LCA of different conventional crude oil production technologies Dipl.-Ing. Oliver Schuller
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1 LCA of different conventional crude oil production technologies Dipl.-Ing. Oliver Schuller Dipl.- Ing. Sebastian Schmidt
2 Outline Motivation and objective Definitions and description of technologies Development of a combined crude oil and natural gas production model Results Summary and outlook Slide 2
3 Outline Motivation and objective Definitions and description of technologies Development of a combined crude oil and natural gas production model Results Summary and outlook Slide 3
4 Motivation (1/2) Crude oil and its derivates can be found in many services and applications, Crude oil is a real bulk commodity, Crude oil is traded worldwide great relevance, Supply also relevant from an environmental point of view, The quality of the environmental profile of products like e.g. plastics depends to a great extent on the quality of the LCA data for the crude oil supply. Quality assured data and detailed models are key to provide reliable LCA results Slide 4
5 Objective (2/2) Creating a generic LCA-model representing different crude oil production technologies Modeling of conventional crude oil production with consideration of: Differences in technology (e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary) Country specifics (e.g. drilling depth, offshore/ onshore ratio) Describe life cycle inventories (LCI) of current conventional crude oil production technologies for the following countries: Brazil, Canada, China, India, Iraq, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libya, Mexico, Nigeria, Oman, Russia, Saudi Arabia, UAE, USA, and Venezuela Profound research to collect country and technology specific data on conventional crude oil production technologies Modeling of Life Cycle Inventories and identification of key parameter along the supply chain Slide 5
6 Outline Task and objective Definitions and description of technologies Development of a combined crude oil and natural gas production model Results Summary and outlook Slide 6
7 Definitions Flaring Flared natural/associated gas (for safety reasons) Venting NGL Vented natural/associated gas (leakage)! WOR Natural Gas Liquid (NGL). Liquid components of produced hydrocarbons Water to Oil Ratio. Ratio of produced water to produces crude oil at borehole Slide 7
8 Description of technology Conventional crude oil production technologies (onshore, offshore) Primary crude oil production Secondary crude oil production Tertiary crude oil production Natural pressure from reservoir is sufficient to produce crude oil Additional increase of reservoir pressure by injecting cold water Further increase of reservoir pressure by influencing crude oil properties, e.g. viscosity Slide 8
9 Description of technology Tertiary crude oil production technologies Thermal process Chemical process Process for gas injections which are mixable with oil Other tertiary production processes Steam injection Cyclic steam stimulation Flooding with hot water In-situ combustion Application of chemicals to: Reduce friction Reduce viskosity Reduce surface tension (tenside) Injection of gases: Carbondioxide (CO 2 ) Nitrogen (N 2 ) Natural sas(hc) Sour gas (natural gas with H 2 S) Process with which mircoorganisms work Special drilling (e.g. horizontal drilling) Slide 9
10 Crude oil production technologies Global share of production technologies Tertiary production 3.9% Secondary production 48.0% Primary production 48.0% Source: Share of tertiary production, derived from Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), 2009 Slide 10
11 Crude oil production technologies Tertiary production by process Natural gas injection 9% Others 2% Nitrogen injection 35% Steam injection 44% CO2 injection 10% Others: Sour gas injection, in-situ combustion, flooding with hot water, chemical processing Source: Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), 2009 Slide 11
12 Crude oil production technologies Tertiary production by country USA 23.0% Venezuela 12.6% Brasil 0.7% Canada 12.9% China 5.7% Germany 0.1% Colombia 0.3% Trinidad & Tobago 0.2% Russia 3.2% Mexico 34.6% Indonesia 6.6% Relevant: Canada, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, USA, and Venezuela Source: Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), 2009 Slide 12
13 Primary crude oil production Sulphur Natural Gas Natural Gas Treatment Natural Gas NGL Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Separator Crude Oil Crude Oil Stabiliser Crude Oil Borehole Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Mixture Water Water Treatment Sewage Downhole Pump Reservoir
14 Secondary crude oil production (water injection) Sulphur Natural Gas Natural Gas Treatment Natural Gas NGL Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Separator Crude Oil Crude Oil Stabiliser Crude Oil Borehole Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Mixture Water Water Treatment Recycling factor water [%] Sewage Downhole Pump Injection Water Reservoir Compressor/ Injection Pump
