CLEAN CNG IN TRANSPORTATION IN BANGKOK
|
|
- Marsha Rose
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CLEAN CNG IN TRANSPORTATION IN BANGKOK Sriwan Eamrungroj 1 INTRODUCTION Natural gas is widely looked upon as an attractive alternative to traditional fossil fuel types due its superior environmental properties. The fuel offers significant reductions in carbon monoxide, nitrogen-oxide, particulate matter and non-methane hydrocarbon emissions. This attribute is becoming more and more valuable as these air-borne pollutants have reached critical levels in many urban centres around the world. In Thailand, there is an additional factor, which is helping to drive the development and promotion of alternative fuel systems in the transportation sector. The present sharp devaluation of the Thai Baht together with the crude oil price crisis have negatively exerted impact on vehicle owners and commuters due to significant increase in the price of traditional automotive fuels such as gasoline and diesel which are derived from imported crude oil. With its own indigenous reserves of natural gas, there is now a considerable price difference between natural gas and traditional fuels in Thailand. Therefore, natural gas use can generate sizeable operating savings for end-users and, with widespread use, can help Thailand conserve precious foreign currency reserves. Technological improvements are also advancing the introduction of natural gas in the automotive sector. While natural gas vehicles (NGVs) have been around for some time, the relevant technology has only recently reached the stage where wide-scale conversion of traditional gas and diesel combustion engines is economical. With this technology now readily available, many countries have begun the process of introducing NGVs into the market. Worldwide there are now over one million vehicles fuelled by natural gas. 2 THAILAND PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION Figure 2.1 Thailand Primary Energy Supply and Consumption Thailand Primary Energy Supply Unit:KBD % 4 % % 92% 5 % 12% 17% 66% Hydro Lignite/C oal Natural Gas 3 % O i l 14% 24% 59% Source :Econom ic Division,PTT H ead Office Year Thailand Primary Energy Consumption By Economic Sectors Unit :KBD Transportation Year Source : Department of Energy Development and Promotion Residential Manufacturing /Con s tru ction/m ining In the early days, the energy sector was dominated by imported oil. After the oil crisis in the early 198s, Natural gas was; therefore, produced in commercial quantities. The use of natural gas has been accelerated with the extensive installation of natural gas pipeline network throughout the country to gradually replace oil. In terms of consumption, the energy consumption has been continuously increased although the country has experienced economic crisis. At the beginning, the energy was mainly consumed in residential sector. However, the consumption in transportation and manufacturing sectors has rapidly increased. Agriculture 1
2 Today, the primary energy is mainly consumed in transportation sector accounting for 41%. Most of this energy consumption is in the form of petroleum products, comprising diesel 54%, gasoline 27%, jet fuel 14%, fuel oil 4%, and LPG 1%. Moreover, a small volume of natural gas is also consumed. The second and third largest consumption are found in manufacturing and residential sectors which account for 34% and 21%, respectively, mainly in the form of electricity or power. Natural gas is the main energy source, which is around 5-6% of power generation in Thailand. 3 THAILAND PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION PROJECTION Figure 3.1 Thailand Primary Energy Consumption Projections Thailand Primary Energy Consumption Projection Unit : KBD 2 15 Hydro Lignite/Coal 1 3 % 3 % Natural Gas 6 % 5 15% 16% 2% Oil 26% 29% 24% 56% 53% 5% Year Source : Economic Division, PTT Head Office In 2, we could see an aggregate total demand for energy of about 1 MBD oil equivalent of which around 56% is oil generated. Natural gas accounts for about 26% of total demand. In the next 5 years, it is expected that natural gas demand will enlarge replacing oil. This is reflected from the economical benefit of natural gas in power generation especially in IPP sector and as a clean fuel in industry sector. In the long term, we also expect to see continuing lower percentage of oil as source of energy. However, share of natural gas shall be maintained at around 24-26%. Obviously, coal will play more roles in long term. This is expected to be inline with the national energy policy to diversify the energy supply uniformly among all sources. 4 THAILAND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS CONSUMPTIONS BY ECONOMIC SECTORS Figure 4.1 Thailand Petroleum Products Consumption by Economic Sectors Thailand Petroleum Products Consumption Unit : KBD % 4 1% 3 6 % 2 13% 1 64% Residential Agriculture Electricity Manufacturing/Construction/ 6 % Mining 6 % 5 % 7 % 16% 11% 14% Transportation 14% 59% 62% Source : Department of energy Development and Promotion Year As crude oil is still the main energy supply source to the country, in 1999, the petroleum products consumption was around 638 KBD. In term of supply, more than 95% of supply for petroleum products of the country came from the imported crude oil from foreign countries that was worth 17, million Baht per year. The main consumption was found in the transportation sector which 2
3 was approximately 398 KBD or 62% of the total consumption. More than 8% of petroleum products consumption was in form of diesel and gasoline. With respect to the petroleum products consumption in the transportation sector by regions, more than 3% of the total petroleum products consumed were in Bangkok and Metropolitan areas. The diesel consumption in Bangkok and Metropolitan areas was around 24% while gasoline consumption was approximately 43% of the total consumption. 5 NATURAL GAS UTILIZATION IN THAILAND Figure 5.1 Natural Gas Utilization in Thailand Natural Gas Utilization in Thailand Unit : MMSCFD 2 15 GSP 1 Industry 5 % 14% 16% Power % 6 % 2% 1% 8% 64% Year Unit : MMSCFD Thailand Natural Gas Demand Forecast Transportation GSP 2 Industry 15 % 1 % 2 % 1 16% 17% 15% 5 2% 18% Power 2% 64% 64% 62% Year Source : Business Planning Department, PTT Gas Source : Business Planning Department, PTT Gas Power generation is the major user of natural gas, which represents around 6% portion of total natural gas supply. The recent economic crisis has resulted in the revision of the power consumption forecast and natural gas demand. The average growth rate for the next 1 years of natural gas demand in this sector is expected to be 5% p.a. with the based year demand of 1.1 BCFD in The forecast is based on the preliminary national power generator from Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), i.e., Power Development Plan in 1999 (PDP 99-1). In the industrial sector, it is expected that the average growth rate in this sector will be 5% p.a. for the next 1 years. In transportation sector, natural gas is consumed in a small amount by 82 conditioned public buses of Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA). When combining the natural gas consumption from gas separation plants and petrochemical, the natural gas utilization is shown in figure 5.1. From the base year of 1999, the natural gas demand will increase from the level of 1.7 BCFD to 3.2 BCFD by 211, which represents an average total growth rate of 5% p.a. 6 THAILAND NATURAL GAS RESERVES Natural gas is one of the most abundant fossil fuel. Although different estimates are put forward with regard to the ratio of natural gas to crude reserves, this factor is constantly increasing globally. On daily average, Thailand produced more petroleum in 1999 than in the previous year. Natural gas production increased by 9%. This was mainly due to a result of more exploration and delineation activities in the Gulf of Thailand. In addition, imported gas from Myanmar, Yadana and Yetagun fields, would be the major source of supply. Therefore, as of December 1999, the country s total natural gas reserves (proved+probable+possible) were around 39 trillion cubic feet (TCF). At the consumption rate of 2, MMSCFD, these reserves translate into production ratio of 53 years. 