Purpose of Refrigeration

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Purpose of Refrigeration"

Transcription

1 Refrigeration

2 Outline Purpose of refrigeration Examples and applications Choice of coolant and refrigerants Phase diagram of water and CO 2 Vapor compression refrigeration system Pressure enthalpy diagram for refrigerants Refrigerator, air conditioner, thermoelectric cooler, heat pump Designation, choice, criteria for selection, and characteristics of refrigerants Alternatives to vapor compression refrigeration system Heat transfer in refrigeration applications

3 Purpose of Refrigeration To slow down rates of detrimental reactions Microbial spoilage Enzyme activity Nutrient loss Sensorial changes Guideline: Generally, rates of reactions double for every 10 C rise in temperature

4 Examples/Applications of Cooling Cooling engine of a car Coolant/water Cooling food/beverage during prolonged period of transportation in a car (vacation trip) Ice, dry ice in an insulated container Cooling interior of car Car AC unit Cooling interior of room/house Window AC unit Whole house unit (can it be used for heating also???) Cooling food in a refrigerator/freezer

5 Cooling of Engine of Car HOT Engine Head Coolant High c p Low freezing pt. Coolant Reservoir Finned Radiator Air flow from outside Coolant/water is pumped through pipes to hot engine; coolant absorbs heat; fins on radiator results in high surface area (A); as car moves, air flow and hence h increases due to forced convection Q = h A ( T); high A and high h results in high Q or heat loss from engine to outside air Note: During prolonged idling of car, engine can overheat due to low h by free convection

6 Household Refrigerator HEAT Extracted from food inside refrigerator Are there parts in a refrigerator where you can get burnt? Can you cool the kitchen by keeping the refrigerator door open? Extracted HEAT Moved to the outside

7 Refrigerants/Coolants Cold water (at say, 0 C) Heat extracted from product is used as sensible heat and increases water temperature Ice (at 0 C) Heat extracted from product is used as latent heat and melts ice ( fusion = kj/kg at 1 atm, 0 C); it can then additionally extract heat from product and use it as sensible heat to increase the temperature of water Dry ice (Solid CO 2 ) Heat extracted from product is used as latent heat and sublimates dry ice ( sublimation = 571 kj/kg at 1 atm, 78.5 C) Liquid nitrogen Heat extracted from product is used as latent heat and evaporates liquid N 2 ( vaporization = 199 kj/kg at 1 atm, C) Why does dry ice sublimate while regular ice melt under ambient conditions?

8 Phase Diagram Water CO 2 Solid Liquid Gas Solid Liquid Gas Pressure (atm) Melting point Triple point Boiling point Pressure (atm) 5.1 Triple point Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C)

9 Drawback of Ice/Dry Ice as Refrigerant Neither can be re used Ice melts Dry ice sublimates Expensive and cumbersome technique

10 Alternatives to Ice/Dry Ice Blue ice or gel packs (cellulose, silica gel etc) Low freezing point Though it isn t lost, it has to be re frozen Endothermic reaction (Ammonium nitrate/chloride and water) Evaporation of refrigerant Cooled Air (After vap of refrigerant is absorbed by the refrigerant from air) Liquid Refrigerant Gaseous Refrigerant Fan Warm Ambient Air Can boiling/evaporation of water serve as a refrigeration method?

11 Evaporative (Swamp) Cooler Water

12 Alternatives to Ice/Dry Ice Blue ice or gel packs (cellulose, silica gel etc) Low freezing point Though it isn t lost, it has to be re frozen Endothermic reaction (Ammonium nitrate/chloride and water) Evaporation of refrigerant Cooled Air (After vap of refrigerant is absorbed by the refrigerant from air) Liquid Refrigerant Gaseous Refrigerant Fan Warm Ambient Air Downside of using above approach: Can not re use gaseous refrigerant What is needed? A system to re use gaseous refrigerant

13 Re Utilization of Refrigerant High Pr. Liq. Condense the Gas High Pr. Gas High Pr. Liq. Expand the Liquid Low Pr. Liq. Cooled Air (After vap of refrigerant is absorbed by refrigerant from air) High Pr. Gas Compress the Gas Low Pr. Gas Liquid Refrigerant Gaseous Refrigerant Fan Warm Ambient Air

14 Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Liquid Expansion Valve Liquid + Vapor P 2 P 1 d e Saturated Liquid Line SUB-COOLED LIQUID Condenser High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Evaporator Energy Input d Expansion Valve e a Condenser Evaporator LIQUID + VAPOR H 1 Energy Output Enthalpy (kj/kg) c Critical Point ~ 30 C ~ -15 C. Vapor Vapor a b Compressor c Saturated Vapor Line b Compressor SUPERHEATED VAPOR H 2 H 3 Energy Input IDEAL CONDITIONS Condensing: Constant Pr. (P 2 ) Expansion: Constant Enthalpy (H 1 ) Evaporation: Constant Pr. (P 1 ) Compression: Constant Entropy (S) Constant Temperature Line Left of dome: Vertical Within dome: Horizontal Right of dome: Curved down IDEAL CONDITIONS Refrigerant is 100% vapor at end of evap. AND Refrigerant is 100% liquid at end of condenser

15 Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Liquid Expansion Valve Liquid + Vapor P 2 P 1 d e Saturated Liquid Line SUB-COOLED LIQUID d Condenser High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side Evaporator Expansion Valve e d e a Condenser Evaporator LIQUID + VAPOR H 1 Energy Output Energy Input Enthalpy (kj/kg) c Critical Point ~ 30 C ~ -15 C. Vapor Vapor a b Compressor c Saturated Vapor Line b Compressor a b SUPERHEATED VAPOR H 2 H 3 Energy Input Condensing: Constant Pr. (P 2 ) Expansion: Constant Enthalpy (H 1 ) Evaporation: Constant Pr. (P 1 ) Compression: Constant Entropy (S) Constant Temperature Line Left of dome: Vertical Within dome: Horizontal Right of dome: Curved down Ideal: Solid line Real/Non ideal: Dotted line (Super heating in evaporator, sub cooling in condenser)

16 Functions of Components of a Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Evaporator Extract heat from the product/air and use it as the latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant Compressor Raise temperature of refrigerant to well above that of surroundings to facilitate transfer of energy to surroundings in condenser Condenser Transfer energy from the refrigerant to the surroundings (air/water) Slightly sub cool the refrigerant to minimize amount of vapor generated as it passes through the expansion valve Expansion valve Serve as metering device for flow of refrigerant Expand the liquid refrigerant from the compressor pressure to the evaporator pressure (with minimal conversion to vapor)

