Olericulture Hort 320 Lesson 3, Domestication, Classification
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1 Olericulture Hort 320 Lesson 3, Domestication, Classification Jeremy S. Cowan WSU Spokane County Extension 222 N. Havana St. Spokane, WA Phone: Fax:
2
3 Origin, Evolution Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov Most of the varietal wealth in our crop plants was concentrated in eight great centers of diversity: China, Hindustan, Central Asia, Asia Minor, the Mediterranean region, Abyssinia, Central America, west-central S. America
4 Fig. 2.1 Centers of Origin
5 Origin, Evolution Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov Centers of origin of species coincide with the areas where the greatest diversity exists in the species. Video time:
6 Origin, Evolution Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov Secondary centers of origin (centers of diversity) may be found far removed from the primary center of origin. These may be associated with domestication and human movement
7 Centers of Origin Determination of centers: 1. Botanical evidence 2. Archeological evidence 3. Historical evidence 4. Linguistic evidence (Items 2-4 most likely to determine center of domestication (secondary centers of origin)
8 Centers of Origin Features: Geographical location of species origin Site of maximum adaptation Site of maximum diversity Presence of related species Usually associated with site of domestication
9 Centers of Origin
10 Centers of Origin
11 Centers of Origin cabbage carrot celery lettuce corn, bean pumpkin, tomato pepper potato beet cantaloupe onion lettuce, turnip cucumber watermelon eggplant okra manioc sweet potato Vavilov s Centers of Diversity (origin)
12
13 Centers of Origin Major Crops Lettuce Europe and Asia Cabbage Europe Beet Europe Carrot Europe and Asia Onion Asia Potato South America Sweet Potato South America Bean South America
14 Centers of Origin Major Crops Pea Europe and Asia Tomato Central America Pepper Central and South America Cucumber Asia and Africa Cantaloupe Asia Watermelon Africa Squash Central and North America Sweet Corn Mexico
15 Edible species 20,000 Species used for food 3,000 Species cultivated 200 Major crop species - 25
16 Crop Species Domestication Process Began 8-10,000 years ago Foraging and unintentional selection Early cultivation Domestication Intensified and large scale production
17 Foraging Impact of foraging and plant management Selection of best food types seed distribution Selection of best adapted types in habitat region Unintentional altering of habitat to promote growth of certain plants (i.e. burning)
18 Early Cultivation Began as man approached food production systematically Started as unintentional habitat alteration to favor desired species Led to more intense cultivation; form depended on geographical constraints
19 Early Cultivation Favored in tropical regions: Vegetatively propagated plants: Re-growth from remnants No dormancy Discarded propagules in refuse piles
20 Early Cultivation Favored in mountainous or temperate regions: Seed propagated plants: Collected seeds may fall, germinate (after rain) around settlements Eventually seed were actively stored and systematically planted
21 Early Cultivation Impact of early cultivation on crop species Deliberate care of preferred plants Preferential survival of edible crop plants Distribution to new areas of habitat Increased population of humans and thus populations of crop species
22 Domestication
23 Domestication
24 Domestication Video Time:
25 Domestication Characteristics of wild species: Edible parts small, fibrous, bitter Numerous seeds, rapidly dispersed Poor or non-uniform seed emergence Often contain toxic compounds
26 Domestication Changes in maize
27 Domestication North American marsh elder
28 Domestication Changes in plants as a result of selection: Gigantism - often a result of changes in PLOIDY Where PLOIDY reflects the number of chromosomes in a SOMATIC cell (somatic versus gametic)
29 Domestication Terms of Ploidy: Monoploid has only a single complement of a basic chromosome set of the species also referred to as the haploid state (gamete cells)
30 Domestication Terms of Ploidy: Diploid has two complete sets of the basic chromosome number of the species
31 Domestication Terms of Ploidy: Diploid has two complete sets of the basic chromosome number of the species Triploid Tetrapoid Pentaploid Hexaploid
32 Domestication Examples of Ploidy: Diploid corn, onion, lettuce, tomato Triploid taro, watermelon (seedless) Tetraploid cassava, potato, Pentaploid sweet potato, potato Hexaploid yams, sweet potato
33 Domestication Changes in seed as a result of selection: Size Uniformity of germination # of seeds per plant Shattering Dormancy Hardness of seed coat
34 Domestication Other morphological and physiological changes resulting from selection: Loss of survival traits Loss of photoperiod response (potato) Emergence of mutant types (brassica) Absence of toxic substances (tomato)
35 Domestication Bean Example Trait Wild Domesticated Seed dispersal Present Absent Pod wall fibers Present Absent Seed dormancy 70% germination 90% germination Growth habit Indeterminate Determinate Number of pods Pod length 5.7 cm 9.3 cm Seed weight (100) 3.5 g 19.5 g Days to flower Harvest index Flower delay (16 hr) >60 days 0 days
36 Domestication Squash Example of selected diversity in squash
37 Domestication Tomato Example of selected diversity in tomato
38 Domestication Cowpea Example of selected diversity in cowpea
39 Domestication Impact of Domestication on crop species Selection of useful traits within crop species Elimination of survival traits resulting in dependence on human culture Wider distribution and adaptation
40
41 Cultivation Defined as controlled crop production: Includes: Tillage Planting and transplanting Weed and pest control Harvest and sometimes storage
42 Bolivian crop terraces
43
44 Cultivation Result of intensified cultivation Selection for traits resulting in economic benefit to the producer directed breeding Ease of management Storability Transportability Market specific quality traits
45 Cultivation Age-old question: Why can t I buy a good tomato any more? Is the complaint valid that produce has lost quality as we concentrate on economic production factors?
46 Cultivation
47 Classification Process of lumping numerous crop species into useful categories
48 Classification Classified by: Adaptation and hardiness
49 Classification Classified by environmental adaptation: Warm-season (very tender) Cucumber Eggplant Lima bean Muskmelon Okra Pepper Pumpkin Squash Sweet potato Watermelon
50 Classification Classified by environmental adaptation: Warm-season (tender) Cowpea Sweet corn Tomato Snap bean Soy bean
51 Classification Classified by environmental adaptation: Cool-season (semi-hardy) Beet Carrot Cauliflower Celery Swiss chard Lettuce Parsnip Potato
52 Classification Classified by environmental adaptation: Cool-season (hardy) Cabbage Brussels sprouts Onions Pea Garlic Broccoli Cauliflower Leeks Radish Asparagus
53 Classification Classified by: Adaptation and hardiness Life Cycle
54 Classification Classified by life cycle: Annual Cucumber, tomato, spinach, sweet corn Biennial Beet, broccoli, carrot, onion, parsley Perennial Asparagus, rhubarb, sweet potato
55 Classification Classified by: Adaptation and hardiness Life Cycle Parts used for food
56 Classification Classified by edible portion: Root Bulb Stem Flower Tuber beet, carrot, turnip leek, onion, garlic asparagus, kohlrabi cauliflower, broccoli potato
57 Classification Classified by edible portion: Fruit cucumber, tomato, squash Leaf cabbage, lettuce, spinach Petiole celery Seed beans, pumpkin seed
58 Classification Classified by: Adaptation and hardiness Life Cycle Parts used for food Taxonomic grouping (for Monday)
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