7 AIR POLLUTION IN THAILAND The pollution in Thailand is mainly caused by the emission from industry factories and vehicles. Geographically, the most deteriorating air quality is in Bangkok and metropolitan areas. The air pollution problems are relentlessly escalating. Although the emission control measures applicable to stationary pollution sources such as factories have marked considerable progress and although efforts to control exhaust gas emission have also advanced for automobiles the fact remains that the environmental standards especially particulate matter (PM) are not being met in most roads in Bangkok. While, in part, this can be caused by the increase in the total number of automobiles on Bangkok roads, the most important factor is the increase in diesel vehicles. 3
4 In 1999, there are 2 million vehicles in Thailand, approximately 19% of them were diesel vehicles, and 11% were gasoline vehicles. Diesel vehicle exhaust gases are believed to be the main source of No x and PM emissions while gasoline vehicle exhaust gas is the main source of CO and SO 2. From the statistics of Pollution Control Department, main pollution quantities released from fuelconsumption motor vehicles by type of vehicles and in Bangkok and Metropolitan areas are illustrated in the figures below. Figure 7.1 Main pollution quantities released from fuel-consumption motor vehicles provinces by type of vehicles Pollution Quantities in Thailand (Ton/Year) Type of Vehicle Nox SO2 Co PM HC Gasoline 34,133 4,52 4,25 4, , , ,886 42,12 Light Duty 65,836 62,272 1,868 1,768 34,821 32,936 6,366 6,22 15,739 14,887 Vehicle Heavy Duty Vehicle 163,73 144,6 3,69 2,699 68,331 6,11 1,663 9,38 17,671 15,544 Motorcycle 976 1, ,38 137,313 2,871 3,51 163,677 2,119 Total 264, ,533 9,973 1, , ,998 2,62 19, , ,67 Figure 7.2 Main pollution quantities released from fuel-consumption motor vehicles in Bangkok and Metropolitan Province Pollution Quantities (Ton/Year) Nox So2 CO PM HC Bangkok 164,737 17,914 6,897 7, ,32 286,428 13,273 13, ,86 23,276 Metropolitanprovices 77,572 53,785 2,46 2,74 77,584 75,835 5,63 3,986 45,963 5,596 Total 242,39 224,699 9,33 9, ,94 362,263 18,876 17, ,49 253,872 8 INTRODUCTION OF NGV IN THAILAND The Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) has been introduced to Thailand since 1983 with the financial support from New Zealand Government in converting 5 public buses of BMTA to be dual-fuel mode together with providing 6 sets of conversion kits and cylinders. In 1986, Kasetsart University, a state university, converted additional 25 public buses of BMTA. Afterwards, in 1991, the Thai Government granted fund for purchasing 82 new NGV dedicated public buses (44 Man, 38 Mercedes Benz) to BMTA which have been in service in Bangkok and Metropolitan since The first NGV refueling station was also constructed and operated by Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) at BMTA bus depot at Rangsit in October There are presently 82 NGV buses operated in Bangkok which the natural gas consumption of around.6 MMSCFD. With this as a start, the Thai authorities are now anxious to see wider use of NGVs in Bangkok and throughout the country. However, as the NGV market grows, it is critical that a safe, efficient and modern natural gas service station network shall be developed to serve every potential target markets consequence to promote the sustainable expansion of NGV use in the Thai transportation sector. 9 PTT S NGV EXPANSION PLAN The Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT), in its capacity as the country s national oil and gas enterprise, has been assigned by the Thai Government for the task of promoting sustainable NGV business in Thailand. 4
5 There are several drivers for NGV business in Thailand. These include the followings;! Pollution problem, which major source, is from transportation sector (around 61% of total petroleum products consumption).! Price gap between natural gas and gasoline and diesel is very significant (NGV is priced at 7% of diesel price and 5% of gasoline price).! Conversion kit and cylinder technologies are more proven and available.! Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) s infrastructure facilities (natural gas pipeline system) are already in place.! Government fully supports the more natural gas utilization in transportation as an alternative fuel in order to reduce dependence on imported traditional fuels. With the above driving forces, PTT; therefore, has set the strategic NGV expansion plan, which focuses on the following aspects; 1) Development of Infrastructure (both natural gas pipeline network and NGV refueling station) 2) Supporting NGVs vehicles expansion 3) Pricing Strategy Development of Infrastructure One of the key successful factors for NGV development is the sophisticated infrastructure in relation to natural gas pipeline network in Bangkok, and NGV refueling stations. PTT; thus, has planned to expand its natural gas pipeline around Bangkok Metropolis so as to create gas pipeline system in the perimeter of Bangkok Metropolis and its suburbs to promote the utilization of natural gas in power, industry, and transportation sectors. This project is called Bangkok Gas Ring Project. The NGV refueling stations would also be constructed along existing and future natural gas pipeline simultaneously. - Bangkok Gas Ring Project The new section of natural gas pipeline will be as followed; Route 1 Southern Bangkok Power Plant (Sumrong District) Sai Noi District and Bang Yai District North Bangkok Power Plant: 24-inch gas pipeline will be laid starting from EGAT s Southern Bangkok Power Plant and going under the Chao Praya River and paralleling to Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) s power transmission line through Ratburana District, Bangkhunthian District, covering Outer Ring Road, and then to Nongkhaem District, and finally connecting with Ratchaburi Wangnoi Gas Pipeline at Sai Noi District, Nonthaburi Province and 1 inches natural gas will be laid starting from Bang Yai District to North Bangkok Power Plant, for a total distance of 75 km. Route 2 Rangsit District Pakkred District: 1-inch gas pipeline will be laid starting from Rangsit District paralleling to EGAT s power transmission line and Prapa Canal until reaching Bangkadi Industrial Park for a total length of 5 km. - Expansion of NGV Refueling Stations PTT has planned to expand the number of NGV refueling stations from its existing one NGV refueling station at Rangsit to 3 stations by 24/25, whereby the stations will be located along the existing gas pipeline routes, the new gas pipeline routes, and additionally in some of PTT s existing petrol stations (the number of PTT petrol stations in Thailand is 1,5 stations, 212 of which are located in BKK Metropolitan areas). (The Bangkok Gas Ring pipeline network and NGV stations is illustrated in appendix 1.) Supporting NGVs vehicles Expansion PTT has been using its efforts to intensively promote the expansion of natural gas engine to use natural gas as an alternative fuel in transportation sector in forms of dedicated NGVs, bi-fuel vehicles, and diesel dual fuel vehicles. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of NGVs are summarized below. - Dedicated NGVs Advantages: - Best emission - Highest reliability/derivability Disadvantages: - High cost - High fuel consumption - Bi-fuel NGVs 5