17 Evaporator Types: Plate (coil brazed onto plate) Flooded (coil)

18 Compressor Types: Positive disp. (piston, screw, scroll/spiral) Centrifugal

19 Condenser Types: Air cooled, water cooled, evaporative

20 Expansion Valve Types: Manual, automatic const. pr. (AXV), thermostatic (TXV) For nearly constant load, AXV is used; else, TXV is used

21 Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Condenser Evaporator (5 F) Expansion valve Compressor

22 Industrial Refrigeration System

23 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for R 12 Absolute Pressure (bar) Constant Pressure Line Horizontal Sub Cooled Liquid Liquid Vapor Mixture Specific Enthalpy (kj/kg) Superheated Vapor

24 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for R 12 Absolute Pressure (bar) Constant Enthalpy Line Vertical Sub Cooled Liquid Liquid Vapor Mixture Specific Enthalpy (kj/kg) Superheated Vapor

25 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for R 12 Absolute Pressure (bar) Constant Temperature Line Left of dome: Vertical Within dome: Horizontal Right of dome: Curved down Sub Cooled Liquid Liquid Vapor Mixture Specific Enthalpy (kj/kg) Superheated Vapor

26 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for R 12 Absolute Pressure (bar) Constant Entropy Line ~60 angled line: North Northeast (superheated region) Sub Cooled Liquid Liquid Vapor Mixture Specific Enthalpy (kj/kg) Superheated Vapor

27 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for R 12 Absolute Pressure (bar) Constant Dryness Fraction Curved (within dome) Sub Cooled Liquid Liquid Vapor Mixture Superheated Vapor Dryness fraction (similar concept as steam quality) ranges from 0 on Saturated Liquid Line to 1 on Saturated Vapor Line Specific Enthalpy (kj/kg)

28 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for R 12 Absolute Pressure (bar) Lines of Constant Values for Various Parameters Sub Cooled Liquid Liquid Vapor Mixture Superheated Vapor Const. Pressure Const. Enthalpy Const. Temp. Const. Entropy Const. Dryness Fraction Specific Enthalpy (kj/kg)

29 Pressure Enthalpy Table for R 12 P H Diagram for Ideal Conditions e H 1 = h f based on temperature at d (exit of condenser) H 2 = h g based on temperature at a (exit of evaporator) Note 1: If there is super heating in the evaporator, H 2 can not be obtained from P H table Note 2: If there is sub cooling in the condenser, H 1 can not be obtained from P H table Note 3: For ideal or non ideal conditions, H 3 can not be obtained from P H table (For the above 3 conditions, use the P H Diagram to determine the enthalpy value)

30 P H Diagram for Superheated R 12 Saturated Vapor Line Liquid + Vapor Mixture Superheated Vapor Constant Entropy Line

31 Processes undergone by Refrigerant Evaporation Constant pressure process Liquid + Vapor => Vapor Compression Constant entropy process Vapor => Vapor Condensation Constant pressure process Vapor => Liquid Expansion Constant enthalpy process (adiabatic process; Q = 0) Liquid => Liquid + Vapor

32 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for R 12 Ideal Conditions Absolute Pressure (bar) Condenser Pressure Condensation Expansion Evaporation Compression Evaporator Pressure Specific Enthalpy (kj/kg)

33 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for R 12 Ideal Conditions Real/Non Ideal Conditions (Determination of Enthalpies) Absolute Pressure (bar) Degree of sub cooling Condenser Pressure Animated Slide Condensation Expansion Compression (See next slide for static version of slide) Evaporation. Evaporator Pressure Qe = m (H2 H1). Qw = m (H3 H2). Degree of super heating Q = m (H c 3 H1) Note: Qc = Qe + Qw H1 H2 H3 Specific Enthalpy (kj/kg) C.O.P. = Qe/Qw = (H2 H1)/(H3 H2)

34 Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for R 12 Ideal Conditions Real/Non Ideal Conditions Absolute Pressure (bar) Degree of sub cooling Condenser Pressure Condensation Expansion Compression Evaporation. Evaporator Pressure Qe = m (H2 H1). Qw = m (H3 H2). Degree of super heating Q = m (H c 3 H1) Note: Qc = Qe + Qw H1 H2 H3 Specific Enthalpy (kj/kg) C.O.P. = Qe/Qw = (H2 H1)/(H3 H2)

35 P, T, and H changes in a Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Ideal Conditions Component Pressure Temperature Enthalpy Evaporator Constant Constant Increases Compressor Increases Increases Increases Condenser Constant Decreases Decreases Expansion Valve Decreases Decreases Constant Real Conditions (Super heating in Evaporator, Sub cooling in condenser) Component Pressure Temperature Enthalpy Evaporator Constant INCREASES Increases Compressor Increases Increases Increases Condenser Constant Decreases Decreases Expansion Valve Decreases Decreases Constant

36 Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Liquid Expansion Valve d Q c Condenser High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side c Vapor b Compressor Q w Calculations.. Q e = m (H 2 H 1 ) Q w = m (H 3 H 2 ). Q c = m (H 3 H 1 ) Liquid + Vapor P 2 P 1 e Saturated Liquid Line SUB-COOLED LIQUID Evaporator d Expansion Valve e Q e a Condenser Evaporator LIQUID + VAPOR Critical Point ~ 30 C ~ -15 C. Vapor a c Saturated Vapor Line b Compressor SUPERHEATED VAPOR Note: Q c = Q e + Q w (Energy gained by refrigerant in evaporator & compressor is lost in condenser) C.O.P. = Q e /Q w = (H 2 H 1 )/(H 3 H 2 ) Q e : Cooling load rate (kw) Q w : Work done by compressor (kw) C.O.P.: Coefficient of performance H 1 Enthalpy (kj/kg) H 2 H 3

37 Cooling Load Rate (Q e ) Useful cooling effect takes place in evaporator Units of Q e : kw or tons 1 ton refrigerant = Power required to melt 1 ton (2000 lbs) of ice in 1 day = (2000* kg) ( x 10 3 J/kg) / (24 x 60 x 60 s) = Watts

38 Household Refrigerator HEAT Extracted from food inside Are there 2 vapor compression systems to maintain refrigerator and freezer at different temperatures? Extracted HEAT Moved to the outside

39 Household Refrigerator as Room Heater? Saturated Liquid Line Critical Point. Saturated Vapor Line P 2 P 1 SUB-COOLED LIQUID d Expansion Valve e Condenser Evaporator LIQUID + VAPOR H 1 Enthalpy (kj/kg).. ~ 30 C ~ -15 C Q e = m (H 2 H 1 ) Q w = m (H 3 H 2 ). Q c = m (H 3 H 1 ) a c b Compressor SUPERHEATED VAPOR H 2 H 3 Can you cool the kitchen by keeping the refrigerator door open? If you leave the refrigerator door open, Q e will be the energy the system will remove from the room/air and Q c will be the energy the system will release into the room/air. Since Q c > Q e, the room will actually heat up by an amount, Q = Q c Q e = Q w (Q w = power from AC mains) instead of cooling down.

