9 Uetween them is not simply quantitative: short-ter- -"r,io.i'i, oitft" rhizome or diagram tvpt;l1l-long-term memory l, uruor.'""ii ;;"";;i;;it'"a (itp ti nt' en gram''l::lls' or photograph). Short-term mt*o'y is in no way subjecto a law of contiguity or i-mmediacy to,t. oolttt; ii""it "tt at a disiance' come or return a' long time afteq but always "no"r'.o"jiiions of oisconlinuity, ruptur^e, and multiplicity. Furthermore, tttt alfft"nce between the two kinds of memory is not r that of two,.-potui -ojes of apprehending the same thing''th'ry-d-o not I g-.op-tn..urn. thing,"ii;-";; idea, Thi splendor of the short-term Idea: one wrltes usrng short-term memory' and thus short-term ideas' even if one reads or,.r.id. using long-term memory of long-term concepts' i Short-term -".orylrr.tuo"jrorg.tting as u pro..rs; it mergeqno-!with the Itr.firrt but instead with the nervous' temporal' and collective rh-izome', Lon-d-term memory if*iit, r".., society, oi civilization) traces and translates. but what it translates continues to act in it' from a distance' offbeat' in an "untimely" way, not instantaneously' The tree and root inspire a sad image oiihought thatis forever imitating the multiple on the turi. oru..ntered or segm"trt.d high"t unity' If we consider the,.,, Utu""li'-'oois' ttre trunk plivs the role of opposed segment for one of the suusei"""ni"g from bot-tomio'opt this kind of segment is a "unit "link dipole," i,t to"t'j" i"ittt dipoles" formed by spokes radiating from a single cente;';g;;" if the links thems"lues proliferate' as in the radicle system, o"*u" n"uer get beyond the One-fwo' and fake multiplicities. Regenerutlo"t, "p'ooujtions' returns' hydras' and medusas do not get us any further. Arborescent systems are irierarchical systems with centers of signirianc. an"j ruuj..tiri"utiorr.,.".ttrul automata like organized memories. In the;;.;;;;ing models, an element only receives information from a hi;;;;;'and-only receives a subjective affection along preestablish"o p"ii"' fi''i''i""iot"t.io "u*t"t ptobl"tt in information science and computer science' which tiifi Ji"g to the oldest modes of thought in that tfrey grant all power to u tt-oty or central organ' Pierre Rosenstiehl urro j"in-p.titot, in u fin. urti.i. deto.tttcing "the imagery of command trees" (centered systems or hierarchical structures)' not-e'-t'l]l "accepting,nt Oljt""t'- oi ttittutchical structures amounts to gtvtng arborescent structures privileged *utttt' ' Ih-t arborescent form admits of topologic"l "-;;;;t;n' - 'l r" ahierarchicu] tvtt-11'-un individual has only one active "!igir["i nis or her hierarchical superior.... The channels of transmissr"" ll? or*ri"hij.a'-ltte arborescent system preexists the individual, who is integrated into it at an attotted place" (signifiance and subjectificationl. rr'e a"uthors pointout that even when one thinks one has reached a multiplicity' it may be a false one-of what we call the radicle INT type-because its osten fact only admits of a t, famous fr i e nds h i p t he or e precisely one mutual fri friend of all the others friend is. Who is "the un the confessor, the docto initial axioms." Who is t he appears in classical tl itself felt only through i know nothing, I am noth rems. Such is indeed th radiile solution, the stn To these centered q finite networks of autor bor to any other, the ste are interchangeable, de that the local operation chronized without a c replaces topology, and " B1frA-fraythe opposite the graph to be a tree" (t problem of the war mac individuals to managet to be found in an ace states with signals to inc suerrilla logic point of r -central -,-.-i---=,..- order. The autt multiplicity, assembla automaton as an "asoc plways r- l. Rosens pentered-acentere4, is r b-f catcuthtion appliedt t- they may burgeon lnto susceptible to both mo not without undergoi ple again: it subjects th cal graphs, recapitul phallus-tree-not only and treatment. PsYch bases its own dictatoria scious. PsychoanalY

25 INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME D l7 n t- n )- )r IE i- )t )t m )n.s. 1e ie. tslt, ng Intnt SA ng,he cilot 3nled br- )ng ion of )rre /of hat ing nits has rels the and has licle type-because its ostensibly nonhierarchical presentation or statement in fact only admits of a totally hierarchical solution. An example is the famousfriendship theorem'."if any two given individuals in a society have precisely one mutual friend, then there exists an individual who is the friend of all the others." (Rosenstiehl and Petitot ask who that mutual friend is. Who is "the universal friend in this society ofcouples:the master, the confessor, the doctor? These ideas are curiously far removed from the initial axioms." Who is this friend of humankind? Is itthe philo-sopher as he appears in classical thought, even if he is an aborted unity that makes itself felt only through its absence or subjectivity, saying all the while, I know nothing, I am nothing?) Thus the authors speak ofdictatorship theorems. Such is indeed the principle of roots.trees. or their outcome: the' radicle solution. the structure of Power.ra To these centered systems, the authors contrast acentered systems, finite networks of automata in which communication runs from any neighbor to any other, the stems or channels do not preexist, and all individuals are interchangeable, defined only by their state at a given moment-such that the local operations are coordinated and the final, global result synchronized without a central agency. Transduction of intensive states replaces topology, and "the graph regulating the circulation of information rtifr?