6 Advantages: - Fuel Flexibility - Low conversion cost Disadvantages: - Optimization tradeoff (between NGV and gasoline) - Carriage of two types of fuel - Dual fuel NGVs Advantages: - Fuel Flexibility - Low conversion cost - Low PM/Smoke Disadvantages: - Carriage of two types of fuel - Other emission levels similar to diesel with high THC PTT had experienced in conducting the installation of conversion kits to 13 diesel engines of public buses and trucks and 12 gasoline engines of PTT s leasing cars to be diesel dual fuel and bifuel, respectively. The age of retrofitted diesel engines is approximately 7-8 years while that of retrofitted gasoline engines is around 5 years. From this pilot project, we can see the significant reduction in PM or smoke while the other emission is not so improved since there are some limitations in fine-tuning vehicles engines to be optimally compatible with the conversion kits. NGV Pricing strategy Currently, natural gas is priced at 7% of diesel price or 5% of gasoline price. However, due to the current oil crisis and the objective to promote the utilization of natural gas in the transportation sector, PTT has announced the new NGV price to be 5% of diesel price. PTT believed that this new price structure would be more attractive to end-users. Figure 9.1 Comparison of NGV price and Diesel, Gasoline, LPG prices Diesel retailed price at October 14, Baht/Litre NGV Price Equivalent to diesel retailed price Equivalent to gasoline retailed price Equivalent to LPG retailed price Remarks: 197 Baht/MMBTU 7.22 Baht/Diesel Litre (Equivalent to 5% of diesel retailed price) 6.57 Baht/Gasoline Litre (Equivalent to 4% of gasoline retailed price) 4.99 Baht/LPG Litre (Equivalent to 87% of LPG retailed price with full (Equivalent to 48% of LPG retailed price without Gasoline retailed price = Baht/Gasoline Litre LPG retailed i With subsidy = 5.77 Baht/LPG Litre Without subsidy) = 1.33 Baht/LPG Litre - Estimation of NGV vehicles Payback Period The figure below demonstrates the estimated incremental cost of NGVs compared with conventional petrol engine and its payback period. NGV pricing policy provides economics and short payback period to vehicles consuming large amount of fuel per day (long distance traveled per day). 6
7 Engine Types Incremental Average Payback Period at Different Crude Oil Prices Investment Distance 2 USD/BBL 25 USD/BBL Baht (Km./Day) 7% Diesel 5% Diesel 7% Diesel 5% Diesel Dedicated NGV ( diesel engine) 1,,-1,5, > 1 Yrs 5-1. Yrs. > 1 Yrs. 5-1 Yrs Yrs. 2-3 Yrs. 3-6 Yrs. 2-3 Yrs. Diesel Dual Fuel Bi -Fuel 4, 35, Remarks NGV s : - Dedicated energy consumption is 3% higher than diesel engine s - Dual Fuel: Energy consumption increases by 1%, Gas to Diesel Ratio = 7 : 3 -Bi Fuel : Energy consumption increases by 1%, Gas to Gasoline Ratio = 8 : 2 - Exchange rate = 4 Baht/ USD - Present oil price structure - NGV price = Yrs. 2-4 Yrs. 3-7 Yrs. 2-3 Yrs. - Taxi 35,-4, Mths. 3-7 Mths. 5-1 Mths. 3-7 Mths Yrs. 4-8 Yrs. 2-5 Yrs. 1 2 Y 1-2 Yrs. 2 Yrs. 1-2 Yrs. - Personal Car 35,-4, Yrs % of diesel retailed price ( equivalent to around 38 % of ) gasoline retailed - NGV price =7 % of diesel retailed price (equivalent to around ) 53 % of gasoline retailed 1 TT S ACTION PLAN With established strategy, PTT has launched action plan in accordance with the Cabinet Resolution on September 5, 2. The action plan will consist of short term and long term plans as followed; Fast track short term plan PTT s fast track short-term plan includes the followings; 1. Expand the utilization of Rangsit refueling NGV station by - converting 1 taxis within November 2 which could substitutes natural gas for gasoline of about 1.8 million liters per year. - purchasing new 7 dedicated NGV/diesel dual fuel buses 2. Expand NGV refueling station for taxi fleet by - providing 1 mobile station within 2 - constructing 1 mother station along PTT s existing natural gas pipeline and 5 daughter stations added on PTT s petrol service stations, expecting to be completed in April 21 - promoting more use of natural gas in taxis by providing conversion kits and cylinders without any charges to 1, taxis operated in Bangkok and metropolitan areas. This promotion could approximately replace gasoline of 18 million liters per year. Long term plan In order to sustain the long term NGV utilization in the transportation sector, PTT has established the target to construct 3 NGV refueling stations along the existing and future natural gas pipeline within year 25/26 in order to serve public buses, trucks, taxis, and passenger cars. The anticipated locations is as followed; - Northern route: Bangkok to Saraburi - Eastern route: Bangkok to Rayong - Western route: Bangkok to Kanchanaburi - Around Bangkok and metropolitan areas This could replace diesel of 11 million liters per year and gasoline of 73 million liters per year. 7
8 11 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NGVS In the long run, the success of NGV development in Thailand is absolutely dependent on how the advantages of NGVs is optimally maximized and how the disadvantages are minimized to the acceptable level. Advantages of NGVs Better air quality NGV buses have superior emissions to traditional fuels especially diesel. The emission of PM, for instance, of NGV bus is obviously low. Lower NGV price In many countries including Thailand, natural gas is significantly cheaper than diesel. Higher energy security More importantly, for countries lacking domestic oil resources, natural gas is a significant fossil fuel resource; thus, its use gives these countries certain security against shortages and crude oil price variations. Disadvantages of NGVs High price of NGV vehicles and conversion costs NGV vehicles are more expensive to purchase than diesel. Their costs are typically between 3 and 5% more than their diesel engine equivalents. In case of converted buses/ cars, the conversion cost is found to be an obstacle to vehicle owners to switch to NGV since conversion kits and cylinders are to be imported. Heavy weight of cylinder Typically on-board fuel storage capacity will add about 17% to vehicle's carriage weight, depending on type of cylinders. Less traveled distance Typically NGV buses have a range of approximately 2 kilometers compared to 35 kilometers for diesels. Decreased fuel efficiency The fuel efficiency of NGV is not as good as conventional fuel engine especially compared with diesel engine. The fuel efficiency is decreased around 1-15% as compared to gasoline engine and around 15-3% as compared to diesel engine. Limit of refueling stations As refueling infrastructure cost for NGV is high since large compressors and storage volumes are required to ensure an adequate flow and capacity and this could increases capital costs, which significantly affect the NGV refueling station expansion. 