Hydrogen as Storage Option in the Energy System of the Future

Transcription

1 Wasserstoff als Speicheroption im Energiesystem der Zukunft Hydrogen as Storage Option in the Energy System of the Future 10. Jahrestreffen des Netzwerks Brennstoffzelle und Wasserstoff NRW Düsseldorf Dr. Uwe Albrecht Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik GmbH 1

2 Outline LBST Renewable Electricity in the Grid Electricity Storage Requirements and Options Hydrogen Energy Storage Conclusion 2

3 Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Expert consultants for sustainable energy and mobility since over 25 years Broad experience in renewables and in hydrogen as an energy vector Joint European projects Participation in German Fuel Strategy (BMVBS) Hydrogen strategy support for several German federal states Co-author of VDE storage study Work for international energy and automotive companies Rigorous system approach; global and long term perspective 3

5 The Rise of Renewable Energy Why renewables? Resource constraints Security of supply Climate protection Economic opportunities Already today, renewables provide 1/6 of German electricity Solar and wind provide half of that and have largest growth potential Fluctuating energy production does not necessarily match demand Growing renewables supply will produce increasing amounts of excess electricity Image: Microsoft Bing 5

6 Resource Constraints: Oil 100 Mb/day 80 World oil production by type in the IEA New Policies Scenario* million barrels per day Unconventional oil Natural gas liquids A huge gap! Crude oil - fields yet to be developed or found Crude oil currently producing fields Total crude oil Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2010 *The IEA New Policies Scenario takes account of the broad policy commitments and energy and climate related plans that have been announced by countries around the world, assuming that they will actually implement the policies and measures, albeit in a cautious manner. 6

7 Renewable Electricity in the Grid Renewables cover almost complete German electricity production increase since 1990 (10% renewables in 2005, 15% in 2008) Renewable integration requires grid expansion Electricity export and demand management can only provide very limited relief All possible scenarios show significant excess electricity amounts starting in Large scale electricity storage can ease pressure on grid and increase useable renewable electricity amounts Production and storage of wind-hydrogen is a necessary complement to grid expansion 7

8 Fluctuating and non-dispatchable electricity Renewable electricity production [TWh/a] photovoltaics ~ 26 TWh/a offshore wind ~ 88 TWh/a onshore wind ~ 75 TWh/a Fluctuating resources amount to ~115TWh in 2020; ~190 TWh in 2030 (~2x/4x 2008 value; ~20/35% of total expected power generation) Source: BMU Leitstudie

10 Energy storage in the grid Example: Vattenfall / 50HERTZ grid Based on 2008 real world data Extrapolation to 2030 renewable energy production expectations 10

11 Energy storage in the grid [MW] 35,000 30,000 Load curve and wind power in the Vattenfall grid Data source: 50hertz Graph: LBST 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, Jan 24 Jan 25 Jan 26 Jan 27 Jan 28 Jan 29 Jan 30 Jan 31 Jan 01 Feb 02 Feb 03 Feb 11 wind power 2008 estimated wind power 2030 (4 x 2008) load 2008

12 Energy storage in the grid [MW] 35, , Load Loadcurve Curve and and wind Wind power Power in in the the Vattenfall German grid Grid Potential charge and discharge periods Data source: 50hertz Graph: LBST 25, , , , , Charge Discharge 23 Jan 24 Jan 25 Jan 26 Jan 27 Jan 28 Jan 29 Jan 30 Jan 31 Jan 01 Feb 02 Feb 03 Feb 12 estimated wind power 2030 (4 x 2008) load 2008

13 Energy storage in the grid [MW] 35, , Load Loadcurve Curve and and wind Wind power Power in in the the Vattenfall German grid Grid Impact of existing storage capacity Data source: 50hertz Graph: LBST 25, , , CAES Huntorf 0.66 GWh Pumped Hydro Goldisthal 8.48 GWh Σ Pumped Hydro Germany 40 GWh 10, , Jan 24 Jan 25 Jan 26 Jan 27 Jan 28 Jan 29 Jan 30 Jan 31 Jan 01 Feb 02 Feb 03 Feb 13 estimated wind power 2030 (4 x 2008) load 2008