-fraythe opposite of the hierarchical graph.... There is no reason for the graph to be a tree" (we have been calling this kind of graph a map). The problem of the war machine, or the firing squad: is a general necessary for n individuals to manage to fire in unison? The solution without a General is to be found in an acentered multiplicity possessing a finite number of states with signals to indicate corresponding speeds, from a war rhizome or guerrilla logic point ol_yi-e-y5 without any tracing, with6ut aiy Copiing of a c ntralomai. The'adihorieuen demonstrate that this kind of machinic multiplicity, assemblage, or society rejects any centralizing or unifying automaton as an "asocial intrusion."rs LJnder these conditions. n is in fact Blways n - l. Rosenstiehl and Petitot emphasize that the opposition.f Ncenlered-acentered. is valid l_ess as a designatiop for things tha4 as a mode[ ; ' pf calculation applied to things. Trees may correspond to the rhizome. orl l--*-" ihey may burgeon irtt.o a ihiiome. It is true that the same thing is generally susceptible to both modes of calculation or both types of regulation, but not without undergoing a change in state. Take psychoanalysis as an example again: it subjects the unconscious to arborescent structures, hierarchical graphs, recapitulatory memories, central organs, the phallus, the phallus-tree-not only in its theory but also in its practice of calculation and treatment. Psychoanalysis cannot change its method in this regard: it bases its own dictatorial power upon a dictatorial conception of the unconscious. Psychoanalysis's margin of maneuverability is therefore very

26 l8 tr INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME limited. In both psychoanalysis and its object, there is always a general, a leader (General Freud). Schizoanalysis, on the other hand, treats the unconscious as an acentered system, in other words, as a machinic nej-. work of finite automata (a rhizome), and thus arrives at an entirely different state of the unconscious. These same remarks apply to linguistics; Rosenstiehl and Petitot are right to bring up the possibility of an..acentered organization of a society of words." For both Statements and _-desires, the issue is never to reduce the unconscious or to lnterpret lt or to /T I maueit signify according to a tree model. Jhe issue islo produce the uncon-,i lrr-r".-"r? *i,ft i, n"*-.tut"-"nts, different desires: the rhizome is pre- ' i ciselv this production of the unconscious' -' Iti. odd trow the tree has dominated Western reality and all of Western thought, from botany to biology and anatomy, but also gnosiology, theology,ontology,allofphilosophy.'.:theroot-foundation,grund'racine' fiiae*ent.ih. W.rf nas a special relation to the forest, and deforestation; the fields carved from the forest are populated with seed plants produced by cultivation based on species lineages of the arborescent type; animal.uiring, carried out on fallow fields, selects lineages forming an entire animal arborescence. The East presents a different figure: a relation to the steppe and the garden (or in some cases, the desert and the oasis), rather ttran forest and field; cultivation of tubers by fragmentation of the individ- I ual: a castins aside or bracketing of animal raising. whieh is confined to I closed rpu..io, pushed out onto the steppes of the{n'omad.s.;the West: agri- ^based I culture on a chosen lineage containing a lsrge number of variable I individuals. The East: horticulture based on a small number of individuals i derived from a wide range of "clones." Does not the East' Oceania in par- I ticular, offer something like a rhizomatic model opposed in every respect r to the Western model of the tree? Andr6 Haudricourt even sees this as the ' basis for the opposition between the moralities or philosophies of transcendence dear to the West and the immanent ones of the East: the God who sows and reaps, as opposed to the God who replants and unearths (replanting of offshoots u".iu. sowing of seeds).r(transcend-ence: I specifi.utty fu.opean disease. Neither is music the same, the music otthe earth is different, as is sexuality: seed plants, even those with two sexes in the same plant, subjugate sexuality to the reproductive model; the rhizome, on the bther hand, is a liberation of sexuality not only from reproduction but also from genitality. Here in the West, the tree has implanted itself in our bodies, rigidifying and stratifying even the sexes. we have lost the rhizome, or the grass. Henry Miller: ';China is the weed in the human cabbage patch.... itr" weed is the Nemesis of human endeavor.... Of all the imaginary existences we attribute to plant, beast and star the weed leads the most satisfactory life of all. True, the weed produces no lilies, no battleships, no Ser- always +- mons on the Mou ally things fall bac to by historians a exists only to fill tl among other thin poppy is madde moral."r7 Which ( imaginary one, or America is a sp by trees or the sea quest for a nation (Kerouac going o important that ha can rhizome: the I lateral offshoots books are differen in pursuit oftrees And directions in the return to the ( West, with its Ind and displaced fro where even the tre its Orient in the W full circle: its Wes between the Occid the pivot point ar Smith sings the bil thecanal... Are there not al Western bureauc and their role as fr dalism; the policie State; negotiating kings offrance ch to slopes. Is burea to depict an Orien Orient the State d sponding to prees is one of channe power with "weak channelizing clas refuted).re The de

27 INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME D l9 eneral,, treats ry-lqldifleruistics; of an rts and it or to uncon-!s.prey'estern ; theolracine, ;tation; oduced animal ire anir to the, rather ndividined to st: agrirariable viduals r in parrespect is as the of tranhe God nearths t specif-,ezith is ne same :, on the but also iiif bod- ;ome, or e patch. Laginary 10st sat-, no Ser- mons on the Mount.... Eventually the weed gets the upper hand. Eventually things fall back into a state of china. This condition is usually referred to by historians as the Dark Age. Grass is the only way out.... The weed exists only to fill the waste spaces left by cultivated areas. It grows between, among other things. The lily is beautiful, the cabbage is provender, the poppy is maddening-but the weed is rank growth... : it points a moral."r7 which china is Miller talking about? The old china, the new. an imaginary one, or yet another located on a shifting map? America is a special case. of course it is not immune from domination by trees or the search for roots. This is evident even in the literature, in the quest for a national identity and even for a European ancestry