12 KEY SUCCESSFUL FACTORS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF NGV BUSINESS IN THAILAND In addition to the effort to maximize the advantages and disadvantages of NGVs, the success of sustainable NGV development also depends on the following factors; Governmental support A major factor in the successfully development of NGV business in Thailand is the commitment and vision of the Thai Government in promoting the use of NGV for its positive impact on the environment. The governmental support is needed in terms of - Tax exemption/reduction on the engines and equipment relating to NGV s engine and refueling station. - Providing financial support to both public and private sectors in converting their own fleets or purchasing new NGV vehicles, expanding NGV refueling station, and establishing conversion center. - Revising of current laws/regulations to comfort the NGVs business. - Developing national standards, safety codes, and regulations for NGVs and appliances. - Providing investment privileges to interested investors in NGV refueling station, conversion, CNG storage, and other NGV related businesses. - Setting policies to actively promote the use of NGV especially in state agencies fleets such as public buses and garbage collection trucks. Public perception about NGV 8
9 A positive public perception needs to be created by making people aware of NGV and its significant environmental benefits, significant savings in fuel cost as well as its excellent safety records worldwide. OEM s active participation The participation of car manufactures is essential for successful implementation of the NGV business. Today, no car manufacture has come forward with dedicated NGVs in the Thai market. This could be explained by the fact that the demand for NGV is still very low. However, in the long term, with the government support and policies to catalyze the NGV growth, such manufacturers would come out with NGVs in the market. 13 CONCLUSIONS The transportation sector has a strong impact on the environment. Globally, NGV technology is proved to be its solution. Though the NGV has been introduced in Thailand for years, creating positive public perception of NGV is still a challenge to be met in order to successfully promote such business. More importantly, the cooperation from various relevant organizations is strongly required to greater utilization of natural gas as an alternative fuel in the future. 9
Present Scenario of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as a Vehicular fuel in Bangladesh
Present Scenario of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as a Vehicular fuel in Bangladesh Salma A. Iqbal 1, M. Iqbal 2 and A.F.M. Salauddin 3 1. Department of Chemical Engineering & Polymer Science 2. Department
More informationDaryl Patrishkoff, PMP Chief Executive Officer Center for Professional Studies
Daryl Patrishkoff, PMP Chief Executive Officer Center for Professional Studies Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) ANGA ANGA consists of 30 of North America s largest natural gas companies The alliance promotes
More informationNatural Gas Vehicles. Fuel of the Future
Natural Gas Vehicles Fuel of the Future Contents 1- Introduction 2- Advantages of utilizing CNG as a vehicular fuel. - Available - Environment friendly & Clean - Safe - Economical 3- A successful experience
More informationA Feasibility Study. Steven C. Agee, Ph.D. Shouro Dasgupta, B.S.B. Alexis Caron, B.S.B.
Natural Gas Vehicles: A Feasibility Study Steven C. Agee, Ph.D. Shouro Dasgupta, B.S.B. Alexis Caron, B.S.B. Introduction: Natural Gas Vehicles Dedicated natural gas vehicles are designed to run on natural
More informationSECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): ENERGY. 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities
Country Operations Business Plan: Philippines, 2013 2015 SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): ENERGY 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities 1. Challenges. Economic growth has been impeded in the Philippines
More informationPowered by Natural Gas Increase economic benefits and ecological efficiency
Powered by Natural Gas Increase economic benefits and ecological efficiency Tobias Noack Project Manager Gas for Transport GAZPROM Germania GmbH Budapest, Februar 27, 2014 1 DO WE HAVE AN ENVIRONMENTAL
More informationEmissions and fuel consumption of natural gas powered city buses versus diesel buses in realcity
Emissions and fuel consumption of natural gas powered city buses versus diesel buses in realcity traffic L. Pelkmans, D. De Keukeleere & G. Lenaers Vito Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Belgium
More informationHow To Develop A More Sustainable Transport System In Europe
Madrid/ Brussels 20th May 2011 NGVA Europe Position Paper: Minimum infrastructure needs for Methane (NG/biomethane) refuelling across Europe NGVA Europe In response to the Expert Group Meeting on Future
More informationTable of Contents. Introduction... 3. Benefits of Autogas... 4. Fuel Safety... 9. U.S. vs. Worldwide Autogas Vehicles... 10
OVERVIEW Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Benefits of Autogas... 4 Fuel Safety... 9 U.S. vs. Worldwide Autogas Vehicles... 10 About Autogas for America... 11 AUTOGASFORAMERICA.ORG 1 Introduction STUART
More informationNatural Gas Passenger Vehicles: Availability, Cost, and Performance
Natural Gas Passenger Vehicles: Availability, Cost, and Performance Brent D. Yacobucci Specialist in Energy and Environmental Policy February 3, 2010 Congressional Research Service CRS Report for Congress
More informationNatural Gas Information Contents
Natural Gas Information Contents What is natural gas Natural Gas Components Physical Properties of Natural Gas Different Forms of Natural Gas The Use of Natural Gas Co-generation System Natural Gas and
More informationClean Abundant and Economical Natural Gas
Clean Abundant and Economical Natural Gas 1 Fast fill/public Access CNG Station Typical costs are $1.5 million per station as shown 2 Time Fill Private CNG Station Time Fill Post Dispensers K rail Compressors
More informationHong Kong Productivity Council September 2013. Automatic Engine Idlestop and Supplementary Air Conditioning System
Hong Kong Productivity Council September 2013 Automatic Engine Idlestop and Supplementary Air Conditioning System Air Pollutants Emission from Transport Sector Photo courtesy: The Wall Street Journal (2010)
More informationLow Carbon Vehicles Fleet Buy-in Factors
PCWG-P-03-21 Low Carbon Vehicles Fleet Buy-in Factors Paper to LowCVP on Promoting Low Carbon Vehicles to the UK Fleet community prepared on behalf of ACFO (representing the demand side of the market)
More informationDr. István ZÁDOR PhD: Rita MARKOVITS-SOMOGYI: Dr. Ádám TÖRÖK PhD: PhD, MSc in Transportation Engineering, KOGÁT Ltd. istvan.zador@kogat.
