China s CO2 Emission Scenario Toward 2 degree global target. Jiang Kejun. Energy Research Institute, China

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1 China s CO2 Emission Scenario Toward 2 degree global target Jiang Kejun Energy Research Institute, China PUBLIC CONFERENCE Victoria University, Thursday 26 June, ERI, China Framework of Integrated Policy Model for China (IPAC) Energy demand and supply Price/investment Economic impact Medium/long-term analysis IPAC-SGM IPAC-AIM/MATERIAL Environment industry Pollutant emission Medium/long-term analys Energy demand and supply Price/investment IPAC-AIM/Global Medium/long-term analysis Technology development Environment impact Technology policy Region analysis Medium/short analysis Energy demand and supply Technology policy IPAC-Emission IPAC/Tech(Power/Transport) IPAC/SE, IPAC/EAlarm IPAC/AIM-Local AIM-air IPAC/Gains-Asia Climate Model IPAC-AIM/tech IPAC-health Energy demand and supp Full range emission Price, resource, technolog Medium-long term analysis Economic impact Short term forecast/ energy early warning Medium/short term analysis Technology assessment Detailed technology flow ERI, China 1

2 Keyword: Transition mitigation to reach some climate change targets 15 Category I (< 4 ppm CO 2 ) 15 Category II (< 4-44 ppm CO 2 ) 15 Category III (< ppm CO 2 ) Emissions (GtC) without neg. emissions with neg. emissions N= N= N= CO2 8. 坐 标 轴 标 题 L.A Africa M.E S.E.Asia CPA EFSU P OECD W OECD USA 4 2

3 Transformation: CO2 emission, a rapid change 14 CO2 Emission in China 12 Mt CO Baseline LC ELC 2Degree Transformation: Economy system 亿 元 Investment by industrial sectors 工 业 分 部 门 投 资 年 份 建 筑 业 自 来 水 的 生 产 和 供 应 业 煤 气 的 生 产 和 供 应 业 蒸 汽 热 水 生 产 供 应 业 电 力 生 产 供 应 业 其 他 工 业 仪 器 仪 表 文 化 办 公 用 机 械 电 气 机 械 及 器 材 电 子 及 通 信 设 备 制 造 业 交 通 运 输 设 备 制 造 业 普 通 机 械 专 用 设 备 制 造 业 金 属 制 品 业 有 色 金 属 黑 色 金 属 冶 炼 及 压 延 加 工 业 非 金 属 矿 物 制 品 业 橡 胶 制 品 业, 塑 料 制 品 业 化 学 纤 维 制 造 业 医 药 制 造 业 化 学 原 料 及 制 品 制 造 业 炼 焦 业 石 油 加 工 印 刷 业 记 录 媒 介 的 复 制, 文 教 体 育 用 品 制 造 业 造 纸 及 纸 制 品 业 木 材 加 工 及 竹 藤 棕 草 制 品 业 家 具 制 造 业 服 装 皮 革 及 其 他 纤 维 制 品 制 造 纺 织 业 烟 草 加 工 业 食 品 饮 料 加 工 制 造 业 非 金 属 矿 采 选 业, 其 他 矿 采 选 业, 木 材 及 竹 材 采 运 业 有 色 金 属 矿 采 选 业 黑 色 金 属 矿 采 选 业 天 然 气 开 采 业 石 油 6 3