14 Energy storage in the grid [MW] 35, , , , , , , Data source: 50hertz Graph: LBST 1,000 GWh Load Curve and Wind Power in the German Grid Load curve and wind power in the Vattenfall grid Impact of hydrogen energy storage 1,000 GWh storage capacity requires - 1,400,000,000 m³ water basin (pumped hydro) 115 x Goldisthal or - 370,000,000 m³ cavern volume (CAES) 1,500 x Huntorf or - 5,000,000 m³ cavern volume (hydrogen) ~1.7 x cavern field Etzel ~0.7 x cavern field Nüttermoor (both currently used for NG) Jan 24 Jan 25 Jan 26 Jan 27 Jan 28 Jan 29 Jan 30 Jan 31 Jan 01 Feb 02 Feb 03 Feb 14 estimated wind power 2030 (4 x 2008) load 2008

15 Excess Electricity Excess electricity amounts estimated by simulation based on various scenarios By 2020, up to 13TWh may not be fed into grid Überschussstrom (GWh) Excess electricity [GWh] Source: LBST Equivalent hydrogen amount [million Nm 3 /a] theor. erzeugbarer Wasserstoff (Mio. Nm³/a) Szenario "Konv. Erzeugung + Nachfrage Status 2008" Szenario "Leitszenario 2009 mit 15 GW Kernenergie" Szenario "Leitszenario 2009" 15

17 Electricity Storage Technologies Short term (milliseconds to minutes) Superconducting coils (electrodynamic energy) Supercaps (electrostatic energy) Flywheels (kinetic energy) Stationary battery banks (electrochemical energy) Medium term (minutes to hours) Compressed air CAES with or without thermal storage Pumped hydro (potential energy) Long term (days, weeks, months) Hydrogen (chemical energy) (or synthetic natural gas SNG from H 2 + CO 2 ) e.g. in salt caverns 17

18 Electricity Storage Characteristics All storage technologies are different Characteristics determine application Pumped hydro most economical for short and mid term storage, but potential is limited Compressed air storage only efficient with thermal storage (adiabatic) and quite expensive H 2 in caverns has highest density and is most economical large scale storage H 2 is only long term storage option with TWh capacity Wasserstoff AA-CAES (Druckluft adiabatisch) Pumpspeicher > 10 Jahre heute abhängig vom Standort > 10 Jahre heute Source: KBB 2010 LBST nach [VDE 2009] Source: LBST based on [VDE Kosten [ ct / kwh] 18

20 Hydrogen storage LH 2 above ground Largest existing storage m³ 270 t or 9 GWh Investment ~0,85 /kwh CGH 2 or chemical storage too expensive (investment >10 /kwh) Underground caverns Huge storage potential; abundant geological possibilities in North Germany Existing CNG caverns in Germany from 33 to MNm³ (i.e to t H 2, 50 to GWh) Investment 0,09-0,15 /kwh Image: ConocoPhillips 20

21 Renewable Hydrogen Storage Concept Production through large electrolyzers Hydrogen storage in salt caverns Grid integration Access to renewable electricity Provision of balancing power Hydrogen sale to transport sector and industry Feeding into gas grid (optionally through SNG generation) Windstrom / Stromangebot Elektroyse Strom Wasserstoff Stromnetz Salzkaverne Possible combination with wind energy into virtual power stations G Gasturbine / GuD Fuel Cell Brennstoffzelle Image: LBST Verbraucher H 2 Tankstelle Industrie 21

22 Cost: Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein model Kosten ( /Nm³) 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00 Wind-Wasserstoff (niedrige Energiepreise) durchschnittl. Versorgungskosten Tankstellen durchschnittl. Versorgungskosten Industrie konventioneller Wasserstoff (niedrige Energiepreise) Wind-Wasserstoff (hohe Energiepreise) konventioneller Wasserstoff (hohe Energiepreise) Umspannung Produktion (Energie) Produktion (Anlagen) Verflüssigung+Kompression Speicherung Distribution Source: LBST Kosten ( /kg) Additional wind-h 2 cost*: 0,12 0,32 /Nm³ 1,30 3,60 /kg 0,04 0,11 /kwh LHV Cost drivers: Electrolyzer investment Energy cost With early implementation wind-h2 can be competitive after 2020 Initial support mechanisms required (comparison: offshore-wind feed-in tariff: 0,15 /kwh (0,13 /kwh from 2016) *w/o HRS cost 22

24 Conclusion We will need large scale energy storage Electrolysis and H 2 storage provide TWh scale capability Improved grid integration of renewables Smooth supply fluctuations (short term and seasonal) Provide energy reserve Create new horizontal connections in the energy system: transport - gas grid - industry Cost structure dominated by electrolyzer Activities should start now to provide competitive solutions in the future 24

25 Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit! Dr. Uwe Albrecht Managing Director Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr. 15 D Ottobrunn Germany p: +49/89/ f: +49/89/ e: w: 25