or genealogy (Kerouac going off in search of his ancestors). Nevertheless, everything important that has happened or is happening takes the route of the American rhizome: the beatniks, the underground, bands and gangs, successive lateral oflshoots in immediate connection with an outside. American books are different from European books, even when the American sets off in pursuit oftrees. The conception ofthe book is different. Leaves qfgrass. And directions in America are different: the search for arborescence and the return to the old world occur in the East. But there is the rhizomatic west, with its Indians without ancestry, its ever-receding limit, its shifting and displaced frontiers. There is a whole American "map" in the west. where even the trees form rhizomes. America reversed the directions: it put its orient in the west, as if it were precisely in America that the earth came full circle;its west is the edge of the East.r8 (India is not the intermediary between the occident and the orient, as Haudricourt believed: America is the pivot point and mechanism of reversal.) The American singer patti smith sings the bible of the American dentist: Don't go for the root, follow thecanal... Are there not also two kinds of bureaucracy, or even three (or still more)? western bureaucracy: its agrarian, cadastral origins; roots and fields; trees and their role as frontiers; the great census of william the conqueror; feudalism; the policies of the kings of France; making property the basis of the State; negotiating land through warfare, litigation, and marriages. The kings of France chose the lily because it is a plant with deep roots that clings to slopes. Is bureaucracy the same in the orient? of course it is all roo easy to depict an orient of rhizomes and immanence; yet it is true that in the orient the State does not act following a schema of arborescence corresponding to preestablished, arborified, and rooted classes; its bureaucracy is one of channels, for example, the much-discussed case of hydraulic power with "weak property," in which the State engenders channeled and channelizing classes (cf. the aspects of wittfogel's work that have not been refuted).te rhe despot acts as a river, not as a fountainhead, which is still a

28 20 D INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME point, a tree-point or root; he flows with the current rather than sitting ' under a tree: Buddha's tree itself becomes a rhizome; Mao's river and Louis's tree. Has not America acted as an intermediary here as well? For it proceeds both by internal exterminations and liquidations (not only the Indians but also the farmers, etc.), and by successive waves of immigration from the outside. The flow of capital produces an immense channel, a quantification of power with immediate "quant{'" where each person jrofits from the passage of the money flow in his or her own way (hence the reality-myth of the poor man who strikes it rich and then falls into poverty again): in America everything comes together, tree and channel, root and.hiro-.. There is no universal capitalism, there is no capitalism in itself; capitalism is at the crossroads of all kinds of formations, it is neocapitalism bynature. It invents its eastern face and western face, and reshapes them both-all for the worst. At the same time, we are on the wrong track with all these geographical distributions. An impasse. So much the better. If it is a question of showing that rhizomes also have their own, even more rigid, despotism and hierarchy, then fine and good: for there is no dualism, no ontological dualism between here and there, no axiological dualism between good and bad, no blend or American synthesis. There are knots of arborescence in rhizomes, and rhizomatic offshoots in roots. Moreover, there are despotic formations of immanence and channelization specific to rhizomes, just as there are anarchic deformations in the transcendent system of trees, aerial roots, and subterranean stems. The important point is that the root-tree and canal-rhizome are not two opposed models: the first operates as a transcendent model and tracing, even if it engenders its own escapes; the second operates as an immanent process that overturns the model and outlines a map, even if it constitutes its own hierarchies, even if it gives rise to a despotic channel. It is not a question ofthis or that place on earth' or of a given moment in history, still less of this or that category of thought. It is a question of a model that is perpetually in construction or collapsing, and of a process that is perpetually prolonging itself, breaking offand starting up r again. No, this is not a new or different dualism. The problem of writing: in oider to designate something exactly, anexaci eipressions are-utterly unavoidable. Not at all because it is a necessary step, or because one can only advance by approximations: anexactitude is in no way an approximation; on the contrary, it is the exact passage of that which is under way. We invoke one dualism only in order to challenge another. We employ a dualism of models only in order to arrive at a process that challenges all models' Each time, mental correctives are necessary to undo the dualisms we had no wish to construct but through which we pass. Arrive at the magic formula we all seek-pluralism = MONISM-via all the dualisms that are I \ t-l \ the enemy, an rearranging. - Let us summ or their rootir-j tralts are not n play very differ is reducible ne becomes Two o derived from th qf q!i!s. b_ql-gf ( beginning nor e which lt ffif having neittrriil sistency, and fro tiplicity of this l well, undergoe set ofpoints an biunivocal rela of lines: lines of line of flight o which the mul These lines, or arborescent typt g positions. Unlil { neither externa I tree-structure. I 1 or antimemqgy ;'iapture, - offsho unliki: tracings,t structed, a ma modifiable, and flight. It is traci ffast tdcenterer communicatio nonhierarchica organizing mem of states. Whafi al}o"tothearrirrn and artificial-l manner of "hgd A plateaulsa zom6'it;a&;