Dr. István ZÁDOR PhD: PhD, MSc in Transportation Engineering, KOGÁT Ltd. istvan.zador@kogat.hu Rita MARKOVITS-SOMOGYI: MSc in Transport Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Department
More informationNatural Gas for Fleet Vehicles
Natural Gas for Fleet Vehicles The Answer to Rising Energy Prices and Lower Emissions Targets Union Gas Limited June 18 th 2014 What is Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)? Pipeline gas compressed and stored
More informationEmission Facts. The amount of pollution that a vehicle emits and the rate at which
Average Annual Emissions and Fuel for Gasoline-Fueled Passenger Cars and Light Trucks The amount of pollution that a vehicle emits and the rate at which it consumes fuel are dependent on many factors.
More informationA smart move. AGL Smart CNG. Cleaner. Cost Effective. Proven.
A smart move. Cleaner. Cost Effective. Proven. 1 Make the smart move to CNG. AGL s flexible Smart CNG solutions and strategy. Fuel is the lifeline of Australia s transport industry. Choosing what energy
More informationCase for Business Intelligence Concepts. Vladimir Rajacic Vladimir Vukojevic Aleksandar Kasa Marko Narancic Borko Rakic Ioannis Sdroulias
Case for Business Intelligence Concepts Vladimir Rajacic Vladimir Vukojevic Aleksandar Kasa Marko Narancic Borko Rakic Ioannis Sdroulias WHAT IS LPG? THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF LPG: PROPANE AND BUTANE. BOTH
More informationBiomethane as vehicle fuel
Biomethane as vehicle fuel Experiences from the Biogas West project Project manager Biogas Väst Bernt Svensén Business Region Göteborg Head and project manager Business Region Göteborg Represents 13 municipalities
More informationBio-natural-gas for cleaner urban transport
Bio-natural-gas for cleaner urban transport Green Cars y Oportunidades de Liderazgo Valencia. 15 de abril de 2010 Manuel Lage, Dr. Ing. General Manager Valencia. Abril 2010 1 Advantages of bio natural
More informationWhy SWN Choose Natural Gas Vehicles? Natural Gas Summit Austin, TX. October 23 rd 2014 Eddie Murray. Texas Railroad Commission
Why SWN Choose Natural Gas Vehicles? Texas Railroad Commission Natural Gas Summit Austin, TX October 23 rd 2014 Eddie Murray What I will cover - Why SWN decided on CNG? I will take you through our reasoning.
More informationWhat makes clean vehicles interesting ten years of experience in promoting clean vehicles
What makes clean vehicles interesting ten years of experience in promoting clean vehicles Fredrik Högberg Project manager, Clean Vehicles in Götebg, City of Götebg www.miljofdon.se fredrik.hogberg@trafikkontet.gotebg.se
More informationconsidering natural gas vehicles for your fleet? get the facts
considering natural gas vehicles for your fleet? get the facts taking responsibility At your business, the efficient use of energy brings benefits such as lower bills, improved comfort levels for your
More informationPOLICY ACTIONS INVESTING IN INNOVATION
The BC Energy Plan ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Government will work with other agencies to maximize opportunities to develop, deploy and export British Columbia clean and alternative energy technologies. POLICY
More informationPollution by 2-Stroke Engines
Pollution by 2-Stroke Engines By Engr. Aminu Jalal National Automotive Council At The Nigerian Conference on Clean Air, Clean Fuels and Vehicles, Abuja, 2-3 May 2006 Introduction to the 2-Stroke Engine
More informationBiomethane in Vehicles. October 2008
Biomethane in Vehicles October 2008 1 Gas vehicles A gas vehicles is a vehicle fuelled buy a gaseous fuel not liquid fuel. Seems simple, but not all gasses are the same, and storage methods vary 2 Definitions
More informationGlobal Fuel Economy Initiative Africa Auto Club Event Discussion and Background Paper Venue TBA. Draft not for circulation
Global Fuel Economy Initiative Africa Auto Club Event Discussion and Background Paper Venue TBA Draft not for circulation Launched on March 4, 2009 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the
More informationWORKSHOP ON GLOBAL FUEL ECONOMY INITIATIVE TOPIC: MOTOR VEHICLES RELATED TAXES
WORKSHOP ON GLOBAL FUEL ECONOMY INITIATIVE TOPIC: MOTOR VEHICLES RELATED TAXES BY Mahen Bheekhee Lead Analyst Ministry of Finance and Economic Development July 2013 POLICY OBJECTIVES FOR IMPOSING TAXES
More informationOctober 9, 2009 Volume 12 Edition 36
October 9, 2009 Volume 12 Edition 36 President Issues Executive Order Energy/GHG Performance NGV Industry Participates in Federal Fleet Alt Fuel Industry Day Importance of NGV Market Highlighted at IGU
More informationWill Natural Gas Vehicles Be in Our Future?
Will Natural Gas Vehicles Be in Our Future? Alan J. Krupnick examines the bid for natural gas to become a fuel of choice for America s vehicle fleet. Tony Savino/Corbis Natural gas holds the promise of
More informationA leading supplier of linen and garments. Product is rented to the customer, a service that includes processing Currently employing 440 people
Peter Scallan MBA A leading supplier of linen and garments Hotels & Restaurants Hospitals Industry Product is rented to the customer, a service that includes processing Currently employing 440 people Centralised
More informationGas refuelling infrastructure in the UK
Gas refuelling infrastructure in the UK LowCVP gas workshop May 2016 Celine Cluzel Associate Director Celine.Cluzel@element energy.co.uk About Element Energy a consultancy focussed on the energy sector
More informationThe Use of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Systems in Stationary Natural Gas Engines. The Engine Manufacturers Association August 2004
www.enginemanufacturers.org Two North LaSalle Street Suite 2200 Chicago, Illinois 60602 Tel: 312/827-8700 Fax: 312/827-8737 The Use of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Systems in Stationary Natural Gas
More informationHigher Pressure with CNG
Higher Pressure with CNG The fuel systems for LPG and CNG differ in one respect - the pressure in the tank. The CNG is in gas form - it is compressed to high pressure (around 200 bar). This is done to
More informationGreen Fleet Policy PURPOSE
PURPOSE The purpose of this policy is to document the process for purchasing and managing the City s diverse vehicle fleet, which include both vehicles and heavy equipment, in a manner that minimizes greenhouse
More informationJoão Das Neves. General Director. Autogás SA. Mozambique
João Das Neves General Director Autogás SA Mozambique INDEX 1. Autogás History 2. Natural Gas as an alternative fuel 3. Mozambique transport fleet 4. Impact of the Natural Gas on transports 5. Challenges
More informationHow To Fuel A Natural Gas Vehicle
Natural Gas Vehicle Fueling A Readers Digest Brief: LNG, CNG and your Fleet February 28, 2014 Overview Why Choose Natural Gas? Difference Between These Natural Gas-based Fuels Choosing Wisely: LNG or CNG?