4 Products output in major sectors, Low Carbon and ELC Unit Steel Million ton Cement Million ton Glass Million cases Copper Million ton Ammonia Million ton Ethylene Million ton Soda Ash Million ton Casutic Million ton Paper Million ton FertilizerMillion ton Aluminum Million ton Paper Million ton Calcium camillion ton 分 部 门 能 源 消 费 量, Energy demand by sector, 农 林 牧 渔 业 采 掘 业 煤 炭 开 采 和 洗 选 业 石 油 和 天 然 气 开 采 业 黑 色 金 属 矿 采 选 业 有 色 金 属 矿 采 选 业 非 金 属 矿 采 选 业 其 他 采 矿 业 农 副 食 品 加 工 业 食 品 制 造 业 饮 料 制 造 业 烟 草 制 品 业 纺 织 业 纺 织 服 装 鞋 帽 制 造 业 皮 革 毛 皮 羽 毛 ( 绒 ) 及 其 制 品 业 木 材 加 工 及 木 竹 藤 棕 草 制 品 业 家 具 制 造 业 造 纸 及 纸 制 品 业 印 刷 业 和 记 录 媒 介 的 复 制 文 教 体 育 用 品 制 造 业 石 油 加 工 炼 焦 及 核 燃 料 加 工 业 化 学 原 料 及 化 学 制 品 制 造 业 医 药 制 造 业 化 学 纤 维 制 造 业 橡 胶 制 品 业 塑 料 制 品 业 非 金 属 矿 物 制 品 业 黑 色 金 属 冶 炼 及 压 延 加 工 业 有 色 金 属 冶 炼 及 压 延 加 工 业 金 属 制 品 业 通 用 设 备 制 造 业 专 用 设 备 制 造 业 交 通 运 输 设 备 制 造 业 电 气 机 械 及 器 材 制 造 业 通 信 设 备 计 算 机 及 其 他 电 子 设 备 制 造 业 仪 器 仪 表 及 文 化 办 公 用 机 械 制 造 业 工 艺 品 及 其 他 制 造 业 废 弃 资 源 和 废 旧 材 料 回 收 加 工 业 电 力 煤 气 及 水 生 产 和 供 应 业 电 力 热 力 的 生 产 和 供 应 业 燃 气 生 产 和 供 应 业 水 的 生 产 和 供 应 业 建 筑 业 交 通 运 输 仓 储 和 邮 政 业 批 发 零 售 业 和 住 宿 餐 饮 业 其 他 行 业 生 活 消 费 4

5 Transformation: Energy efficiency Unit energy use for key products, LCS Scenario Unit Steel Kgce/t Cement Kgce/t Glass Kgce/Weight Cases Brick Kgce/ 万 块 Ammonia Kgce/t Ethylene Kgce/t Soda Ash Kgce/t Casutic Kgce/t Calcium carbide Kgce/t Copper Kgce/t Aluminum kwh/t Paper Kgce/t Electricity fossil fuel Gce/kWh Transformation: Building Solar Energy Solar PV (25-47% 的 家 庭 拥 有 屋 顶 光 伏 电 池, 转 换 效 率 接 近 3% Solar energy for hot water and space heating 普 及 率 : 2-6% ( 目 前 6%) Eco-Life style 减 少 1-2% 能 源 需 求 Planting on top Low Carbon House in 25: comfortable and energy saving High efficiency lighting LED 减 少 5% 照 明 需 求, 普 及 率 1% Energy monitor system (Electric Appliance) Super High Efficiency Air-Con COP =8, 普 及 率 1% Standby energy use 降 低 1/3, 普 及 率 1% Public information Public consumption change Heat pump COP=5 普 及 率 3-7% High insulation system 减 少 6% 采 暖 需 求, 普 及 率 7% Fuel cell 普 及 率 -2% High efficiency electric appliance Reduce energy use, and higher life level 5 5

6 6

7 Transformation: Transport Transport, Low carbon scenario Family car ownership, per 1HH Urban Rural Family car annual travel distance, km Average engin size of family cars, litter Fuel efficiency of car, L/1km Share of MRT in total traffic volume, % Share of Biofuel, % 1.1% 1.3% 4.1% 7.7% 12% 13% Share of electric car, % %.12% 3.2% 6.8% 12.5% 19.8% Share of fuel cell car, % % %.8% 1.6% 4.7% 7.9% 13 Transformation: Energy System 14 7

8 Transformation: Power generation 3 Power Generation Capacity 万 千 瓦 Biomass Solar Wind Nuclear Hydro N.Gas Oil Coal Transformation: CCS CCS future 12 % IGCC-Fuel Cell IGCC US-Critical Super Critical Large Coal Unit Samll Coal Year 16 8

9 Good news Technology progress is much faster than our model says: learning curve effects High GDP growth could support low carbon development in China: all cost analysis in models are very small compared with GDP China s low carbon related technology manufacture is getting leading in the world: benefit for economy Local environment issues will be a very strong factor to go to clean production, nearly match with low carbon development 17 Transformation: Technologies Technology learning curve 1.2 Index, 25= Year Fuel Cell IGCC Hydrogen Car Poly Generation Solar Thermal Power PV 4th Generation Nuclear Off shore wind on shore wind Biomass Power Advanced NGCC Electic Car CCS Solar 21 Wind 21 CCS PostC CCS Enduse LED Lighting By 22, Wind 2GW to 25GW, Solar 5WG Price: US$38 Subsidy: US$15(Shanghai), no need to apply number plate(cost US$1) US$18(Beijing), no need to apply number plate(by Oct. 212, 1.1 million people apply for 2number plates per month), 9