29 INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME t r sitting ver and l? For it rnly the igration lnnel, a person :nce the poverty oot and n itself; ritalism ss them aphical howing hierarlualism bad, no LZOmeS, nations rere are I roots, :ee and a tranlhe seclel and ves rise h, or of t.itisa, and of ting up ting:in ntterly )ne can oximaray. We a dualnodels. we had magic hat are the enemy, an entirely necessary enemy, the furniture we are forever rearranging Let us summarize the principal characteristics of a rhizome: urllike trees, or their roots. 1!.e rhiz.ome qonnects?nf point to an)1 0ther ppint, and its are nor necessariry rinked"io \,- llilt' iiaiti oitne sur.,n;;;., it brings into r. play very. drtf erent regimes of signs, and even nonsign states. The rhizome rs reducible neither to the one nor the multiple. it is not the one that becomes Two or even directly three, four, five, etc. It is not a multiplq derived from the one, or to which one is added (n + r).it is composed not of uni1s. bu.1-p{-di.m-.-ns.r,ens, or. rarher-d.irecrions'in beginning nor notipu_ri"ler:dtrh* end, but always a middle fullig"tltq_m ;iiich ir grows and which it oversp-irir ftoniiitut"t tlnear multiplicities with*n dim?nsions having neither srifiecf hor object, which can be laid out on a plane of consistency, and from which the one is always subtracted (n- r).when a multiplicity of this kind changes dimension, it necessarily changes in nature as well, undergoes a metamorphosis. Unlike a structure, wfrich is Aefined by a set of points and positions, with binary rerations between the points and biunivocal relationships between the positions, the rhizome is made only of lines: lines of segmentarity and stratification as its dimensions, and the line of flight or deterritorialization as the maximum dimension after which the murtiplicity undergoes metamorphosis, changes in nature. These lines, or lineaments, should not be confused with iineages of the arborescent type, wtrich are merely localizable linkages between points and l positions. Unlike the tree.-{-rr-e rhizome is not the object of."p;;;;i;;ji nelther external.reproduction as image-tree nor inteinal reproduction as, I lll_1lrr",ure. J_\ :h:$me is an anrigeneatogy.it is a shorr_term memory. r or antlmemory. I he rhizome operates by variation. expansion. "onquaai, i cagl,qre' offslioots. Unlike the graphic arts, drawinj, o, pt otography, unlike tracings, the rhizome pertains to a map that musi be produced, constructed' a map that is always detachable, connectable, reversibre, modifiable, and has multiple entryways and exits and its own lines of flight' It is tracings rhar musr be pui on ih" map. not trr. oppo.iie. i;;;;- frast tdcentered (even porycentric) systems with hierarchical mo.des of communication and pr_eestablished paths, the rhizome is an acentered, nonhierarchical, nonsignifying system without a General and without an organizing memory or central automaton, defined solely by a circulation of states. what is at question in the rhizome is a relation io sexuality-but alfotottrsanimal, the vegetal, and artificial-that the worrd, poritics, is totally tne uook, ttrings natural different from the arborescent retation. q1.;,, rhe arborescent reiation: (6. ffill!;13fi:f,,r;,:?tauv allal, t'l in the middle, -^j;-.1-11gj.a-lways n_ot_q!!!9 beginning or the end. erhi-t' " / ir i zome'i-s made of plateaus. Gregory " Baieson_.uses the ivord..prateau., to. Fr :;;* ' f\,: d*f i '::,.' ':,,/ //./.,.

30 4rfr, I,2 n INTRODTICTION: RHIZOME I designate something very special: a coqtinuous, self-vibrating region of I intensities whose development avoids any -Balinese orientation ioward a culmina- \ ti<ih point or external end. Bateson cites culture as an example: ' mother-child sexual games, and even quarrels among men, undergo this bizarre intensive stabilization. "Some sort of continuing plateau of intensity is substituted for [sexual] climax," war, or a culmination point. It is a regrettable characteristic of the Western mind to relate expressions and actions to exterior or transcendent ends, instead ofevaluating them on a plane of consistency on the basis of their intrinsic value.20 For example, a book composed of chapters has culmination and termination points. What takes place in a book composed instead of plateaus that communicate with one another across microfissures, as in a brain? Wc call a "plateau" any r multiplicity connected to other multiplicities by superficial underground stems in such a way as to form or extend a rhizome. We are writing this ' book as a rhizome. It is composed of plateaus. We have given it a circular form, but only for laughs. Each morning we would wake up, and each of us would ask himself what plateau he was going to tackle, writing five lines here, ten there. We had hallucinatory experiences, we watched lines leave one plateau and proceed to another like columns of tiny ants. We made circles ofconvergence. Each plateau can be read starting anywhere and can be related to any other plateau. To attain the multiple, one must have a method that effectively constructs it; no typographical cleverness, no lexical agility, no blending or creation ofwords, no syntactical boldness, can substitute for it. In fact, these are more often than not merely mimetic procedures used to disseminate or disperspa unity that is rqtained in a different dimension for an image-book..te. _c_hn9-4grcissism.l Typographical, lexical, or syntactic creations are necessary only when they no longer belong to the form of expression of a hidden unity, becoming themselves dimensions of the multiplicity under consideration; we only know of rare successes in this.2r We ourselves were unable to do it. We just used words that in turn function for us as plateaus. RHIZoMATICS : SCHIZoANALvSIS : STRATOANALYSIS : PRAGMATICS : MICROPOLITICS. These wotds ate concepts, but concepts are lines, which is to say, number systems attached to a particular dimension of the multiplicities (strata, molecular chains, lines of flight or rupture, circles of convergence, etc.). Nowhere do we claim for our concepts the title of a science. We are no more familiar with scientificity than we are with ideology; all we know are assemblages. And the only assemblages are machinic assemblages of desire and collective assemblages of enunciation. No signifiance, no subjectification: writing to the nth power (all individuated enunciation remains trapped within the dominant significations, all signifying desire is associated with dominated sub- ' jects);\g es-sgmpl4gg, iqits multiplicity., necessarily acts on semiotic flows, J material flows,, 1 rebpifttffi-n-tl ;; I There is no long \--..