More informationECO Stars Fleet Recognition Scheme Improving Local Air Quality Through Operator Engagement
ECO Stars Fleet Recognition Scheme Improving Local Air Quality Through Operator Engagement Mark Cavers, Transport & Travel Research Ltd and Ann Beddoes, Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council mark.cavers@ttr-ltd.com
More informationThe Introduction of Euro IV and Euro V Emissions Directive for Heavy Vehicles
The Introduction of Euro IV and Euro V Emissions Directive for Heavy Vehicles Introduction As a member of the European Union, Ireland is obliged to introduce Directive 2005/55/EC. Directive 2005/55/EC
More informationJoint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) Feasibility Study in Surabaya, Indonesia P ROGRESS R EPORT T RANSPORT S ECTOR
Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) Feasibility Study in Surabaya, Indonesia P ROGRESS R EPORT T RANSPORT S ECTOR ALMEC CORPORATION 1. Survey Activity To assess potential environmental improvement and possible
More informationSuccessfully Integrating Natural Gas from Multiple Origins: The Spanish Case Story
Successfully Integrating Natural Gas from Multiple Origins: The Spanish Case Story José A. Lana Enagás, S.A. Direction of Technology and Innovation Zaragoza, Spain Index 1. Enagás 2. Natural gas in Spain,
More informationNatural Gas Passenger Vehicles - The Pros and Cons
Natural Gas Passenger Vehicles: Availability, Cost, and Performance Brent D. Yacobucci Section Research Manager January 11, 2012 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress
More informationDEVELOPING A CNG INFRASTRUCTURE LINING WITH THE FUTURE NEEDS MIDDLE EAST, NGV SUMMIT, 8 10 SEPTEMBER 2014, ABU DHABI, UAE
DEVELOPING A CNG INFRASTRUCTURE LINING WITH THE FUTURE NEEDS MIDDLE EAST, NGV SUMMIT, 8 10 SEPTEMBER 2014, ABU DHABI, UAE Robbi R. Sukardi, MBA Chairman For the Association of CNG Indonesia Companies CONTENTS
More informationPropane as the Alternate Fuel for Fleets
Propane as the Alternate Fuel for Fleets Company Profile Located in Quincy, Illinois since 1848 Fifth Generation, Family Company Nation s largest manufacturer of service, platform and utility van bodies
More informationFirst to US Market with trucked compressed natural gas delivered to companies beyond the pipeline. Bennington presentation by NG Advantage LLC
First to US Market with trucked compressed natural gas delivered to companies beyond the pipeline 1 Natural gas is methane same stuff that comes from cow manure CNG is compressed natural gas LNG is liquefied
More informationSeptember 9, 2015. Mr. John Eichberger Executive Director Fuels Institute 1600 Duke Street, Suite 700 Alexandria, Virginia 22314
September 9, 2015 Mr. John Eichberger Executive Director Fuels Institute 1600 Duke Street, Suite 700 Alexandria, Virginia 22314 RE: CMU Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Study for Light Duty Vehicles Dear John:
More informationBLUE STAR GAS. American, Abundant and? An Alternative Fuel Fact Brief Presented by: Propane Sales & Service
American, Abundant and? A COST ANALYSIS OF NATURAL GAS VEHICLES (NGVS) AND FUELING INFRASTRUCTURE An Alternative Fuel Fact Brief Presented by: BLUE STAR GAS Propane Sales & Service 2 Abstract With climate
More informationEFFECTS &BENEFITS LOW SULPHUR DIESEL
EFFECTS &BENEFITS LOW SULPHUR DIESEL HEALTH BENEFITS Populations Some populations are more sensitive than others as follows: Children Elderly People with Heart and Lung Disease Diabetics High levels of
More informationThe Next Generation Near-Zero Emission Natural Gas Vehicles
The Next Generation Near-Zero Emission Natural Gas Vehicles Jeff Reed Director of Emerging Technologies Southern California Gas Company November 29, 2011 1 2006 The Gas Company. All copyright and trademark
More informationCleaner vehicle fleets in. Central and Eastern Europe
Cleaner vehicle fleets in Central and Eastern Europe Training for REC Country Offices Friday 19 September 2008 Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe Szentendre, Hungary Agenda 19
More informationTomorrow s Fuel, Delivered Today. Company Profile
Tomorrow s Fuel, Delivered Today. Company Profile LuxxorGas will go beyond by building on our pipeline expertise, technology and people to be the company of choice for distribution of hydrocarbon energy
More informationThe role of gas in New Zealand s energy future?
The role of gas in New Zealand s energy future? PLACE IMAGE HERE Mike Underhill, Chief Executive Gas Industry Conference 24 October 2013 Global perspective what s happening with energy? Global recession
More informationPower Tariff Structure in Thailand 23 October 2012, Singapore Dr. Pallapa Ruangrong Energy Regulatory Commission of Thailand
Power Tariff Structure in Thailand 23 October 2012, Singapore Dr. Pallapa Ruangrong Energy Regulatory Commission of Thailand Singapore EAS ABOUT THAILAND Population 67 Million Customers (at end-2011) 19
More informationClean Diesel versus CNG Buses: Cost, Air Quality, & Climate Impacts
CONCORD, MA - MANCHESTER, NH - WASHINGTON, DC 1000 ELM STREET, 2 ND FLOOR MANCHESTER, NH 03101 603-647-5746 www.mjbradley.com DATE February 22, 2012 TO FROM RE: Conrad Schneider, Clean Air Task Force Dana
More informationPolicy Measures for Improving Air Quality in the U.S.