40 Room (or Car) Air Conditioner

41 Thermoelectric Cooling Principle Peltier effect (converse of Seebeck effect) When a voltage is applied across the junctions of two dissimilar metals, a current flows through it, and heat is absorbed at one end and heat is generated at the other end Can be used for heating too Cigarette lighter adapter USB adapter Seebeck effect (in Thermocouples): When two dissimilar metals are joined in a loop and their junctions are kept at different temperatures, a potential difference is created between the ends, and a current flows through the loop. This can be used to generate energy from waste heat.

42 Heat Pump (Heating Cycle in Winter) Q: When does the heat pump become ineffective in heating the house? A: When the outside temp. becomes so low that not much transfer of energy can take place from outside air to the refrigerant in the evaporator (Q = h A T; if T between outside air and refrigerant in evaporator is low, Q is low) Evaporator 85 F Duct 32 F 5 F Expansion Valve 190 F Heat loss Q c Q e Q w 65 F Condenser Compressor

43 Heat Pump (Cooling Cycle in Summer) Q: When does the heat pump become ineffective in cooling the house? A: When the outside temp. becomes so high that not much transfer of energy can take place from the refrigerant in the condenser to outside air (Q = h A T; if T between refrigerant in condenser and outside air is low, Q is low) Condenser 65 F Duct 100 F 190 F Expansion Valve 5 F Heat gain Q e Q c Q w 85 F Evaporator Compressor

44 Designation and Choice of Refrigerants Designation of a refrigerant derived from a hydrocarbon C m H n F p Cl q is R(m 1)(n+1)(p) Choices of refrigerants R 11 (CCl 3 F), R 12 (CCl 2 F 2 ), R 13 (CClF 3 ), R 14 (CF 4 ), R 22 (CHClF 2 ), R 30 (CH 2 Cl 2 ), R 113 (C 2 Cl 3 F 3 ), R 114, R 115, R 116, R 123, R 134a (CF 3 CH 2 F), R 401A, R 404A, R 408A, R 409A, R 500, R 502, R 717 (NH 3 ), R 718 (water), R 729 (air), R 744 (CO 2 ), R 764 (SO 2 ) Suffix: a, b, c indicate increasingly unsymmetric isomers R 400 Series: Zeotropic blends (Boiling point of constituent compounds are quite different) R 500 Series: Azeotropic blends

45 Criteria for Selection of Refrigerant High latent heat of vaporization Low condensing pressure Low freezing temperature High critical temperature Low vaporization temperature Low toxicity Low flammability Low corrosiveness High chemical stability Easy to detect leaks Low cost Low environmental impact (ozone depletion potential, global warming potential) High miscibility with lubricant (except when oil separator is used) Easy separability from water

46 Characteristics of Refrigerants NH 3 R 12 R 22 R 134a vap at 15 C (kj/kg) Boiling point at 1 atm ( C) Freezing point at 1 atm ( C) Compression ratio ( 15 to 30 C) Flammability Yes No No At high pr. Pr. to inc. b.p. to 0 C (kpa) Corrosiveness Use steel Low No Low Not Cu Toxicity High No No No Environmental impact (Ozone Depletion Potential, Global Warming Potential) ODP: 0 GWP: 0 ODP: 1 GWP: 8100 ODP: 0.05 GWP: 1700 ODP: 0 GWP: 1300

47 Alternative to Vapor Compression Refrigeration Absorption refrigeration Evaporation Same as in vapor compression refrigeration system Absorption Refrigerant dissolves in absorbent (eg. NH 3 in H 2 O with H 2 for pr.) Regeneration Separation of refrigerant by heat No compressor (no moving parts), no power needed Used where electricity is expensive, unavailable or unreliable (rural areas, recreational vehicles) Variation: Water spray absorption refrigeration system

48 Water Cooled Condenser A water cooled condenser is a double tube heat exchanger (co or counter current) with the refrigerant in the inside tube and cold water in the outer annulus It is used when Temperature of refrigerant in condenser is not much higher than the ambient air temperature (In this case, refrigerant can not lose much energy to outside air) OR Additional cooling of refrigerant is desired (beyond cooling capacity of ambient air) Q condenser mrefrigerant (H3 H 1) mcold watercp(cold water) (Tcold(out) Tcold(in) )..

49 Heat Transfer in Refrigeration Applications What should be the rating of a room AC unit to maintain room at 20 C when it is 40 C outside? Q e = T/[( x 1 /k 1 A) + ( x 2 /k 2 A)+(1/h i A i )+(1/(h o A o )+..] What should be the rating of a refrigeration system to cool a product by 50 C when it is flowing at a certain rate in a double tube HX?. Q e = m c p ( T) OR Q e = U A lm T lm with 1/(UA lm ) = 1/(h i A i ) + r/(ka lm ) + 1/(h o A o )

50 Summary: Vapor Compression Refrig. System Liquid Expansion Valve Liquid + Vapor Condenser Evaporator Ideal: Solid line Q e Real/Non ideal: Dotted line (Sup. heat in evap., sub cool in cond.) d e Saturated Liquid Line Q c High Pressure Side Low Pressure Side c a Critical Point. Vapor Vapor b Compressor Condensing: Constant Pr. (P 2 ) Expansion: Constant Enthalpy (H 1 ) Evaporation: Constant Pr. (P 1 ) Compression: Constant Entropy (S) Q w.. Q e = m (H 2 H 1 ) Q w = m (H 3 H 2 ). Q c = m (H 3 H 1 ) Note: Q c = Q e + Q w From P H Table (For Ideal Conditions) H 1 = h f based on temp. at d (exit of cond.) H 2 = h g based on temp. at a (exit of evap.) Saturated Vapor Line P 2 P 1 SUB-COOLED LIQUID d d Expansion Valve e e Condenser Evaporator LIQUID + VAPOR H 1 Enthalpy (kj/kg) ~ 30 C ~ -15 C a c b Compressor a b SUPERHEATED VAPOR H 2 H 3 C.O.P. = Q e /Q w = (H 2 H 1 )/(H 3 H 2 ) Q e : Cooling load rate (kw) Q w : Work done by compressor (kw) C.O.P.: Coefficient of performance

51 How, Will, Why, What, When, and Where? How are we able to maintain different temperatures in the freezer and refrigerator compartments if you have only 1 refrigeration system? Will a regular refrigerator work well in the garage During winter? During summer? Why does the temperature change when you turn the knob of the AC unit in a car or room? What happens when the heat pump is set to Emergency/Auxiliary Heat? When/why does ice build up on the outdoor coils (evaporator) of a heat pump during heating in winter? Dehumidification occurs on heating or cooling? Why? Where and in what state is the refrigerant when the compressor is not running?