-.r.-'i-.-f 'l.j't I and a lleld t l ot r ' i author). Rathe 11_tlJlplLcjtie.. r'j i nor the world as '! we think thagn.. i ouis-idc-hts nol. / *$ilge'wifh ttre6l ',b<iok, not a dic roots, or plant tl old procedures root up but rath then attempt to and hold fast to this so difficult? not easy to see th above or up at th you'll see that ev in words (simil nated"; never isi are also the clou Historv is alw '' \ name ol a unlta \,:-. ; I nel are rare S Children's Crus many plateaus' Andrzejewski'sb posed of a singler ing with pauses confessions of all procession to ma child having left c mous pederastir vergence. What multiple"-we're ciation, a machi plugged into an ir recent example is location, in whict

31 INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME tr 23 F*lggion of a gulminarn example: ndergo this au ofintenroint. It is a essions and g them on a 'example, a oints. What rnicate with b1glq"_any nderground writing this it a circular d each ofus rg five lines I lines leave Ve made cire and can be nust have a ress, no lexi- :ldness, can rimetic pro- I in a differrographical, y no longer ithemselves lnow of rare used words )ANALYSIS: rds are conrttached to a :hains, lines we claim for 'ith scientiftnd the only :tive assemriting to the inthedomirinated subniotic flows, ' f.,'{ \-'1, * t t\j roots, or plant them, however difficult it may be to avoid reverting to the old procedures. "Those things which occur to me, occur to me not from the root up but rather only from somewhere about their middle. Let someone then attempt to seize them, let someone attempt to seize a blade of grass and hold fast to it when it begins to grow only from the middle.',22 why is this so difficult? The question is directly one of perceptual semiotics. It's not easy to see things in the middle, rather than looking down on them from above or up at them from below, or from left to right or right to left: try it, you'll see that everything changes. It's not easy to see the grass in things and in words (similarly, Nietzsche said that an aphorism had to be..ruminated"; never is a plateau separable from the cows that populate it, which are also the clouds in the skv). Hut-qry is always written from the sedentary point of view and in the name of a unitary State apparatus,f+l ast a possible_one, even when the topic rs nomads. what is lacking is {Nomadology. rhe opposite of a hisrory. Tfi.dre are rare successes in this alsb. for example. on the subject of the children's Crusades: Marcel Schwob's book multiplies narratives like so many plateaus with variable numbers of dimensions. Then there is Andrzejewski's book, Les portes du paradis (The gates of paradise), composed of a single uninterrupted sentence; a flow of childrenl a flow of walking with pauses, straggling, and forward rushesr the semiotic flow of the confessions of all the children who go up to the old monk at the head of the procession to make their declarations; a flow of desire and sexuality, each child having left out of love and more or less directly led by the dark posthumous pederastic desire of the count of vend6me;all this with circles of convergence. what is important is not whether the flows are..one or multiple"-we're past that point: there is a collective assemblage of enunciation, a machinic assemblage of desire, one inside the othei and both plugged into an immense outside that is a multiplicity in any case. A more recent example is Armand Farrachi's book on the Fourth Crusade. La dislocation. in which the sentencespace themselves out and disperse, gr else

32 24 n INTRODUCTION: RHIZOME jostle together and coexist, and in which the letters, the typography begin to dance as the crusade grows more delirious.23 These are models of nomadic and rhizomatic writing. Writing weds a war machine and lines of flight, abandoning the strata, segmentarities, sedentarity, the State apparatus. But why is a model still necessary? Aren't these books still "images" of the Crusades? Don't they still retain a unity, in Schwob's case a pivotal unity, in Farrachi's an aborted unity, and in the most beautiful example, Les portes du paradis, the unity of the funereal count? Is there a need for a more profound nomadism than that of the Crusades, a nomadism of true nomads, or of those who no longer even move or imitate anything? The nomadism of those who only assemble (agencent). How can the book find an adequate outside with which to assemble in heterogeneity, rather than a world to reproduce? The cultural book is necessarily a tracing: already a tracing of itself, a tracing of the previous book by the same author, a tracing of other books however different they may be, an endless tracing ofestablished concepts and words, a tracing ofthe world present, past, and future. Even the anticultural book may still be burdened by too heavy a cultural load: but it will use it actively, for forgetting instead of remembering, for underdevelopment instead of progress toward development, in nomadism rather than sedentarity, to make a map instead of a tracing. RHIZOMATICS : PoP ANALYSIS, even if the people have other things to do besides read it, even if the blocks of academic culture or pseudoscientificity in it are still too painful or ponderous. For science would go completely mad if left to its own devices. Look at mathematics: it's not a science, it's a monster slang, it's nomadic. Even in the realm of theory, especially in the realm of theory, any precarious and pragmatic framework r is better than tracing concepts, with their breaks and progress changing nothing. Imperceptible rupture, not signifying break. The nomads invented a war machine in opposition to the State apparatus. History has never comprehended nomadism, the book has never comprehended the outside. The State as the model for the book and for thought has a long history: logos, the philosopher-king, the transcendence of the ldea, the interiority of the concept, the republic of minds, the court of reason, the functionaries of thought, man as legislator and subject. The State's preten- - sion to be a world order, and to root man. fhe-war machine's relation to an i;;td"-t. noi unottt.t "model"; it is an'aiemuiag?th'at inakes thought itself nomadic, and the book a working part in every mobile machine, a i stem for a rhizome (Kleist and Kafka against Goethe). Write to the nth power, the n - 1 power, write with slogans: Make rhizomes, not roots, never plant! Don't sow, grow offshoots! Don't be one or multiple, be multiplicities! Run lines, never plot a pointl$egg H54g-Jbp ;1gi.gfllllg.llrgeja Be quick, even when standing still! Line of chance, line -----*'-- -_- of hips,line of I ideas, just have photos or draw wasp and the ol river:

