Extracting CO 2 from seawater: Climate change mitigation and renewable liquid fuel
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1 Extracting CO 2 from seawater: Climate change mitigation and renewable liquid fuel Matthew Eisaman Sustainable Energy Technologies Department Brookhaven National Laboratory
2 Outline Context: CO 2 emissions and their impact Technology: Extracting CO 2 from seawater Application: Renewable liquid fuel
3 Outline Context: CO 2 emissions and their impact Technology: Extracting CO 2 from seawater Application: Renewable liquid fuel
4 The data on atmospheric CO 2 > 390 ppm now 2000 years ago 400,000 years ago ppm historically
5 Projected CO 2 concentrations Current emission rate (30Gt/yr) IPCC, 2011: IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation.
6 Projected Temperature Increase 3 6 C increase F IPCC, 2011: IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation.
7 The effect on our oceans: sea level rise NYC: 1 foot increase since : 1 ft. more Once in 10 year flood will occur once every 1 3 years by 2080 Now: 1 ft. since 1900 Annals of the NY Academy of Sciences, Climate Change in NYC, 1196, (2010)
8 The effect on our oceans: acidification Min. for coral reefs Reefs can survive Nature Climate Change, 1, 339 (2011).
9 Reducing CO 2 emissions from all sectors Solar Wind CO 2 capture and sequestration from power plants IEA, 2012; CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion: Highlights. Battery electric Fuel cell (H 2 ) CO 2 capture from air and/or seawater CO 2 capture and sequestration Renewable fuels
10 Outline Context: CO 2 emissions and their impact Technology: Extracting CO 2 from seawater Application: Renewable liquid fuel
11 Possibilities for CO 2 capture Industrial Atmosphere Seawater 10% CO 2 by volume Fixed location only Requires fossil fuels 0.04% CO 2 by volume Large physical size Unproven at this scale 5.6% CO 2 by volume Small footprint Mobile Combine with desalination Can use proven commercial technology
12 CO 2 from seawater CO 2 Atmosphere Dissolved CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 Ocean H + + CO 3 2
13 CO 2 from seawater Spain, 200M l/day Electrodialysis Scalable, commercial technology Eisaman et al., US patent application and Energy Environ. Sci., 5, (2012).
14 CO 2 extraction from seawater: How it works Membranes CO 2 + Basic + H 2 O Acidic OH + H + + H + + Seawater Eisaman et al., US patent application and Energy Environ. Sci., 5, (2012).
15 Prototype unit Eisaman et al., US patent application and Energy Environ. Sci., 5, (2012).
16 Efficiency of CO 2 extraction More acidic More basic Eisaman et al., US patent application and Energy Environ. Sci., 5, (2012).
17 Energy of CO 2 extraction More acidic More basic Eisaman et al., US patent application and Energy Environ. Sci., 5, (2012).
18 Outline Context: CO 2 emissions and their impact Technology: Extracting CO 2 from seawater Application: Renewable liquid fuel
19 Liquid fuels offer unmatched performance Z. Jiang et al., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 368, 3343, 2010 Gasoline is energy dense and no new infrastructure needed Power delivered by gas pump (20MW) equivalent to 125 acres of solar
20 Biological renewable liquid fuel Renewable liquid fuel Combustion CO 2 in air Fuel synthesis Photosynthesis Water Biomass
21 Industrial renewable liquid fuel Renewable liquid fuel Combustion CO 2 in air CO 2 separation CO 2 in flue gas Fuel synthesis CO 2 Electrolysis H 2 Water
22 Advantages of the industrial route Biological Industrial 1. Land area: % NY land area needed for gasoline consumption (5.8B gal/yr) 22% is currently under cultivation Algae: 4.3% Other (e.g., corn ethanol): 17% Nuclear: 0.1% Solar: 0.8% 2. Mobility: Especially important for military applications Immobile and location constrained Mobile Shell Prelude
23 U.S. Navy: Fuels at Sea U.S. Navy photo by Bryan Reckard
24 Military A sense of scale Commercial Diesel for 1 assault ship: 50,000 gal/day 100MW yields 34,000 gal/day 600 acre solar farm Shipboard nuclear reactor Requires 2.8e6 m 3 (seawater)/day Large desalination plant ~ 1 2e6m 3 /day NY: 16M gallons gasoline/day 46GW yields 16M gal/day 1160 km 2 solar (1450 BNL arrays) Six 1000 acre nuclear plants 320 large desal. plants
25 Summary CO 2 extraction from seawater can play an important role (among many other technologies) in CO 2 mitigation strategies Scale up will require interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers Thank you for your attention Funding:
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