10 19 2 1

11 MtSO2 1ton SO2 Emission Black Carbon Emission in China BaU BaU LC ELC LowCarbon Mt Mton Mercury Emission. NOx Emission in China, ELC scenario PM2.5 Emission Other Power generation Other Power generation ton Other Power generation Fixed Investment for Pollution Control, million yuan 11

12 A Snapshot of Selected China Energy Options Today: Climate and Energy Security Impacts and Tradeoffs in 225 Bubble size corresponds to incremental energy provided or avoided in 225. The reference point is the business as usual mix in 225. The horizontal axis includes sustainability as well as traditional aspects of sufficiency, reliability, and affordability. The vertical axis illustrates lifecycle greenhouse gas intensity. Bubble placements are based on quantitative analysis and ERI expert judgment. Power Sector (this size corresponds to 4 billion kwh) by comparing low energy scenario and BaU Power Sector (this size corresponds to 4 billion kwh) by comparing low energy scenario and policy BaU Transport Sector (this size corresponds to 2 thousand barrels of oil per day) by comparing low energy scenario and BaU Transport Sector (this size corresponds to 2 thousand barrels of oil per day) by comparing policy BaU scenario and BaU Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Imports Positive Climate Characteristics Nuclear Nuclear Clean Coal (IGCC) with CO 2 Capture Ultra-Super Critical Industry Efficiency Solar PV Hydro Wind Biodiesel CO 2 -Enhanced Oil Recovery Building Efficiency Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Standard Biomass Power Cellulosic Ethanol Plug-In Hybrids Reduce Energy Security Corn Ethanol Business As Usual In 225 Oil Imports Increase Energy Security For specific details on the assumptions underlying the options on this chart, go to Revised 7/1/28 Gas-to-Liquids Expanded Domestic Oil Production Coal-to-Liquids (with carbon capture) Coal-to-Liquids (no carbon capture) Negative Climate Characteristics 23 Investment in Energy Industry in China Energy Expenditures in China 1^8Yuan Year BaU HLC HELC LLC 1^8Yuan Year BaU HLC HELC Addtional Investment in end use sectors in ELC GDP Loss, % 1^8 Yuan % 5.% 4.% 3.% 2.% 1.% 65ppm 55ppm 45ppm Per Capita Carbon Intensity Industry Transport Building Total Year.% 1.%

13 POWER_BOX by Baosteel 2kW wind 1kW Solar PV 13

14 Challenges for short term energy system in China We are in a rapid change period, energy system need to response right now. But it is difficult to make change due to inertia. It could happen in decades in other countries, but maybe 5 to 1 years in China Coal peak before 215? Coal fired power plant peak by 213? Much more natural gas demand Energy pricing should be higher, and need public to accept(public education) There are still more space for new policies It could be a big movement in China s energy system, all aspects 27 The expected big changes in energy system in China Coal consumption start to decrease, coal industry should be ready for it, and make own long-term strategy: local manufacture, export/import, security, clean coal use. Much more natural gas demand, need to work out for the supply Much faster progress on renewable energy, both centralized and distributed Grid should be reconstructed to support the system Energy price increase, to cover energy environment externality. Large scale of nuclear in Much lower growth rate for energy demand in China 28 14

15 Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Planning 26: wind 3GW, Solar 2GW by Energy Bureau: Wind 8WG 21 Energy Planning: Wind 15 GW, Solar 2GW by , the 12 th Five Year Plan: 2GW of solar PV by 215, 15GW wind February 213, 35GW PV by 215 January 214, 43GW by 215 Now: Wind 2GW to 3GW, Solar 5WG to 8 GW by 22 Based on the conclusion from Chinese Academy for Engineering, grid in China could adopt these renewable energy power generation in short term

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17

18 35 Transformation: Low Carbon cities Beijing CO2 emission from energy activities, Peak CO2 emission around 215 北 京 能 源 活 动 CO2 排 放 量 百 万 吨 碳 年 份 基 准 情 景 政 策 情 景 强 化 低 碳 情 景 36 18

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