33 TNTRODUCTION: RHIZOME tr 25 r begin lels of ines of : State ks still I CaSe a autiful there a rdes, a mitate ow can,eneity, racing: luthor, tracing rst, and y a culbering, :nt, in racing.,s to do oscieno comlnota theory, nework ranging omads ory has led the rng hisea, the on, the preten- )n to an EiriiEit jne, a rke rhi- ) one or {!!J& ce, line of hips. line of flight. Don't bring our rhe General in y9-ul Don't havelust ideas, just have an idea (Godard). Have short-rermia'eilmake maps, not photos or drawings. Be the pink Panther and your roves will be like the wasp and the orchid, the cat and the baboon. As they say about old man nver: He don't plant'tatos Don't plant cotton

34 \ 518 tr NOTES TO PP. xi , p. I 2l ), and because he was critical of Basaglia's assimilation of mental illness and sociaf alienation and his rejection of any kind of institutions for the insane (Psychanalyset transversalit?, p. 264). I 3. In 1973, Guattari was tried and fined for committing an "outrage to public decency" by publishing an issue ofrecftercftes on homosexuality. All copies were ordered destroyed (1-a Rbvolution molbculaire, p. I l0n). 14. Anti-Oediprs, trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983). 15. La Rbvotution mol?culaire, p The disintegration of the Left into dogmatic "groupuscules" and the amoeba-like proliferation of Lacanian schools based on personality cults confirmed the charge of bureaucratism but belied the potency of the mix. Guattari himself began his political life in the early 1950s with stormy attempts at membership in two Trotskyist splinter parties (Psychanalys et transversalit?, pp l). 16. Dffirence et rbp?tition, pp , I 7. Jean-Franqois Lyotard. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, lrans. GeoffBennington and Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), pp Jiirgen Habermas's notion of "consensus" is the updated, late-modern verslon. 19. Interview with Gilles Deleuze, Lib?ration, October 23' 1980' p See Foucault's essay on Blanchot, often quoted by Deleuze: "The Thought from Outside." in Foucault/Blanchot,lrans. Brian Massumi, Maurice Blanchot, and Michel Foucault (New York: Zone Books, I 987). 21. Deleuze'sbooksoncinema(CinemaI:TheMovement-lmagelMinneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 19861, and Cinema II: The Time-Image [forthcoming from ljniversily of Minnesota Pressl) and on painting (-Fra ncis Bacon: Logique de la sensallor [Paris: Ed. de la Diff6rence, I 98 I ]) are not meant as exercises in philosophical expansionism. Their project is not to bring these arts to philosophy, but to bring out the philosophy already in them. 22. The terms "smooth space" and "striated space" were in fact coined by Pierre Boulez. See p ofthe present work and note Interview with Gilles Deleuze, Lib?ration, October 23' 1980, p See page I 58 ofthe present work and note. 25. On style in literature, see Deleuze, Proust and,srg:ns, trans. Richard Howard (New York: Braziller, 1972), pp. I 42-l Deleuze and Foucault, "Intellectuals and Power," p l. Introduction: Rhizome L [rn,lns: U. Weinreich, W. Labov, and M. Herzog, "Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language," in W. Lehmann and Y. Malkeiel, eds., Directions for Historical Linguistics (1968), p. 125; cited by Frangoise Robert, "Aspects sociaux du changement dans une grammaire g6n6rative," Langages, no. 32 (December 1973)' p Bertil Malmberg, New Trends in Linguistics, trans. Edward Carners (Stockholm: Lund, 1964), pp. 65-6'7 (the example of the Castilian dialect). 3. Ernst Jiinger, Approches; drogues et ivresse (Paris: Table Ronde, l9'14)' p' 304' sec. 2 I R6my Chauvin in Entretiens sur la sexualitz, ed. Max Aron, Robert courrieq and Etienne Wolff (Paris: Plon, 1969), p On the work of R. E. Benveniste and G. J. Todaro, see Yves Christen, "Le role des virus dans l'6volution," la Rec herche,no.54 (March I 975): 'After integration-extraction a cell, viruses may, due to an error in excision, carry off fragments of their host's DNA and tran! resu viru fron evol the r role bet US r l9'' Prt "a an im ro Ar U (s (/ L ir I I 1

35 P. xi-10 lia's assimilation of mental illness and itutions for the insane (psychanalyse et mitting an "outrage to public decency,, y. AII copies were ordered destr oyed,(la em, and Helen R. Lane (Minneapolis: ntegration of the Left into dogmatic Lacanian schools based on personality I the potency of the mix. Guattari him_ ormy attempts at membership in two lit'e, pp t). dition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. University of Minnesota press, l9g4), re updated, late-modern versron. :ober 23, I 980, p. I 6. by Deleuze: "The Thought from Out_ runce Blanchot, and Michel Foucault,vement- I mage fminneapolis: Univer_ ne- I mage lforthcoming from Univertn: Logique de la sensation Iparis: Ed. ilosophical expansionism. Their proj_ tout the philosophy already in them. were in fact coined by pierre Boulez. rber23, 1980, p. 17.,Sr8'ns, trans. Richard Howard (New ;" p rizome i. Max Aron, Robert Courrier, and ro, see Yves Christen,..Le role des 5): 'After integration-extraction a lragments of their host's DNA and NOTESTOPP. l0-17 n 519 transmit them to new cells: this in fact is the basis for what we call 'genetic engineering'' As a result, the genetic information of one organism may be transferred to another by means of viruses. we could even imagine an extreme case where this transfer of information would go from a more highly evolved species to one that is less evolved or was the progenitor ofthe more evolved species. This mechanism, then, would run in the opposite direction to evolution in the classical sense. Ifit turns out that this kind oftransferral ofinformation has played a major role, we would in certain cases have to substitute reticular schemas (with communications between branches after they have become differentiated) for the bush or tree schemas currently used to represent evolution" (p. 27 I ). 