Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage and Thermo-Mechanical Electricity Storage Technologies

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1 Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 30, 2015 Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage and Thermo-Mechanical Electricity Storage Technologies Elmegaard, Brian Publication date: 2013 Link to publication Citation (APA): Elmegaard, B. (2013). Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage and Thermo-Mechanical Electricity Storage Technologies [Sound/Visual production (digital)]. DTU International Energy Conference 2013, Lyngby, Denmark, 10/09/2013, General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal? If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

2 Recent Advances in Compressed Air Energy Storage and Thermo-Mechanical Electricity Storage Technologies Brian Elmegaard DTU International Energy Conference, September 2013 DTU Technical University of Denmark Department of Mechanical Engineering Section Thermal Energy

3 CAES - operating storage technology Huntorf CAES: More than 20 Years of Successful Operation (Crotogino, Mohmeyer, Scharf) /23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

4 CAES - operating storage technology Huntorf CAES: More than 20 Years of Successful Operation (Crotogino, Mohmeyer, Scharf) 2001 Potential of electricity storage New ideas and concepts related to CAES 2/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

5 Danish Energy System High share of combined heat and power Wind share 4% of energy consumption (28% of electricity) Fluctuating wind power is a challenge to power grid and plant control Demand-responding consumers are needed (electric boilers, heat pumps, freezing houses, storage... ) 3/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

6 Production Platforms in the North Sea Refineries Crude Oil Oil Products Natural Gas Coal and Coke Renewables etc. Electricity District Heating Gas Works Gas Losses Gas Works 0 Autoproducers District Heating Units Small Scale 16 0 Central Heating Units Large Scale CHP 62 Units Transport Households Commercial and Public 0 2 Services Industry and Agriculture Non Energy Use Danish Energy System Danish Energy 2011 Supply Transformation Deliveries Indigenous Production Final Consumption 631 Stocks 46 Stocks 28 Exports Incl. International Marine Bunkers 754 Imports 641 Losses 161 All figures are in Peta Joule (PJ) ( 4/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

7 The Electricity Market 4000,00 DK West Price [DKK/MWh] Consumption [MWh/h] 3000, , ,00 0, , ,00 Hour 2012 Market data from ( 5/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

8 Reversible electricity storage MW 1 h 0.5 MW 2 h 1 MWh Case study: Charging 214 MW Storage 10 h charging 100% eciency 6/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

9 Potential of Reversible electricity storage Charging 214 MW, Storage 10 h charging, 100% eciency Level [MWh] Price[DKK/MWh] /23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

10 Potential of Reversible electricity storage Charging 214 MW, Storage 10 h charging, 100% eciency Level [MWh] Price[DKK/MWh] Optimal Net income 77 MDKK 7/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

11 Electricity Storage Technologies In operation for bulk storage Pumped hydro storage (PHS) Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Under consideration Batteries Flow batteries Flywheels Super conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) Hydrogen/fuel cells System integration possibilities Demand response (Controlling consumption) Heat pumps Electric vehicles Fuel storage: e.g., Coal bunkers 8/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

12 Conventional CAES Process (Diabatic) Consumer part Producer part M G Fuel Storage part 9/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

13 Conventional CAES battery analogy Consumer part Producer part M G Fuel Storage part 10/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

14 Conventional CAES battery analogy Consumer part Producer part M G Fuel 1.8 MW 2 s 1 MW 1 s MJ 1.5 MW 2 s 0.3 MW 1 s 0.6 MW 2 s Storage part 10/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

15 Conventional CAES battery analogy Consumer part Producer part M G Fuel 1.8 MW 2 s 1 MW 1 s MJ 1.5 MW 2 s 0.3 MW 1 s 0.6 MW 2 s Storage part Conventional CAES is: a battery with signicant loss during charging and discharging and large consumption during production 10/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

16 Existing and proposed CAES plants Huntorf CAES power station (1978) 290 MW production, app. 60 MW charging Alabama Electric Cooperative's CAES plant (1991) 110 MW production, app. 50 MW charging Norton CAES plant in Ohio (planned) 2700 MW production, exible charging Gaelectric CAES plant in Larne, Northern Ireland (planned) 135 MW production, 80 MW charging 11/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

17 Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

18 Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity How should eciency be calculated? by exergy 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

19 Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity How should eciency be calculated? by exergy Exergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms including electricity 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

20 Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity How should eciency be calculated? by exergy Exergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms including electricity Only exergetic eciency is reasonable 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