Refrigeration Basics 101. By: Eric Nelson

Refrigeration Basics 101. By: Eric Nelson Refrigeration Basics 101 By: Eric Nelson Basics Refrigeration is the removal of heat from a material or space, so that it s temperature is lower than that of it s surroundings. When refrigerant absorbs

More information

Rusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX

Rusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX Refrigeration 101 Rusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX Compressor Basic Refrigeration Cycle Evaporator Condenser / Receiver Expansion Device Vapor Compression Cycle Cooling by the removal of heat

More information

UNIT 2 REFRIGERATION CYCLE

UNIT 2 REFRIGERATION CYCLE UNIT 2 REFRIGERATION CYCLE Refrigeration Cycle Structure 2. Introduction Objectives 2.2 Vapour Compression Cycle 2.2. Simple Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle 2.2.2 Theoretical Vapour Compression

More information

CHAPTER 7 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. Blank

CHAPTER 7 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. Blank CHAPTER 7 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Blank SONNTAG/BORGNAKKE STUDY PROBLEM 7-1 7.1 A car engine and its fuel consumption A car engine produces 136 hp on the output shaft with a thermal efficiency

More information

SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS

SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 22 CONDENSERS UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to explain the purpose of the condenser in a refrigeration system. describe differences

More information

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH R404A, R407C AND R410A

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH R404A, R407C AND R410A Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 213 Jyoti Soni and R C Gupta, 213 Research Paper ISSN 2278 149 www.ijmerr.com Vol. 2, No. 1, January 213 213 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION

More information

Glossary of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Terms

Glossary of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Terms Glossary of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Terms Air Change: Unlike re-circulated air, this is the total air required to completely replace the air in a room or building. Air Conditioner: Equipment

More information

Automobile Air Conditioning Primer

Automobile Air Conditioning Primer Automobile Air Conditioning Primer An air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the

More information

COURSE TITLE : REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING COURSE CODE : 4029 COURSECATEGORY : A PERIODS/WEEK : 5 PERIODS/SEMESTER : 90 CREDITS : 4 OBJECTIVES

COURSE TITLE : REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING COURSE CODE : 4029 COURSECATEGORY : A PERIODS/WEEK : 5 PERIODS/SEMESTER : 90 CREDITS : 4 OBJECTIVES COURSE TITLE : REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING COURSE CODE : 4029 COURSECATEGORY : A PERIODS/WEEK : 5 PERIODS/SEMESTER : 90 CREDITS : 4 TIME SCHEDULE MODULE TOPICS PERIODS 1 Introduction 22 Principles

More information

How To Calculate The Performance Of A Refrigerator And Heat Pump

How To Calculate The Performance Of A Refrigerator And Heat Pump THERMODYNAMICS TUTORIAL 5 HEAT PUMPS AND REFRIGERATION On completion of this tutorial you should be able to do the following. Discuss the merits of different refrigerants. Use thermodynamic tables for

More information

How does solar air conditioning work?

How does solar air conditioning work? How does solar air conditioning work? In a conventional air conditioning system; The working fluid arrives at the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas. The compressor is powered by electricity to squeeze

More information

Characteristics of Evaporators

Characteristics of Evaporators Characteristics of Evaporators Roger D. Holder, CM, MSME 10-28-2003 Heat or Energy In this paper, we will discuss the characteristics of an evaporator coil. The variance of the operational condenses of

More information

REFRIGERATION (& HEAT PUMPS)

REFRIGERATION (& HEAT PUMPS) REFRIGERATION (& HEAT PUMPS) Refrigeration is the 'artificial' extraction of heat from a substance in order to lower its temperature to below that of its surroundings Primarily, heat is extracted from

More information

Commercial refrigeration has been in the environmental. Refrigerant. as a. Basics Considerations PART 1:

Commercial refrigeration has been in the environmental. Refrigerant. as a. Basics Considerations PART 1: PART 1: CO 2 Commercial refrigeration has been in the environmental spotlight for more than a decade, especially as leakage studies have revealed the true effects of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions.

More information

A car air-conditioning system based on an absorption refrigeration cycle using energy from exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine

A car air-conditioning system based on an absorption refrigeration cycle using energy from exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine A car air-conditioning system based on an absorption refrigeration cycle using energy from exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine G Vicatos J Gryzagoridis S Wang Department of Mechanical Engineering,

More information

RS-52 (R428A) RS-52: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES RS-52 R502 Molecular weight 107.5 111.6 Temperature glide o C 0.5 0.2 Boiling point (1 atm)

RS-52 (R428A) RS-52: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES RS-52 R502 Molecular weight 107.5 111.6 Temperature glide o C 0.5 0.2 Boiling point (1 atm) RS-52 (R428A) COMPOSITION % HFC 125 77.5 HFC 143a 20.0 R600a 1.9 R290 0.6 HCFC replacement Temperature glide R22, 502 & interim blends Approximately 0.8 o C Drop-in or long term Both Lubricant MO/AB/POE

More information

How Ground/Water Source Heat Pumps Work

How Ground/Water Source Heat Pumps Work How Ground/Water Source s Work Steve Kavanaugh, Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama Ground Source s (a.k.a. Geothermal s) are becoming more common as the costs of energy

More information

FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS System: Quantity of matter (constant mass) or region in space (constant volume) chosen for study. Closed system: Can exchange energy but not mass; mass is constant

More information

Mohan Chandrasekharan #1

Mohan Chandrasekharan #1 International Journal of Students Research in Technology & Management Exergy Analysis of Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Using R12 and R134a as Refrigerants Mohan Chandrasekharan #1 # Department

More information

PG Student (Heat Power Engg.), Mechanical Engineering Department Jabalpur Engineering College, India. Jabalpur Engineering College, India.

PG Student (Heat Power Engg.), Mechanical Engineering Department Jabalpur Engineering College, India. Jabalpur Engineering College, India. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 3, Vol. (January 23) EFFECT OF SUB COOLING AND SUPERHEATING ON VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS USING 22 ALTERNATIVE

More information

DRAFT. Appendix C.2 - Air Conditioning Thermodynamics 1

DRAFT. Appendix C.2 - Air Conditioning Thermodynamics 1 Appendix C.2 - Air Conditioning Thermodynamics 1 To aid in discussing the alternative technologies, it is helpful to have a basic description of how air conditioning systems work. Heat normally flows from

More information

How To Understand Evaporator

How To Understand Evaporator SECTION 5 COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 21 EVAPORATORS AND THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Define high-, medium-, and low-temperature refrigeration.