6. Fiangois Jacob, The Logic of Life' trans' Betty E' Spillmann (New York: Pantheon' 1973), pp ,31 I (quote). 7. Carlos castaneda, The Teachings of Don Juan (Berkeley: university of california Press, 1971), P. 88. g. pierreboulez,conversationswithc?lestindelibge(london:eulenbergbooks, 1976):..a seed which you plant in compost, and suddenly it begins to proliferate like aweed" (p' l5); and on musical proliferation: *a music that floats, and in which the writing itself makes lt impossible for the performer to keep in with a pulsed time" (p. 69 [translation modified])' g. See Melanie Kletn, Narrative of a child Anclysrs (London: Hogarth Press, l96l ): the role of war maps in Richard's activities. [rnnns: Deleuze and Guattari, with Claire Parnet and Andr6 Scala, analyre Klein's Richard and Freud's Little Hans in "The Interpretation of Utterances,,, it Language, Sexuality and subversion, trans. Paul Foss and Meaghan Morris (Sydney: Feral Publications, 1978), pp 'l 10. Fernand Deligny, Cahiers de l'immuable, vol. l, Voix et voir, Recherches,no. S (April 1975). ll. See Dieter Wunderlich, "Pragmatique, situation d'6nonciation et Deixis," in Langages,no. 26 (June 1972),pp.50ff.: Maccawley, Sadock, and wunderlich's attempts to integrate "pragmatic properties" into Chomskian trees' iz. st."." nore,the Conscious Brain (New York: Ifuopf, 1975), p. 76; on memory' see pp See Julien Pacotte, Le rbseau arborescent, sch?me primordial de Ia pensbe (Paris: Hermann, I 936). This book analyzes and develops various schemas ofthe arborescent form, which is presented not as a mere iormalism but as the "real foundation of formal thought'" It follows ciassical thought through to the end. It presents all of the forms of the "One-Two," the theory ofthe dipole. The set, trunk-roots-branches, yields the following schema: 1, "Empirical Foundations for a The- Direc t i o n s for H i s tori cal L i ngu i s t ics socraux du changement dans une r73), p rans. Edward Carners (Stockholm: alect). )aris: Table Ronde, 1974), p. 30a, \ I opposed.segment,\/ -'.-.- 'el\ /\ More recently, Michel Serres has analyzed varieties and sequences of trees in the most diverse scientific domains: how a tree is formed on the basis of a "network'" La traduction (Paris: Vinuit,l974),pp.27ff.;Feuxersignauxdebrume(Paris:Grasset'1975)'pp'35ff' 14. pierre Rosenstiehl and Jean Petitot, 'Automate asocial et systdmes acentrds," Communications, no. 22 (1974), pp On the friendship theorem, see Herbert S. will Tle Friendship Theorem in Combinatorial Mathematics (Welsh Academic Press); and on a similar kind oftheorem, called the theorem ofgroup indecision, see Kenneth J. Arroq soclal Choice and Individual Values (New York: wilev' 1963)' 15. Rosenstiehl and petitot, 'Automate asocial." The principal characteristic of the acentered system is that local initiatives are coordinated independently of a central power'

36 520 D NOTES TOPP ,\ :) with the carculations made throughout the network (multiplicity)...that is why the onry place files on people can be kept is right in each person's home, since they alone are capable tn offilling the description and keeping.it up to date: society itselfis the only possible datl ple' bank on peo- A naturally acentered society rejects the centralizrng automaton as an asocial (p. intrusion,, 67). on the "Firing Squad rheorem," see pp. 5 l -57. Ii even happens that generars, ing dream_ of appropriating the formal techniques oi guerrilla warfare, appeal to multipticities synchronous,,of modules. -. based on numerous Lut independent rightweight ceils,, having theory in only a minimum of centrar power and '.hierarchical relaying,,; see Guy Brossoilet, Essai sur la non-bataille (paris: Belin. 1975). l6' OnwesternagricultureofgrainplantsandEasternhorticultureoftubers,theoppositton between sowing ofseeds and replanting ofoffshoots, and the contrast to anlmal raising, see Andre Haudricourt. "Domestication des animaux, culture des plantes et traitement d'autrui," L'Homme, vol. 2, no. l (January-April r962),pp , and..nature et d_ans curture la civilisation de igname: l'origine des ilones et des clans,', L,Homme,vol. (January-April 4, no. r 1964),pp-93-l04.Maizeandricearenoexception:theyarecereals..adopted at a late date by tuber cultivators" "first and were treated in a similar fashion;it is p;;;able that rice appeared as a weed in taro ditches." l7' Henry Miller, in Henry Miller and Michael Fraenkel, Hamlet (New york: 1939), pp. Carrefour, See Leslie Fiedler, The Return of the vanishing American(New york: Stern 1968). and Day, This book contains a fine analysis ofgeography and its roie in American mythorogy and literature, and ofthe reversal ofdirectioni. tn tne gast, there was the search lbr a cally specifi- American code and fora recoding with Europe (Henry James, Efiot, pouna, etc.); in South, the there was the overcoding ofthe slave system, with its ruin and the ruin oithe planta_ tions during the civil war (Faulkner, Carawel); from the North came capitarist (Dos decoding Passos, Dreiser); the west, however, played the rore of a line of flight combinrng hallucination, travel, madness, the Indians, perceptive and mental experimentation, the shifting fronliers, of the rhizome (Ken Kesey and his "fog machine,,, the beat generation, great etc.). Every American author creates a cartography, even in his or her styrj; in contrast to what done in is Europe' each makes a map that is directly connected to the real social movements crossing America' An example is the indexing of gelgraphical directions throughout the work of Fitzgerald. 