21 Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity How should eciency be calculated? by exergy Exergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms including electricity Only exergetic eciency is reasonable Product of component exergetic eciency η sc = η x,cη x,storη x,t Compressor η x,c = E air Wc Storage η x,stor = Estor,out E stor,in Turbine η x,t = Wt Egas+E f +Eex = Wt Estor,out+E f 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

22 Eciency denition Two inputs at dierent time: Electricity and fuel One output: Electricity How should eciency be calculated? by exergy Exergy is a generalization of high quality energy forms including electricity Only exergetic eciency is reasonable Product of component exergetic eciency η sc = η x,cη x,storη x,t Compressor η x,c = E air Wc Storage η x,stor = Estor,out E stor,in Turbine η x,t = Wt Egas+E f +Eex = Wt Estor,out+E f Other denitions should not be used as storage eciency: For example Gas turbine cycle eciency, Energy output to input ratio 12/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

23 Alstom CAES Process Consumer part Producer part 3 intercooled compressor stages Motor M Turbine Turbine Generator G Burner Aftercooler Fuel Burner Recuperator Fuel Storage cavern Storage part 13/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

24 Alstom Performance Min. pressure Max. pressure Storage Pressure [bar] Compressor Power [MW] Charging time [h] 42 Charging Exergetic Eciency [%] Fuel consumption rate [MW] Combustion Temperature [ C ] Turbine Power [MW] Discharging time [h] 26 Discharging Exergetic Eciency [%] Gas turbine eciency [%] 30 Plant energy eciency [%] 56 Primary energy eciency [%] 29 Storage Eciency [%] 36 14/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

25 Alstom Exergy Losses Exergy loss [MW] Relative exergy loss [%] Compressor % Intercooler % Compressor % Intercooler % Compressor % Aftercooler % Throttling % Recuperator % Air turbine 5.8 2% Combustion % Turbine % Combustion % 15/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

26 Potential of CAES electricity storage 1.8 MW 2 s 1 MW 1 s MJ 1.5 MW 2 s 0.3 MW 1 s 0.6 MW 2 s Charging Storage Eciency Income [MW] [h] [%] [MDKK] Reversible Adiabatic Conventional /23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

27 Potential of CAES electricity storage 1.8 MW 2 s 1 MW 1 s MJ 1.5 MW 2 s 0.3 MW 1 s 0.6 MW 2 s Charging Storage Eciency Income [MW] [h] [%] [MDKK] Reversible Adiabatic Conventional Conventional CAES with gas consumption and low eciency has better economic potential than adiabatic systems Investment: 1000 MDKK 16/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

28 Alabama CAES Process Consumer part Producer part 4 intercooled compressor stages Motor/ generator Turbine Turbine Clutch M/G Clutch Burner Burner Aftercooler Fuel Fuel Recuperator Storage cavern Storage part 17/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

29 Adiabatic CAES Adele project No fuel consumption, compression heat stored 18/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

30 Liquid Piston CAES Minimal compression heat 1: CAEstorage, 2: ALP-CAES project 19/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

31 Isothermal CAES Liquid (water) used for heat transfer during charging and discharging 1: Lightsail, 2: General Compression, 3: SustainX 20/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

32 Liquid Air Electricity Storage Waste heat integration possible, eciency of liquifaction challenging 21/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

33 Transcritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle leni.epfl.ch Transcritical CO 2 cycle with reversible compressor and expander Water storage 22/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

34 Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

35 Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-eciency storage (<40%) 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

36 Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-eciency storage (<40%) Adiabatic CAES may reach reasonable storage eciency ( 70%) 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

37 Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-eciency storage (<40%) Adiabatic CAES may reach reasonable storage eciency ( 70%) Conventional CAES has best economic potential 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

38 Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-eciency storage (<40%) Adiabatic CAES may reach reasonable storage eciency ( 70%) Conventional CAES has best economic potential Several ideas and concepts are investigated 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013

39 Summary Exergetic eciency should be used as the measure of eciency of electricity storage Conventional (Diabatic) CAES is low-eciency storage (<40%) Adiabatic CAES may reach reasonable storage eciency ( 70%) Conventional CAES has best economic potential Several ideas and concepts are investigated Bulk electricity storage is needed in the future, and will involve Large investments Signicant losses of exergy due to irreversibilities Large volume and/or area Big price uctuations or high consumer prices to be feasible 23/23 DTU Mechanical Engineering CAES and friends DTU Conference 2013