Lingua e Cultura inglese

Transcription

1 Lingua e Cultura inglese Prof.ssa Fabiana Loparco Michael Vince - Grazia Cerulli New Inside Grammar Oxford, Macmillan, 2009 Università degli Studi di Macerata Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, dei Beni Culturali e del Turismo Classe: L-19 Anno Accademico 2014/2015

2 Lesson number: 2 1. Il passato semplice/the past simple 2. Il passato progressivo/the past continuous 3. See, hear, feel 4. Used to 5. Alcuni connettivi di tempo/time linkers

3 1. Il passato semplice/the simple past Per ottenere il passato dei verbi si aggiunge ed alla forma base del verbo Forma affermativa Forma interrogativa Forma negativa I walked Did I walk? I didn t walk You walked Did you walk? You didn t walk He/she/it walked Did he/she/it walk? He/she/it didn t walk We walked Did we walk? We didn t walk You walked Did you walk? You didn t walk They walked Did they walk? They didn t walk Le forme interrogative e negative richiedono l uso dell ausiliare did. L ausiliare did non si usa se la frase interrogativa inizia con un pronome interrogativo soggetto. Who wanted to see the film? Si usa comunque l ausiliare did se la frase è negativa. Es.: Who didn t want to see the film? L ausiliare did è di norma usato anche per costruire le forme interrogative e negative del verbo to have. Es.:Did he have a car? No, he didn t. I didnd t have an umbrella.

4 Variazioni ortografiche verbi regolari - Si aggiunge solo d se il verbo termina in e: live lived; die -died; free - freed La y preceduta da consonante diventa i: study studied; carry carried; cry cried - La y non muta, però, se preceduta da vocale: stay stayed; play played - Monosillabi e bisillabi con accento sull ultima sillaba raddoppiano la consonate finale quando è preceduta da una sola vocale: stop stopped; plan planned; prefer preferred - Verbi terminanti in l preceduta da una sola vocale raddoppiano la l in inglese britannico: travel travelled; rebel rebelled; in inglese americano raddoppiano la l solo se l accento cade sull ultima sillaba: rebelled, traveled - Verbi in ic aggiungono una k: picnic - picnicked

5 Un certo numero di verbi ha una forma propria per il passato semplice e per il participio passato Forma base Passato semplice Participio passato be was/were been come came come go went gone give gave given have had had know knew known read read read see saw seen L elenco dei verbi irregolari può essere consultato a pp di New Inside Grammar osulsito

6 Exercises Inserisci i verbi al Simple Past William (visit) his grandparents last weekend. Jane (arrive) an hour ago. We (go) to Bob's birthday party yesterday. I (be) on holiday last week. She (see) fire.

7 Exercises Inserisci i verbi al Simple Past William visited his grandparents last weekend. verbo regolare aggiungiamo ed Jane arrived an hour ago. verbo regolare che termina in e aggiungiamo una d We went to Bob's birthday party yesterday. verbo irregolare, 2. forma del verbo (go-wentgone) I was on holiday last week. verbo irregolare, 2. forma del verbo (be-was/were-been) con I/he/she/it utilizziamo was She saw fire. verbo irregolare, 2. forma del verbo (see-saw-seen)

8 Exercises Completa le frasi utilizzando la forma negativa. I phoned Lucy last night. I Lucy last night. You tidied up your room. You up your room. Olivia became an actress. Olivia an actress. We found the treasure. We the treasure. He spoke Spanish. He Spanish.

9 Exercises Completa le frasi utilizzando la forma negativa. I phoned Lucy last night. I didn t phone Lucy last night. You tidied up your room. You didn t tidy up your room. Olivia became an actress. Olivia didn t become an actress. We found the treasure. We didn t find the treasure. He spoke Spanish. He didn t speak Spanish.

10 Exercises Forma delle domande. (you/dance) at the party last night? (she/do) her homework? (Robert/work) at the post office? (they/help) you with the washing-up? When (I/say) that?

11 Exercises Forma delle domande. (you/dance) Did you dance at the party last night? (she/do) Did she do her homework? (Robert/work) Did Robert work at the post office? (they/help) Did they help you with the washing-up? When (I/say) did I say that?

12 2. Il passato progressivo/the past continuous Il passato progressivo si forma con il passato di to be + forma in ing del verbo: Forma affermativa Forma interrogativa Forma negativa I was working Was I working? I was not/wasn t working You were working Were you working? You were not/weren t working He/she/it was working Was he/she/it working? He/she/it was not/wasn t working We were working Were we working? We were not/weren t working You were working Were you working? You were not/weren t working They were working Were they working? They were not/weren t working

13 Il passato progressivo si usa: Per descrivere un azione che era in corso di svolgimento in un momento del passato a cui si fa riferimento At 8 o clock we were having dinner Per descrivere un azione che era in corso di svolgimento quando un certo evento del passato si è verificato I was playing the piano when I heard an explosion While I was playing the piano I heard an explosion In narrazioni per descrivere una scena It was the middle of September but it was still quitewarm.thesunwas shining and there were people lying on the beach. A few boys were swimming and a little girl was building a sand castle. Due azioni di una certa durata possono essere entrambe in corso di svolgimento in un dato momento del passato While Sue was peeling the potatoes, her husband was cutting up the onions.