19. [rrans: Karl wittfogel, orientar Desporism (New Haven, conn.: yale University Press, I 957).1 20' GregoryBateson. stepstoanecorogyofmind(newyork: BalrantineBooks, 1972),p. I I 3' It will be noted that the word "plateau" is used in classical studies ofbulbs, tubers, rhizomes; and see the enlry for "Bulb" in M. H. Baillon, Dictionnaire de botanique (paris: Hachette, ). 2 I. For example, Jo6lle de La casinidre, Absorument n?cessaire. The Emergency (Paris: Book Minuit, 1973), a truly nomadic book. In the same vein, see the research in"progress the Montfaucon at Research Center. 22' The Diaries o.f Franz Karka. ed. Max Brod, trans. Joseph Kresh (New york: schocken, 1948), p ' Marcel schwob, The.Chirdren's Crusade, lrans. Henry copley (Boston: Maynard, Small, I 898); Jersy Andrzejewski, Zcs portes du paradis(paris: Gallimard, l 959); Armand Farrachi, La dislctcation (paris: Stock, I 974). It was in the context ofschwob,s book that paul Alphand6ry remarked that riterature, in certain cases, courd revitalize historyand impose upon rt "genuine research directions"; La chrbtienrb et I'itlbe de croisade 1959), lparisr,llbrn Michel, vol. 2,p ' See Paul virilio, "v6hiculaire," in Nomades et vagabonds,ed. Jacques Bergue (paris: Union G6n6 perception b; 25. SeeJ introduction G6n6rale d'e l. Sigm Strachey (Lo 2. [rnet I 925), p. I l) 3. E. A. 4. Rutb in The Wolf' 5. Elia pp ,9 6. [rnl 7. lnltl p. I 13. l. Rola star that has calledabla ofsuch an o reflect any I 2. Mat 3. For genbse de fa probabilit'e and articula and Neces 4. Fra t9'13\,ppị 5. Fra p.202:"ge the followit structures 3 6. Lot (Madison: 7. Se Didier, 18 tiques, his which Gec attraction Beiden Ge ences natu Doin, 192

37 NOTESTOPP a 521 ty). *That is why the only place they alone are capable offilling rnly possible data bank on peomaton as an asocial intrusion,' happens that generals, dreamre, appeal to multiplicities,,of nt lightweight cells" having rn relaying"; see Guy Brossollet, ticulture oftubers. the opposithe contrasto animal raising, ure des plantes et traitement 40-50, and "Nature et culture ans," L'Homme, vol. 4, no. I lion: they are cereals "adopted fashion; it is probable that rice Iamlet (New York: Carrefour, an (New York: Stein and Day, irole in American mythology re was the search for a specifines, Eliot, Pound, etc.); in the rin and the ruin ofthe plantarrth came capitalist decoding ne of flight combining travel, perimentation, the shifting of beat generation, etc.). Every rr style; in contrasto what is to the real social movements irections throughouthe work ven, Conn.: Yale University k: Ballantine Books, l 972), p. studies ofbulbs, tubers, and tnnaire de botanique (paris: ssaire. The Emergency Book ee the research in progress at Kresh (New York: Schocken, rry Copley (Boston: Small. s: Gallimard, I 959); Armand it ofschwob's book that paul :vitalize history and impose ro isade (Pais: Albin Michel. ls. ed. Jacques Bergue (Paris: Union G6n6rale d'editions, I 975), p. 43, on the appearance oflinearity and the disruption of perception by speed. 25. See Jean-Cristophe Bailly's description of movement in German Romanticism, in his introduction to La l?gende dispersbe. Anthologie du romantisme allemand (Paris: Union G6n6rale d'editions, 1976), pp. 18ff. 2.l9l4z One or Several Wolves? l. Sigmund Fretd, Papers on Metapsychology,vol. 14, standard Edilion, trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, I 957), p. 200' 2. [rn.lns: Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1925), p. I l).1 3. E. A. Bennet, What Jung Real/y Said (New York: Schocken' 1967)' p' 7 a' 4. Ruth Mack Brunswick,'A Supplemento Freud's History of an Infantile Neurosis," in The Wolf-Man, ed. Muriel Gardiner (New York: Basic Books, 197 I ), p' 268' 5. Elias Canett i, Crowds and Powe4 trans. Carol Stewart (New York: Viking Press' I 963)' pp , 93ff. Some ofthe distinctions mentioned here are noted by Canetti' 6. [rn.lns: Ibid., p. 93.] 7. Ltter cited by Roland Jacc ard, L' homme aux loups (Paris: Ed. Universitaires, I 973), p. I ,000 n.c.: The GeologY of Morals L Roland omnis, L'univers et ses mbtamoryftoses (Paris: Hermann, 1973), p. 164: 'A star that has collapsed so far that its radius has fallen below the critical point becomes what is called a black hole (an occluded star). This expression means that nothing sent in the direction ofsuch an object will ever come back. It is therefore perfectly black since it does not emrt or reflect any light." 2. Marcel Griaule, Dieu d'eau (Paris: Fayard, 1975)' pp ' 3. For a general treatment of the two aspects of morphogenesis, see Raymod Ruyer, La genbse de formes vivantes (Paris: Flammarion, 1958), pp. 54ff., and Pierre Yendryds, vie et probabilitb (Paris: Albin Michel, 1945). Vendryds analyzes the role of the articulatory relation and articulated systems. On the two structural aspects of protein, see Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity,trans. Austryn Wainhouse (New York: Vintage, 1972)' pp' 90-95' 4. Frangois Jacob,The Logic of Life, trans. Betty E. Spillman (New York: Pantheon, 1973), pp [translation modified]' 5. FrangoisJacob,*kmoddlelinguistiqueenbiologie," Critique,no.322(Marchl974\, p. 202: "Genetic material has two roles: it must be reproduced in order to be transmitted to ihe following generation, and it must be expressed in order for it to determine the organism's structures and functions." 6. Louis Hjelmslev, Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, trans. Francis J. Whitfield (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), p See Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Principes de philosophie zoologique (Paris: Picton et Didier, 1830), which quotes extracts from the debate with Cuvier; and Notions synthbtiques, historiques et physiologiques de philosophie naturelle (Paris: Denain, 1838), in which Geoffroy sets forth his molecular conception of combustion, electrification, and attraction. Karl Ernest von Baer, Uber Entwicklungsgeschichte der Thiere (Krinigsberg: Beiden Gehriidern Borntriiger, ), and "Biographie de Cuvier," in Annales des sci' ences naturelles (1908). Vialleton, Membres et ceintures des vertbbrbs ti:trapodes (Patis'. Doin, 1924).