More information

Cooling Systems 2/18/2014. Cooling Water Systems. Jim Lukanich, CWT ChemCal, Inc. Grapevine, TX

Cooling Systems 2/18/2014. Cooling Water Systems. Jim Lukanich, CWT ChemCal, Inc. Grapevine, TX Cooling Systems Jim Lukanich, CWT ChemCal, Inc. Grapevine, TX Cooling Water Systems Water is used for cooling because of its capacity to remove and store heat and availability. Cooling water is used in

More information

Air Conditioning 101. STN Presentation AC101

Air Conditioning 101. STN Presentation AC101 Air Conditioning 101 What is Refrigeration? Refrigeration is Cooling by the Removal of Heat Heat is Measured In BTU s A BTU is a British Thermal Unit It is the Amount of Heat to Raise One Pound of Water,

More information

Environmental and Safety Impacts of HFC Emission Reduction Options for Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems

Environmental and Safety Impacts of HFC Emission Reduction Options for Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems Environmental and Safety Impacts of HFC Emission Reduction Options for Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems William M. Corcoran, George Rusch, Mark W. Spatz, and Tim Vink AlliedSignal, Inc. ABSTRACT

More information

Chapter 3.4: HVAC & Refrigeration System

Chapter 3.4: HVAC & Refrigeration System Chapter 3.4: HVAC & Refrigeration System Part I: Objective type questions and answers 1. One ton of refrigeration (TR) is equal to. a) Kcal/h b) 3.51 kw c) 120oo BTU/h d) all 2. The driving force for refrigeration

More information

Measurement And Application of Performance Characteristics Of A Free Piston Stirling Cooler

Measurement And Application of Performance Characteristics Of A Free Piston Stirling Cooler Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 00 Measurement And Application of Performance Characteristics Of A Free Piston

More information

How air conditioning works

How air conditioning works 1 How air conditioning works The essential ingredients in an air conditioning system are a fan to blow air around, a cold surface to cool and dehumidify the air, a warm surface and a source of water vapour.

More information

ARP Food Industry, Portugal

ARP Food Industry, Portugal Food Industry, Portugal In a Portuguese food company colibri will install a twostage ammonia-water-absorption refrigeration system. The 1st refrigeration stage provides the customer with liquid ammonia

More information

Geothermal Alliance of Illinois. TXVs Theory and Fundamentals John Haug Senior Application Engineer Emerson Climate Technologies - Flow Controls

Geothermal Alliance of Illinois. TXVs Theory and Fundamentals John Haug Senior Application Engineer Emerson Climate Technologies - Flow Controls Geothermal Alliance of Illinois TXVs Theory and Fundamentals John Haug Senior Application Engineer Emerson Climate Technologies - Flow Controls Thermal Expansion Valve Topics Anatomy Operation Terms &

More information

How To Design A Refrigeration System

How To Design A Refrigeration System AIRAH Refrigeration (in HVAC) Back to Basics For the First Time Terms of Reference What this session is NOT about Detailed Refrigeration Design Detailed analysis of various Refrigants properties Comparison

More information

Troubleshooting an Air Conditioning system. R D Holder Eng. Roger D Holder MSME

Troubleshooting an Air Conditioning system. R D Holder Eng. Roger D Holder MSME Troubleshooting an Air Conditioning system R D Holder Eng. Roger D Holder MSME Troubleshooting of an air conditioning system is a step by step procedure. I have found that a 4 step procedure is the best

More information

Troubleshooting HVAC/R systems using refrigerant superheat and subcooling

Troubleshooting HVAC/R systems using refrigerant superheat and subcooling Troubleshooting HVAC/R systems using refrigerant superheat and subcooling Application Note Troubleshooting and servicing refrigeration and air conditioning systems can be a challenging process for both

More information

HVAC Systems: Overview

HVAC Systems: Overview HVAC Systems: Overview Michael J. Brandemuehl, Ph.D, P.E. University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA Overview System Description Secondary HVAC Systems Air distribution Room diffusers and air terminals Duct

More information

Warm medium, T H T T H T L. s Cold medium, T L

Warm medium, T H T T H T L. s Cold medium, T L Refrigeration Cycle Heat flows in direction of decreasing temperature, i.e., from ig-temperature to low temperature regions. Te transfer of eat from a low-temperature to ig-temperature requires a refrigerator

More information

Fundamentals of Mechanical Refrigeration Systems

Fundamentals of Mechanical Refrigeration Systems PDHonline Course M244 (4 PDH) Fundamentals of Mechanical Refrigeration Systems Instructor: A. Bhatia, B.E. 2012 PDH Online PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088

More information

Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57

Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57 Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57 Thermodynamics study and application of thermal energy temperature quantity

More information

Production of R-134a

Production of R-134a Production of R-134a Background In the 1930 s, chlorofluorocarbons (CFC s) were developed as a supposedly safe alternative to ammonia and sulfur dioxide refrigerants. While sulfur dioxide is toxic and

More information

The first law: transformation of energy into heat and work. Chemical reactions can be used to provide heat and for doing work.

The first law: transformation of energy into heat and work. Chemical reactions can be used to provide heat and for doing work. The first law: transformation of energy into heat and work Chemical reactions can be used to provide heat and for doing work. Compare fuel value of different compounds. What drives these reactions to proceed

More information

Part A: Fluid properties

Part A: Fluid properties UNEP Ozone Secretariat UNEP Ozone Secretariat Background Workshop Material on HFC for management: HFC Workshop, technical 2015 issues Bangkok, 20 and 21 April 2015 FACT SHEET 15 Glossary of terms and technical

More information

Vicot Solar Air Conditioning. V i c o t A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g C o., l t d Tel: 86-531-8235 5576 Fax: 86-531-82357911 Http://www.vicot.com.