Policy Measures for Improving Air Quality in the U.S. The 4 th SINO-US Workshop on Motor Vehicle Pollution Prevention and Control Office of Transportation and Air Quality Mission and Focus EPA The mission
More informationBio-natural gas as the best solution for urban transport
Bio-natural gas as the best solution for urban transport EGATEC. Copenhagen 12-13 May, 2011 Manuel Lage, Dr. Eng. General Manager Copenhagen. May 2011 1 Advantages of bio natural gas Natural gas is an
More informationAdvantages and Disadvantages of the Preferred Alternative Fuels
Page 1 of 5 University of Texas at Austin Vehicle Fleet Alternative Fuels Policy Background In 1991 the Texas Legislature enacted laws requiring state agencies to purchase and operate vehicles powered
More informationusage of these types of fuels with production price far higher then diesel and petrol, is also a measure. We can say that in Bulgaria there are
TRANSPORT The basic goals of the national transport policy are focused on sustainable development of the road and railway infrastructure of national and international importance, improvement of the transport
More informationNatural Gas Supply by means of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Technology. Spring Light Gas 6 September 2013
Natural Gas Supply by means of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Technology Spring Light Gas 6 September 2013 Why Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)? CNG is a reliable and continuous method of supplying natural gas
More informationGET IT ALL - HIGH PERFORMANCE, SUPERIOR ECONOMY AND EXCELLENT ENVIRONMENTAL CREDENTIALS. AND ALL WITHOUT
PURE LUXURY. GET IT ALL - HIGH PERFORMANCE, SUPERIOR ECONOMY AND EXCELLENT ENVIRONMENTAL CREDENTIALS. AND ALL WITHOUT SACRIFICING ANY PART OF THE FUN, COMFORT, SAFETY AND VERSATILITY YOU EXPECT FROM A
More informationThe Volkswagen Hybrid Strategy
The Volkswagen Hybrid Strategy - Hybrid Tour with MainFirst Bank 28 th March 2006 Dr. Tobias Böhm Volkswagen AG Sustainability Based Aspects in Mobility Energy Greenhouse Gases CO 2 Exhaust Emissions CO,NOx,HC,PM
More informationTransforming America s Energy Future. Kentucky. Energy Statistics. Developed by
Transforming America s Energy Future Kentucky Energy Statistics Developed by 2 2 Summary The first edition of Kentucky Energy Statistics is offered by the National Association for State Energy Officials
More informationCNG is an excellent fuel like other hydrocarbon fuels - LPG, MFO, LFO or any other hydrocarbon fuels.
Experience Compressed Natural Gas - CNG CNG is an excellent fuel like other hydrocarbon fuels - LPG, MFO, LFO or any other hydrocarbon fuels. CNG is lighter than air and if any accidental leaks occur,
More informationCNG IN PAKISTAN. Zafar Shakoor PEESE, 308294
CNG IN PAKISTAN Zafar Shakoor PEESE, 308294 Contents 2 I. Energy overview in Pakistan. II. III. IV. What is CNG ( advantage and disadvantage). Use of CNG( Technology). CNG worldwide. V. CNG in Pakistan.
More informationU.S. Health and Human Services. Fleet Management Plan. February 17 2012
U.S. Health and Human Services Fleet Management Plan February 17 2012 U.S. Health and Human Services 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
More informationNatural Gas and Transportation
1 M.J. Bradley & Associates Potential for NG as a Vehicle Fuel Natural Gas and Transportation Options for Effective Resource Management Dana Lowell Senior Consultant Roundtable on Low Sulfur and Alternative
More informationTailoring transport choices
Tailoring transport choices ACCELERATE, 2014 Dr Savvas Verdis, Infrastructure Economist Answers for infrastructure and cities. cities have different demand characteristics Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 culture
More informationCity of Asheville Green Fleet Initiatives Chris Dobbins, Fleet Projects Manager NC Project Green Workshop October 17, 2008 City of Asheville Covers 44square miles 75,000 residents; MSA population 215,000
More informationGoals Status Current Policies & Programmes GENERAL OVERVIEW
Mauritius Air Quality Overview This document is based on research that UNEP conducted in 2015, in response to Resolution 7 of the UNEA 1. It describes countrylevel policies that impact air quality. Triple
More informationSales & Marketing Natural Gas Business Development & Product Unit CNG for cleaner cities and road transport
Sales & Marketing CNG for cleaner cities and road transport Alfredo Martín, January 2005 Fuel evolution in city / road transportation Due to environmental and/or economic issues, the shift from liquid
More informationCleantech in China The road to increasing electric vehicle adoption
www.pwc.com/cleantech Cleantech in China The road to increasing electric vehicle adoption March 2013 China has held the title of world s largest auto market since 2009, when it surpassed the U.S. with
More informationPhilippines Developing Automotive Fuel Economy Policy Regulatory Policies Economic Instruments Labeling References
Philippines Developing Automotive Fuel Economy Policy Regulatory Policies Economic Instruments Labeling References 1.2 Background Motorization rates (in terms of vehicle ownership per 1000 people) in ASEAN
More informationCRG CONSERVE RESOURCES GROUP ECO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES. NEW State of the Art. Advanced OIL REFINERY TECHNOLOGY & PROCESSES
NEW State of the Art Advanced OIL REFINERY TECHNOLOGY & PROCESSES TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ( Part 1 ) Comparison Advantages Information Appendix Result of Fraction Refinery Economic indicator + Supporting
More informationCalculating CO2 Emissions from Mobile Sources
Calculating CO2 Emissions from Mobile Sources Guidance to calculation worksheets I. Overview I.A. Purpose and domain of this section This guidance is intended to facilitate corporate-level measurement
More informationDepartment of Mineral Fuels (DMF) Gas Business in Thailand
Department of Mineral Fuels (DMF) Gas Business in Thailand Sunton Srigulwong Tananchai Mahattanachai For More Information: www.dmf.go.th Cambodia, August 29, 2005 Outlines Gas Market & Gas Transportation
More information2010 Advanced Energy Conference
2010 Advanced Energy Conference Natural and Renewable Gas Focus Global presence, with headquarters in Montreal, Canada Listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX: XBC) Who we are Market Focus Strategy Leading
More information2012 Civic Natural Gas Retail & Fleet Markets. NGV Bridge Fleet Framework Summit March 26, 2013
2012 Civic Natural Gas Retail & Fleet Markets NGV Bridge Fleet Framework Summit March 26, 2013 Elizabeth Munger Alternative Fuel Vehicle Sales Consultant Civic Natural Gas Sales and Marketing 512-694-1004
More informationRENAULT S EV STRATEGY
RENAULT S EV STRATEGY Th Koskas 15th May 2009 AGENDA 1. Why EV today 2. The Market 3. Renault s strategy AGENDA 1. Why EV today 2. The Market 3. Renault s strategy ➊ CO2 efficiency 100 CO2 Emission (%)
More informationAn overview of Euro VI for trucks over 3.5t. Brought to you by Mercedes-Benz
An overview of Euro VI for trucks over 3.5t Brought to you by Mercedes-Benz Contents What is Euro VI? What is Euro VI? 01 What s different about Euro VI? 02 When do you need to think about it? 03 How is
More informationAutomotive LPG and Natural Gas Engines
Automotive LPG and Natural Gas Engines HIGHLIGHTS PROCESS AND TECHNOLOGY STATUS Internal combustion engines running on liquid petroleum gas (LPG) are well-proven technologies and work much like gasoline-powered
More informationNortheast Gas Association (NGA) 2012 Sales and Marketing Conference. Mike Manning Director of Marketing and Business Development AVSG LP Boston, MA
Northeast Gas Association (NGA) 2012 Sales and Marketing Conference Mike Manning Director of Marketing and Business Development AVSG LP Boston, MA March 14th, 2012 1 What is natural gas? Natural gas is
More informationMultiple sources of energy will be available, giving the consumer choices. A Higher Percentage of Energy will come from renewable energy sources
Editor s comments: Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of duplicate or extremely similar comments made. The headings are editor s best attempt to draft vision statements reflecting the participants
More informationCOMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG) UTILIZATION POLICY TO IMPROVE URBAN AIR QUALITY by EDI WIBOWO and YUSEP K. CARYANA
COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG) UTILIZATION POLICY TO IMPROVE URBAN AIR QUALITY by EDI WIBOWO and YUSEP K. CARYANA Research and Development Centre for Oil and Gas Technology LEMIGAS Jakarta 12230, Indonesia.
