Dissecting Microscope. Compound Microscope 1/29/2012. Purpose : Introduce Fundamentals of microscopy Anton van Leeuwenhoek ( )

Transcription

1 Purpose : Introduce Fundamentals of microscopy Anton van Leeuwenhoek ( ) Leeuwenhoek did not invent the microscope. His achievement lay rather in his skill in setting and grinding the lenses Electron microscopes One of earliest was here at WSU in Physics department and can still be seen outside the Franceschi Microscopy and Imaging Center m/leeuwenhoek-microscope-5/ Dissecting Microscope Compound Microscope Ocular lenses Objective lenses Head locking nut screw Arm Course focus Fine focus Base 1

2 Microscopes Do s and Don t s Do : Check that set screw on head is tight Carry level and upright with 2 hands; one on the arm and one under the base Store with head tightened and lowest power objective in place ONLY USE FINE FOCUS knob when objective is NOT the 4X objective CLEAN WITH LENS PAPER Don t : DO NOT put plastic bags underneath the microscope DO NOT use the 100X objective is only for oil immersion DO NOT use Kim wipes or other materials Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain Archae Bacteria Eukarya Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Class Protista no longer considered a Kingdom? Fungi Animalia Phylum Class Order Plantae Eukarya Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species All others are protists Protists 5 Supergroups Excavata Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans* Correct PDF Alveolates Dinoflagellates* Apicocomplexans Ciliates* Stramenophiles Diatoms* Golden Algae Brown Algae* Oomycetes p758 in text Chap28 - category Rhizaria - Chlorarachniophytes - Forams* - Radiolarians* Archaeplastida - Red Algae* - Chlorophytes* Green Algae - Charophytes* Unikonta - Slime molds* - Gymnamoebas - Entamoebas - Nucleariids - Choanoflagellates Protists General places in clades or groups Autotrophic usually photosynthetic Heterotrophic require complex organic compounds Mixotrophic - photosynthetic & require organic compounds Other Vocabulary Phagocytosis - engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane Flagellum(a) - tail-like projection that protrudes from the cell body and functions in locomotion 2

3 Excavata Presence of modified mitochondria or flagella Trypanosoma brucei African sleeping sickness Chagas disease Euglena Excavata Presence of modified mitochondria or flagella First described in the fourteenth century in what is now the country of Mali. Drawings (Alveolates) Membrane bounded sacs beneath plasma membranes Paramecium Large numbers of cilia Typically 2 types of nuclei Micronuclei Contains the genetic information transcriptionally inactive Macronuclei Responsible for routine cellular functions transcriptionally active Vacuoles Food Contractile (Alveolates) Membrane bounded sacs beneath plasma membranes Apicomplexans retained a modified plastid called an apicoplast Plasmodium Causative effect of Malaria Trichocysts produces threads when irritated Asexual vs sexual reproduction 3

4 (Alveolates) Membrane bounded sacs beneath plasma membranes Dinoflagellates Unicellular will aggregate though Cellulose plates in the Dinoflagellates Two flagella in perpendicular grooves Varied biology Autotrophic and heterotrophic Bioluminescent Symbiotic with coral (Stramenophiles) Hairy and smooth flagella Diatoms Shape Pennate bilaterally symetrical Centrate round Synedra (Stramenophiles) Hairy and smooth flagella Diatomaceous earth Indicator of time by depth Economic importance Cosmetics Fabrics Frustules (shells) incorporated into paints and clothing Hairy and smooth flagella (Stramenophiles) Brown algae Primarily marine Structurally complex filamentus to multicellular Pigment fucoxanthin Size range from microscopic to kelps 50 m Sargassum 4

5 Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia Rhizaria Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia Rhizaria Radiolarian Secrete their test Marine Silicon dioxide shells Foraminifera Secrete their test Marine Calcareous shells Unikonta Amoebas with lobe shaped pseudopodia Amoeba Phagocytic Have different types of vacuoles Food Contractile helps to maintain the cells water balance Difflugia Protects itself with grains of sand called a test Entamoeba histolytica parasite responsible for dysentery Unikonta Amoebas with lobe shaped pseudopodia 5