Vicot Solar Air Conditioning. V i c o t A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g C o., l t d Tel: 86-531-8235 5576 Fax: 86-531-82357911 Http://www.vicot.com. Vicot Solar Air Conditioning V i c o t A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g C o., l t d Tel: 86-531-8235 5576 Fax: 86-531-82357911 Http://www.vicot.com.cn Cooling, heating, and domestic hot water. Return on investment

More information

MAXIMUM HEAT LOAD TEMPERATURE TESTING ( Differential Temperature Testing )

MAXIMUM HEAT LOAD TEMPERATURE TESTING ( Differential Temperature Testing ) MAXIMUM HEAT LOAD TEMPERATURE TESTING ( Differential Temperature Testing ) The Concept Maximum Heat Load Temperature Testing is a powerful air-conditioning diagnostic and evaluation technique. It is also

More information

How To Know If A Refrigeration System Is Efficient

How To Know If A Refrigeration System Is Efficient Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Iaşi ASSESSMENT OF E SUBCOOLING CAPABILITIES OF A ERMOELECTRIC DEVICE IN A VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM R. ROŞCA 1, I. ŢENU 1, P. CÂRLESCU

More information

ASHRAE Boston Chapter Meeting Designing AC Refrigeration Systems Lessons Learned February 11, 2014

ASHRAE Boston Chapter Meeting Designing AC Refrigeration Systems Lessons Learned February 11, 2014 ASHRAE Boston Chapter Meeting Designing AC Refrigeration Systems Lessons Learned February 11, 2014 Explanation of the refrigeration cycle. Compressors. Benefits and operating characteristics. -Reciprocating

More information

AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY

AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY PART 9 Water Cooled Condensers & Cooling Towers IN LAST month s article we looked at how Air Cooled Condensers are used to transfer the total heat of rejection from the air

More information

Stirling heat engine Internal combustion engine (Otto cycle) Diesel engine Steam engine (Rankine cycle) Kitchen Refrigerator

Stirling heat engine Internal combustion engine (Otto cycle) Diesel engine Steam engine (Rankine cycle) Kitchen Refrigerator Lecture. Real eat Engines and refrigerators (Ch. ) Stirling heat engine Internal combustion engine (Otto cycle) Diesel engine Steam engine (Rankine cycle) Kitchen Refrigerator Carnot Cycle - is not very

More information

A discussion of condensate removal systems for clarifier and thickener drives for water and wastewater facilities.

A discussion of condensate removal systems for clarifier and thickener drives for water and wastewater facilities. A discussion of condensate removal systems for clarifier and thickener drives for water and wastewater facilities. Richard L. Dornfeld, BSME, P.E. Staff Engineer September 25, 2014 Moisture can be a problem

More information

Lesson. 11 Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems: Performance Aspects And Cycle Modifications. Version 1 ME, IIT Kharagpur 1

Lesson. 11 Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems: Performance Aspects And Cycle Modifications. Version 1 ME, IIT Kharagpur 1 Lesson Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems: Performance Aspects And Cycle Modifications Version ME, IIT Kharagpur The objectives of this lecture are to discuss. Performance aspects of SSS cycle and

More information

Any Service Technician Can Fix It A Good Service Technician Can Figure Out What s Wrong With It.

Any Service Technician Can Fix It A Good Service Technician Can Figure Out What s Wrong With It. I Dave s Statement If the thermostat calls for cooling, and the furnace fan is running properly, and the coil airflow is adequate, and the condenser fan is running properly, and the condenser airflow is

More information

Waste Heat Recovery through Air Conditioning System

Waste Heat Recovery through Air Conditioning System International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-issn: 2278-067X, p-issn : 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 5, Issue 3 (December 2012), PP. 87-92 Waste Heat Recovery through Air Conditioning

More information

How to choose a heat pump and use it wisely

How to choose a heat pump and use it wisely How to choose a heat pump and use it wisely Contents How does a heat pump work? 2 Insulating your home 3 Heat loss in the home Not all heat pumps are created equal 4 Choosing a heat pump 4 Choosing by

More information

COMMERCIAL HVAC CHILLER EQUIPMENT. Air-Cooled Chillers

COMMERCIAL HVAC CHILLER EQUIPMENT. Air-Cooled Chillers COMMERCIAL HVAC CHILLER EQUIPMENT Air-Cooled Chillers Technical Development Programs (TDP) are modules of technical training on HVAC theory, system design, equipment selection and application topics. They

More information

THE CASE FOR A REFRIGERATION PREVENTATIVE MAINTENACE PROGRAM

THE CASE FOR A REFRIGERATION PREVENTATIVE MAINTENACE PROGRAM THE CASE FOR A REFRIGERATION PREVENTATIVE MAINTENACE PROGRAM Prepared and Presented By: Don Langston President & CEO, Aire Rite Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Inc Setting the Foundation The Refrigeration

More information

Boiler Calculations. Helsinki University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering. Sebastian Teir, Antto Kulla

Boiler Calculations. Helsinki University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering. Sebastian Teir, Antto Kulla Helsinki University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection Publications Steam Boiler Technology ebook Espoo 2002 Boiler Calculations Sebastian

More information

Low GWP Replacements for R404A in Commercial Refrigeration Applications

Low GWP Replacements for R404A in Commercial Refrigeration Applications Low GWP Replacements for R404A in Commercial Refrigeration Applications Samuel YANA MOTTA, Mark SPATZ Honeywell International, 20 Peabody Street, Buffalo, NY 14210, Samuel.YanaMotta@honeywell.com Abstract

More information

A Comparison of an R22 and an R410A Air Conditioner Operating at High Ambient Temperatures

A Comparison of an R22 and an R410A Air Conditioner Operating at High Ambient Temperatures R2-1 A Comparison of an R22 and an R410A Air Conditioner Operating at High Ambient Temperatures W. Vance Payne and Piotr A. Domanski National Institute of Standards and Technology Building Environment

More information

8. Heat pumps, heat pipes, cold thermal energy storage

8. Heat pumps, heat pipes, cold thermal energy storage Kylteknik ( KYL ) Refrigeration course # 424503.0 v. 2014 8. Heat pumps, heat pipes, cold thermal energy storage Ron Zevenhoven Åbo Akademi University Thermal and Flow Engineering Laboratory / Värme- och

More information

Testing methods applicable to refrigeration components and systems

Testing methods applicable to refrigeration components and systems Testing methods applicable to refrigeration components and systems Sylvain Quoilin (1)*, Cristian Cuevas (2), Vladut Teodorese (1), Vincent Lemort (1), Jules Hannay (1) and Jean Lebrun (1) (1) University

More information

COMMERCIAL HVAC EQUIPMENT. Condensers and Cooling Towers

COMMERCIAL HVAC EQUIPMENT. Condensers and Cooling Towers COMMERCIAL HVAC EQUIPMENT Condensers and Cooling Towers Technical Development Programs (TDP) are modules of technical training on HVAC theory, system design, equipment selection and application topics.