More informationProgressive Performance Audi on the way to the leading premium brand
Progressive Performance Audi on the way to the leading premium brand Axel Strotbek, Member of the Board of Management for Finance and Organization, AUDI AG Deutsche Bank Field Trip, June 3,2013 World car
More informationEnergy Options in a Carbon Constrained World. Martin Sevior, School of Physics, University of Melbourne http://nuclearinfo.net
Energy Options in a Carbon Constrained World. Martin Sevior, School of Physics, University of Melbourne Energy underpins our Civilization Imagine one week without Electricity Imagine one week without Motorized
More informationHong Kong, China. 40 th APEC Energy Working Group Meeting Statement on Notable Energy Developments. (1) Building Energy Codes
40 th APEC Energy Working Group Meeting Statement on Notable Energy Developments Hong Kong, China (1) Building Energy Codes The Electrical and Mechanical Services Department of the Hong Kong Government
More informationClean Up Your Fleet. Introducing a practical approach to cleaner, more efficient fleet operation
Clean Up Your Fleet Introducing a practical approach to cleaner, more efficient fleet operation The value of clean fleet management Reduce air pollution from your fleet Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
More informationWHY WOULD A NATURAL GAS ENGINE NEED A PARTICLE FILTER? Gordon McTaggart-Cowan 09-02-2016
WHY WOULD A NATURAL GAS ENGINE NEED A PARTICLE FILTER? Gordon McTaggart-Cowan 09-02-2016 Outline» NG vehicles context (3 min)» Why NG? (5 min)» NG engine technologies (7 min)» Particulate matter emissions
More informationThe CNG revolution in Florida
August 6, 2013 Compressed natural gas is measured in GGEs - gasoline gallon equivalents. One GGE of compressed gas will take a vehicle as far as a gallon of gasoline. Photo: Illustration by Jon M. Fletcher
More informationMalmö Hydrogen and CNG/Hydrogen filling station and Hythane bus project
Malmö Hydrogen and CNG/Hydrogen filling station and Hythane bus project Bengt Ridell Carl Bro Energikonsult AB, Sweden, 2005-04-15 bengt.ridell@carlbro.se 1. Background The largest private utility company
More informationAustralian autogas... past, present and future. Ian Maloney GM for Strategy, Elgas Ltd, Australia Chair, WLPGA Climate Change Working Group
Australian autogas... past, present and future Ian Maloney GM for Strategy, Elgas Ltd, Australia Chair, WLPGA Climate Change Working Group 1 Presentation agenda Australian autogas history 1970 s to 2000
More informationWorld Energy Outlook 2007: China and India Insights. www.worldenergyoutlook.org International Energy Agency
World Energy Outlook 27: China and India Insights www.worldenergyoutlook.org International Energy Agency Why Focus on China & India? Increase in World Primary Energy Demand, Imports & Energy-Related CO
More informationNatural Gas Markets in 2006
Order Code RL33714 Natural Gas Markets in 2006 Updated December 12, 2006 Robert Pirog Specialist in Energy Economics and Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Natural Gas Markets in 2006 Summary
More informationASSET & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT CORPORATE ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY
ASSET & FACILITIES MANAGEMENT CORPORATE ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY Paul Stokes Kevin Munford Asset & Facilities Manager Energy Officer 01/03/2006 THE COUNCIL S ENERGY POLICY FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND TRANSPORT
More informationBackground Information
Background Information Munich, June 4, 2015 ehighway: a vision of electrified freight traffic As it will not always possible to transfer more freight traffic to the rail, this traffic will have to be carried
More informationA Technical Research Report: The Electric Vehicle
March 11, 2010 A Technical Research Report: The Electric Vehicle Prepared for Ann Holms University of California Santa Barbara College of Engineering Prepared By Rony Argueta University of California Santa
More informationLow temperatures provide a poor increase in energy consumption. Decreasing economy lessens energy demand / Renewables continue to grow
Low temperatures provide a poor increase in energy consumption Decreasing economy lessens energy demand / Renewables continue to grow Berlin/Cologne (19 December 2012) - Energy consumption in Germany in
More informationCANADIAN WESTERN NATURAL GAS COMPANY LIMITED EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CANADIAN WESTERN NATURAL GAS COMPANY LIMITED ACCEPTING THE CHALLENGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In May of 1995, Canadian Western Natural Gas joined Canadian industry leaders in support of Canada's Voluntary Challenge
More informationThe facts on biodiesel and bioethanol
Renewable biofuels for transport The facts on biodiesel and bioethanol BABFO BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR BIO FUELS AND OILS RECYCLING CARBON Sustainable development is a key priority for Defra, by which we
More information