6 Slime Molds Phagocytic nutrition Lack hyphae of fungi Lack chitin in cell wall Unikonta Amoebas with lobe shaped pseudopodia Plant type chloroplasts Red algae Archaeplastida Typically warm marine water Autotrophic Pigments phycoerytherin Free floating or attached Filamentous or parenchymous (fleshy) Economic Agar Carrageenan thickening, gelling, foaming Plant type chloroplasts Green algae Most diverse Autotrophic Mainly freshwater Ancestral to land plants Chlorophyll α Chlorophyll b Starch as storage Cell wall of cellulose Archaeplastida Survey of the Kingdom Fungi Objectives Describe the characteristics of Fungi Variation of asexual & sexual reproduction Structure Sequence of events Terms and Definitions p636 text Chap 31 6

7 General Basic structures Spore reproductive structure Hypha Haustorium modifications allowing penetration of living cells Coenocytic - multinucleate Septate separate nuclei via crosswalls Mycelium Cell wall composed of chitin - polysaccharide General General Reproductive Filamentous strands of cells Secrete enzymes and feed on Organic matter Parasitic Classified as Absorbative heterotrophs saprophytes Asexual Mitotic production of haploid spores in the sporangia and conidiophores Pilobolus points it s sporangia towards the sun and ejects it as far as 2 meters in a behavior called phototaxis Budding and fragmentation (yeasts) duplicate nucleic material uneven cytoplasm detatches and form new cells 7

8 Reproductive Sexual Occurs when hyphae of two genetically different individuals meet 4 important features Individuals of the mycelium are haploid during most of the life cycle Gametes are produced by mitosis Meiosis follows formation of the only diploid stage - the zygote Meiosis produces the haploid spores of the vegetative state of the hyphae Fungi Classification Modification of the hyphae into specialized reproductive cells Major phyla Glomeromycota Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota Form endomycorrhizal symbiotic relationships with the roots of higher plants Obtain phosphorus - exchange for plantassimilated carbon Chytridiomycota Oldest of the Fungi Flagellated gametes aquatic Freshwater and marine

9 Zygomycota (Molds) Get their name from sexual structures called zygosporangia Most are saprophytic Lack septa multinucleate Rhizopus - bread mold Modified hyphae rhizoids (holdfasts) Zygomycota Life Cycle Ascomycota (sac fungi) Named for the reproductive structure ascus Spores called conidia made in conidiophores and formed on the surface and not in sporangia Ascomycota (sac fungi) 9

10 Basidiomycota (club fungi) Basidiomycota (club fungi) Named for the reproductive structure basidia (basidium singular) Spores called basidiospores formed in the basidium Lichens Formed by an ascomycete plus a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium Symbiotic relationship Summary Know the 2 different microscopes we will be using Proper use and components Taxonomic hierarchy Know the different super groups of the Protists Know the examples of organisms that are characteristic of the super groups Know the characteristics of the organism that places them in their super group Know the different Phyla of the Fungi Know the examples of organisms that are characteristic of the Phyla Know the characteristics of the organism that places them in their Phylum Crustiose fruticose foliose 10

11 Exercises Page 2-3 Dissecting microscope Page 3-5 Compound microscope Slides p7 Trypanosoma brucei, Wet mount of Paramecium, 1 of the 3 experiments p7-8, p8 dinoflagellates, diatoms, wet mount of Navicula & diatomaceous earth, p9-10 Foraminifera & Radiolarians, p10 prepared and wet mount Spirogyra, p11 Basidiomycota, p13 Rhizopus, p14 Peziza, wet mount penicillium Other Visuals p8 toxoplasma life cycle, p9 Physarum (not Dictyostelium) plate, p12 Chytridomycota Preserved Specimens Brown algae, Red algae, Ulva (green algae), morels, Peziza Live Specimens Chara, Pilobolus crystallinus, Lichens Cool Links Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form Pilobolus Pilobolus 11