More information

Air Water Vapor Mixtures: Psychrometrics. Leon R. Glicksman c 1996, 2010

Air Water Vapor Mixtures: Psychrometrics. Leon R. Glicksman c 1996, 2010 Air Water Vapor Mixtures: Psychrometrics Leon R. Glicksman c 1996, 2010 Introduction To establish proper comfort conditions within a building space, the designer must consider the air temperature and the

More information

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics Objectives MAE 320 - Chapter 6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics The content and the pictures are from the text book: Çengel, Y. A. and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, McGraw-Hill,

More information

SIMULATION OF THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS

SIMULATION OF THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359

More information

LG Electronics AE Company, Commercial Air Conditioning

LG Electronics AE Company, Commercial Air Conditioning www.lgeaircon.com New concept Ecofriendly Highefficiency Heating solution Total heating & Hot water Solution for MULTI V LG Electronics AE Company, Commercial Air Conditioning 2 Yeouidodong, Yeongdeungpogu,

More information

Theoretical Study on Separate Sensible and Latent Cooling Air-Conditioning System

Theoretical Study on Separate Sensible and Latent Cooling Air-Conditioning System Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2008 Theoretical Study on Separate Sensible and Latent Cooling Air-Conditioning

More information

Vacuum. How It Relates to Refrigeration And Air Conditioning Service

Vacuum. How It Relates to Refrigeration And Air Conditioning Service Vacuum How It Relates to Refrigeration And Air Conditioning Service Moisture In A Refrigeration System Visible Moisture Water Droplets Uncommon, but it can occur Invisible Moisture Water Vapor Found in

More information

How much do you know about HVAC? Try testing yourself with the following questions and then take a look at the answers on the following page.

How much do you know about HVAC? Try testing yourself with the following questions and then take a look at the answers on the following page. Demystifying HVAC Test Your HVAC Knowledge By Ron Prager How much do you know about HVAC? Try testing yourself with the following questions and then take a look at the answers on the following page. 1)

More information

ORGANIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 10 10.1. NEVER distill the distillation flask to dryness as there is a risk of explosion and fire.

ORGANIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 10 10.1. NEVER distill the distillation flask to dryness as there is a risk of explosion and fire. ORGANIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 10 10.1 DISTILLATION NEVER distill the distillation flask to dryness as there is a risk of explosion and fire. The most common methods of distillation are simple distillation

More information

Phys222 W11 Quiz 1: Chapters 19-21 Keys. Name:

Phys222 W11 Quiz 1: Chapters 19-21 Keys. Name: Name:. In order for two objects to have the same temperature, they must a. be in thermal equilibrium.

More information

Chapter 2 P-H Diagram Refrigeration Cycle Analysis & Refrigerant Flow Diagram

Chapter 2 P-H Diagram Refrigeration Cycle Analysis & Refrigerant Flow Diagram Chapter 2 P-H Diagram Refrigeration Cycle Analysis & Refrigerant Flow Diagram Copy Right By: Thomas T.S. Wan 温 到 祥 著 Sept. 3, 2008 All rights reserved Industrial refrigeration system design starts from

More information

P. A. Hilton Ltd REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING VAPOUR COMPRESSION HEAT PUMPS VENTILATION VOCATIONAL

P. A. Hilton Ltd REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING VAPOUR COMPRESSION HEAT PUMPS VENTILATION VOCATIONAL REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING Refrigeration and air conditioning is an aspect of modern life that is accepted almost without thought. Food storage, the long distance transport of foodstuffs, stockpiling

More information

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS TUTORIAL 1 REVISION OF ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY ADVANCED STEAM CYCLES

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS TUTORIAL 1 REVISION OF ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY ADVANCED STEAM CYCLES APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS TUTORIAL 1 REVISION OF ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY ADVANCED STEAM CYCLES INTRODUCTION This tutorial is designed for students wishing to extend their knowledge of thermodynamics to a more

More information

Ground Source Heat Pumps The Fundamentals. Southington, Connecticut 860 628 4622 John F. Sima III P.E.

Ground Source Heat Pumps The Fundamentals. Southington, Connecticut 860 628 4622 John F. Sima III P.E. Ground Source Heat Pumps The Fundamentals Southington, Connecticut 860 628 4622 John F. Sima III P.E. Winter/Spring 2010 Ground Source Heat Pumps The Fundamentals TOPICS: Heat Pump Terminology Basic Physics

More information

Sheet 5:Chapter 5 5 1C Name four physical quantities that are conserved and two quantities that are not conserved during a process.

Sheet 5:Chapter 5 5 1C Name four physical quantities that are conserved and two quantities that are not conserved during a process. Thermo 1 (MEP 261) Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles 7 th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, ISBN-978-0-07-352932-5, 2008 Sheet 5:Chapter 5 5 1C Name four physical

More information

Creating Efficient HVAC Systems

Creating Efficient HVAC Systems Creating Efficient HVAC Systems Heating and Cooling Fundamentals for Commercial Buildings Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for nearly half of the energy used in a typical

More information

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics The Second aw of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics asserts that processes occur in a certain direction and that the energy has quality as well as quantity. The first law places no restriction

More information

Research on the Air Conditioning Water Heater System

Research on the Air Conditioning Water Heater System Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 28 Research on the Air Conditioning Water Heater System Fei Liu Gree Electric

More information

Thermodynamics - Example Problems Problems and Solutions

Thermodynamics - Example Problems Problems and Solutions Thermodynamics - Example Problems Problems and Solutions 1 Examining a Power Plant Consider a power plant. At point 1 the working gas has a temperature of T = 25 C. The pressure is 1bar and the mass flow

More information

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AUTOMOBILE AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM USING R134A

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AUTOMOBILE AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM USING R134A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AUTOMOBILE AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM USING R134A Jignesh K. Vaghela Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, SVMIT, Bharuch-392001, (India) ABSTRACT

More information

Because here you can see a simple an elementary direct evaporative cooling system this is called as a single stage system you can see from the

Because here you can see a simple an elementary direct evaporative cooling system this is called as a single stage system you can see from the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Prof M. Ramgopal Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No. # 38 Air Conditioning Systems Welcome back in the last lecture

More information

Optimal operation of an Ammonia refrigeration cycle

Optimal operation of an Ammonia refrigeration cycle Optimal operation of an Ammonia refrigeration cycle Jørgen Bauck Jensen & Sigurd Skogestad October 6, 2005 1 PSfrag replacements 1 Introduction Cyclic processes for heating and cooling are widely used

More information

MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS. Thermia Robust heat pump

MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS. Thermia Robust heat pump MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS Thermia Robust heat pump 9 6 8 0-5 4 7 4 5 0 0 1 R e v. 3 Table of contents 1 Important information.................. 2 1.1 Product description....................... 2 1.2 General................................