15 Tertiary crude oil production Steam injection Sulphur Natural Gas Natural Gas Treatment Natural Gas NGL Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Separator Crude Oil Crude Oil Stabiliser Crude Oil Borehole Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Mixture Water Water Treatment Recycling factor water [%] Sewage Downhole Pump Steam Generator Injection Water Steam Reservoir Compressor/ Injection Pump
16 Tertiary crude oil production Nitrogen injection Sulphur Natural Gas Natural Gas Treatment Natural Gas NGL Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Separator Crude Oil Crude Oil Stabiliser Crude Oil Borehole Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Mixture Water Water Treatment Recycling factor water [%] Sewage N 2 Downhole Pump Injection Water Reservoir Compressor/ Injection Pump
17 Tertiary crude oil production Natural gas injection Sulphur Natural Gas Natural Gas Treatment Natural Gas NGL Natural Gas for Reinjection Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Separator Crude Oil Crude Oil Stabiliser Crude Oil Borehole Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Mixture Water Water Treatment Recycling factor water [%] Sewage Downhole Pump Injection Water Reservoir Compressor/ Injection Pump
18 Tertiary crude oil production CO 2 injection Sulphur Natural Gas Natural Gas Treatment Natural Gas NGL CO 2 for Reinjection Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Separator Crude Oil Crude Oil Stabiliser Crude Oil Borehole Crude Oil/ Natural Gas/ Water Mixture Water Water Treatment Recycling factor water [%] Sewage Downhole Pump Injection Water CO 2 via Pipeline Reservoir Compressor/ Injection Pump
19 Outline Task and objective Definitions and description of technologies Development of a combined crude oil and natural gas production model Results Summary and outlook Slide 19
20 System boundaries Kohlenwasserstoffressourcen resources Hydrocarbon Energie Energy (power, (Strom, natural Erdgas, gas, Diesel) diesel) Wasser Water Combined crude oil/ natural gas production Products (crude oil, natural gas, NGL) at borehole By-product (sulfur) at borehole Waste water Emissions Slide 20
21 Screenshot of the GaBi model 2010 Ressources Flaring/ Venting Thermal energy Main unit process Electrical energy Waste water, wastes Slide 21 Mechanical energy
22 Crude oil production model parameters Calculation of energy consumption depending on: Amount of injected media (water, steam, nitrogen, CO 2, natural gas) Water/oil ratio (at borehole) Depth of reservoir (including exploration) Efficiency (pumps, generators etc.) Quality of natural gas (concentration of water, H 2 S, CO 2 ) Data from literature for: Flaring and Venting Solid waste Waste water Share of onshore-/ offshore-production Produced amount of crude oil/ natural gas/ NGL (allocation according to net calorific value) Slide 22
23 Outline Task and objective Definitions and description of technologies Development of a combined crude oil and natural gas production model Results Summary and outlook Slide 23
24 Results Primary energy demand by production technology 25 Primary energy demand - Variation of reservoir depth and WOR PED (total) [MJ/kg crude oil] Steam injection Nitrogen injection CO2 injection Natural gas injection Primary production Secondary production Tertiary production Change of primary energy demand with variation of water/oil ratio (WOR) and depth of reservoir for all technologies in the model Slide 24
25 Results Primary energy demand by countries PED(total) [MJ/kg crude oil] Waste and waste water Venting Flaring Energy supply Exploration Flaring and Venting dominating for Nigeria, Libya, Iraq, Iran und Oman For all the others the energy supply is crucial Slide 25
26 Results Global Warming Potential by countries Global warming potential (GWP 100) [kg CO2-Äqv./kg crude oil] Waste and waste water Venting Flaring Energy supply Exploration Venting of great relevance due to associated methane emissions Generally less relevance of the energy supply for the GWP Slide 26
27 Outline Task and objective Definitions and description of technologies Development of a combined crude oil and natural gas production model Results Summary and outlook Slide 27
28 Summary and outlook Summary: LCA key parameters of the conventional crude oil production are: Drilling depth / reservoir depth technology independent Water-Oil-Ratio (WOR) technology dependant Flaring and Venting rates technology independent Possibility of location-specific modeling in GaBi (oil fields, production countries or regions) High quality of data for the ecological coverage of the crude oil production Solid basis for the LCAs also on secondary products (e.g. plastics) Outlook: More detailed research for information on: Water/oil ratios for all countries Share between primary and secondary production technologies Slide 28
29 Dipl.-Ing Oliver Schuller University of Stuttgart Dept. Life Cycle Engineering (GaBi) Hauptstrasse Leinfelden-Echterdingen Germany Tel.: +49 (0) Fax: +49 (0) Slide 29
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