14 Exercises Ieri alle nove queste persone stavano svolgendo un azione. Cosa stavano facendo? Inserisci i verbi nella forma del Past Progressive. Richard (work) on his computer at 9 o clock yesterday. Lucy and Tom (have) dinner. I (read) an article in the newspaper. The children (watch) a film on TV at that time. Paula (chat) on the phone with a friend.

15 Exercises Ieri alle nove queste persone stavano svolgendo un azione. Cosa stavano facendo? Inserisci i verbi nella forma del Past Progressive. Richard was working on his computer at 9 o clock yesterday. Lucy and Tom were having dinner. I was reading an article in the newspaper. The children were watching a film on TV at that time. Paula was chatting on the phone with a friend.

16 Exercises Inserisci i verbi al Past Progressive. When I came into the sitting room, the cats (sit) on the table. I could tell by his eyes that he (lie) to me. We (play) Monopoly when our neighbours rang at the door. Helen (listen) to the radio when she heard a strange noise in the garden. I (prepare) dinner yesterday when I noticed that the cooker (work/not).

17 Exercises Inserisci i verbi al Past Progressive. When I came into the sitting room, the cats were sitting on the table. the cats were Quando una parola contiene una vocale tonica prima della consonante finale si raddoppia la consonate finale: sit sitting I could tell by his eyes that he was lying to me. he was ie diventa y dopo l'aggiunta di -ing We were playing Monopoly when our neighbours rang at the door. Helen was listening to the radio when she heard a strange noise in the garden. I was preparing dinner yesterday when I noticed that the cooker wasn t working.

18 Exercises Formula delle domande usando il Past Progressive. (what/do/you) yesterday at six? (Jane/practise) the piano when you came home? (who/talk/to you) when I saw you last night? (what/discuss/they) when she went over to them? (type/she) a message when you interrupted her?

19 Exercises Formula delle domande usando il Past Progressive. (what/do/you) What were you doing yesterday at six? (Jane/practise) Was Jane practising the piano when you came home? (who/talk/to you) Who was talking to you when I saw you last night? (what/discuss/they) What were they discussing when she went over to them? (type/she) Was she typing a message when you interrupted her?

20 3. See, hear, feel I verbi di percezione (see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, notice, observe ) possono essere seguiti dalla forma base del verbo o dalla forma in -ing Si usa la forma base quando l azione è percepita dall inizio alla fine (azione completata). Si usa la forma in ing sel azioneèpercepitanel corso del suo svolgimento I saw him get into the car and drive away We were watching the ships moving towards the harbour In alcuni casi entrambe le forme sono corrette e la scelta dipende da come si percepisce l azione I heard a door bang (suono isolato) I heard a door banging (suono continuo o ripetuto) Il complemento oggetto va di norma espresso. Nel caso non sia determinato si usa un indefinito He heard somebody shout

21 4. Used to Le forme used to didn t use to did you use to? sono usate per mettere in evidenza che certe azioni o situazioni erano abituali nel passato e che sono mutate nel presente. Il passato semplice può comunque essere usato This café used to be very popular once. A lot of artists used to meet here This café was very popular once. A lot of artists met here Nota: non esiste una forma corrispondente per il presente. Per enfatizzare un abitudine nel presente si dovrà usare un avverbio: We always/usually/often meet at the same café Would può anche essere usato per esprimere azioni abituali nel passato. Would è usato per lo più nel narrare e non può comunque essere usato per parlare di uno stato: I used to have a parrot when I was child. When I got home he would/used to fly onto my shoulder and say Hello, Nick

22 Used to o be/get used to Used to non va confuso con be/get used to che significano essere abituati a / abituarsi a. Be/get used to sono seguiti dalla forma in ing o da un sostantivo o pronome e possono riferirsi sia al passato, sia al presente sia al futuro I bought contact lenses because I thought they were more convenient than glasses, but I never got used to wearing them I ve been in England for some time, so I m used to driving on the left Driving on the left is not very difficult, but it takes some time to get used to it. Nota: In be/get used to il to è una preposizione (non la particella infinitiva), per questo è seguita dalla forma in ing. Per capire se il to è preposizione o particella infinitiva basta vedere se può essere seguito da un sostantivo o un pronome, oltre che da un verbo, come ad esempio in be accustomed to I m not accustomed to eating raw fish I m not accustomed to raw fish

23 5. Time linkers Alcuni tra i più comuni connettivi di tempo sono: when, while, as, just as, as soon as, the moment that, meanwhile/in the meantime, after a while/some time later Then, afterwards, after that = poi, in seguito (after non può essere usato con questo significato) We had breakfast. After that/then/afterwards we went to the park non After we went Finally/eventually = alla fine, dopo un bel po di tempo (= in the end) Finally, manoneventually, in genere esprime un certo senso di sollievo, perciò può essere sinonimo di at last (= finalmente). Può significare, inoltre, per concludere, come ultima cosa On +formain ing è una forma usata per esprimere nel momento in cui We were uncertain but we eventually/finally decided to sell our flat I m so pleased Janet has finally/at last passed her driving test and finally a few words about On hearing the news, he became pale On entering the house, he smelt gas

24 Per approfondire ed esercitarsi: Lesson & excercises pp ; New Inside Grammar

25 English Children s Literature

26 Winnie the Pooh Author: Alan Alexander Milne Publication date: October 14, 1926