More information

2004 Standard For Performance Rating Of Positive Displacement Refrigerant Compressors And Compressor Units

2004 Standard For Performance Rating Of Positive Displacement Refrigerant Compressors And Compressor Units 2004 Standard For Performance Rating Of Positive Displacement Refrigerant Compressors And Compressor Units ANSI/AHRI Standard 540 (formerly ARI Standard 540) IMPORTANT SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS ARI does not

More information

HVAC-02, Air Conditioning Troubleshooting and Repair

HVAC-02, Air Conditioning Troubleshooting and Repair HVAC-02, Air Conditioning Troubleshooting and Introduction Since I'm constantly receiving questions on 944 air conditioning systems, I figured it's time to come up with come helpful troubleshooting tips.

More information

Lesson 36 Selection Of Air Conditioning Systems

Lesson 36 Selection Of Air Conditioning Systems Lesson 36 Selection Of Air Conditioning Systems Version 1 ME, IIT Kharagpur 1 The specific objectives of this chapter are to: 1. Introduction to thermal distribution systems and their functions (Section

More information

RS-44 (R424A) : Q & A

RS-44 (R424A) : Q & A RS-44 (R424A) : Q & A 1 Q: What is RS-44? A: RS-44 is a non ozone depleting Drop-in replacement for R22 in most applications. 2 Q: Yes, but what does RS-44 contain? A: RS-44 is a blend of HFC134a, HFC125,

More information

TEST REPORT #44. System Drop-in Tests of Refrigerant R-32 in Single Packaged Vertical Heat Pump (SPVH)

TEST REPORT #44. System Drop-in Tests of Refrigerant R-32 in Single Packaged Vertical Heat Pump (SPVH) Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (Low-GWP AREP) TEST REPORT #44 System Drop-in Tests of Refrigerant R-32 in Single Packaged

More information

How To Use A Water Source Heat Pump

How To Use A Water Source Heat Pump Geothermal Energy Using Water-Source Heat Pumps By VIRSTAR Corporation Geothermal Expertise Since 1978 All information contained herein is the exclusive property of VIRSTAR Corporation, all rights reserved.

More information

High Pressure Ammonia Systems New Opportunities

High Pressure Ammonia Systems New Opportunities Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2010 High Pressure Ammonia Systems New Opportunities Andy Pearson Star Refrigeration

More information

We will try to get familiar with a heat pump, and try to determine its performance coefficient under different circumstances.

We will try to get familiar with a heat pump, and try to determine its performance coefficient under different circumstances. C4. Heat Pump I. OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT We will try to get familiar with a heat pump, and try to determine its performance coefficient under different circumstances. II. INTRODUCTION II.1. Thermodynamic

More information

POSSIBILITY FOR MECHANICAL VAPOR RE-COMPRESSRION FOR STEAM BASED DRYING PROCESSES

POSSIBILITY FOR MECHANICAL VAPOR RE-COMPRESSRION FOR STEAM BASED DRYING PROCESSES POSSIBILITY FOR MECHANICAL VAPOR RE-COMPRESSRION FOR STEAM BASED DRYING PROCESSES M. Bantle 1, I. Tolstorebrov, T. M. Eikevik 2 1 Department of Energy Efficiency, SINTEF Energy Research, Trondheim, Norway,

More information

UNDERSTANDING REFRIGERANT TABLES

UNDERSTANDING REFRIGERANT TABLES Refrigeration Service Engineers Society 1666 Rand Road Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 UNDERSTANDING REFRIGERANT TABLES INTRODUCTION A Mollier diagram is a graphical representation of the properties of a refrigerant,

More information

A Performance Comparison of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Using Eco Friendly Refrigerants of Low Global Warming Potential

A Performance Comparison of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Using Eco Friendly Refrigerants of Low Global Warming Potential International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2012 1 A Performance Comparison of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Using Eco Friendly Refrigerants of

More information

Building Energy Systems. - HVAC: Heating, Distribution -

Building Energy Systems. - HVAC: Heating, Distribution - * Some of the images used in these slides are taken from the internet for instructional purposes only Building Energy Systems - HVAC: Heating, Distribution - Bryan Eisenhower Associate Director Center

More information

Repair, Retrofit, or Replace Choices for Servicing R-22 Equipment

Repair, Retrofit, or Replace Choices for Servicing R-22 Equipment Repair, Retrofit, or Replace Choices for Servicing R-22 Equipment Brett Van Horn Market Manager HVAC Arkema Inc. 900 First Ave King of Prussia, PA 19406 Topics Covered Today R-22 Phase-out EPA Allowances

More information

ICE THERMAL STORAGE IN AIR CONDITIONING APPLICATION FUNDAMENTALS

ICE THERMAL STORAGE IN AIR CONDITIONING APPLICATION FUNDAMENTALS ICE THERMAL STORAGE IN AIR CONDITIONING APPLICATION FUNDAMENTALS By: T. S. Wan Date: April 19, 1994 (1st draft 3/7/86) Copyright 1994 by T. S. Wan (All rights reserved) ABSTRACT: The technology of energy

More information

Silicagel-water adsorption cooling prototype system for mobile air conditioning

Silicagel-water adsorption cooling prototype system for mobile air conditioning Silicagel-water adsorption cooling prototype system for mobile air conditioning R. de Boer S.F. Smeding S. Mola Paper to be presented at the Heat Powered Cycles Conference 09 Berlin, 7 to 9 September 2009

More information

ME 201 Thermodynamics

ME 201 Thermodynamics ME 0 Thermodynamics Second Law Practice Problems. Ideally, which fluid can do more work: air at 600 psia and 600 F or steam at 600 psia and 600 F The maximum work a substance can do is given by its availablity.

More information

Engineering Recommendation on: Accumulators Revised 6-17-99 Issued January 10, 1979 Page 1 of 7

Engineering Recommendation on: Accumulators Revised 6-17-99 Issued January 10, 1979 Page 1 of 7 Issued January 10, 1979 Page 1 of 7 Accumulators have long been recognized by the industry as an effective means of maintaining good system balance by storing excess refrigerant as the condenser or evaporator

More information

Specific Volume of Liquid (Column 7). The volume per unit of mass in cubic feet per pound.

Specific Volume of Liquid (Column 7). The volume per unit of mass in cubic feet per pound. Steam Tables What They Are How to Use Them The heat quantities and temperature/ pressure relationships referred to in this Handbook are taken from the Properties of Saturated Steam table. Definitions of

More information

Why and How we Use Capacity Control

Why and How we Use Capacity Control Why and How we Use Capacity Control On refrigeration and air conditioning applications where the load may vary over a wide range, due to lighting, occupancy, product loading, ambient weather variations,

More information