EFFECTS &BENEFITS LOW SULPHUR DIESEL

Transcription

1 EFFECTS &BENEFITS LOW SULPHUR DIESEL

2 HEALTH BENEFITS Populations Some populations are more sensitive than others as follows: Children Elderly People with Heart and Lung Disease Diabetics High levels of PM (e.g. 500 µg/m 3 ) have been known to cause premature deaths 2

3 HEALTH BENEFITS Diseases Increased heart and lung mortality Increased cases of chronic Bronchitis Incresed cases of Asthma attacks Increased Cancer risks Health costs from traffic pollution can be up to 2% of GDP 3

4 HEALTH BENEFITS Particulate Matter Emissions in Nairobi are far higher than the maximum safe levels established by the WHO Nairobi PM2.5 PM10 WHO 4

5 HEALTH BENEFITS Childhood Illnesses Higher prevalance rate of: Asthma Hayfever Phlegm HD allergy Pet allergy Wheezing Increased effects on children withing the vicinty of roads with high traffic flows 5

6 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS Air Pollution It is impossible to clean the air, or in particular to reduce air pollution from the transportation sector, withouth getting sulphur out of fuels Sulphur is a pollutant directly, but more importantly, sulphur prevents the adoption of all major pollution control technologies No significant air pollution reduction strategy can work without reducing sulphur to near zero levels 6

7 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS Emissions Control Sulphur fouls conventional and advanced technologies to control vehicle emissions including: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Particulate Matter (PM) Nitrogen Oxides (NO x ) Hydrocarbons (HC) Low Sulphur fuels are key to reducing emissions from existing vehicles and enabling advanced control technologies and fuel efficient designs 7

8 MAINTENANCE VEHICLES Older Vehicles Generation of Sulphuric acid quickly corrodes piston rings, cylinder linings, valves and cylinder head Frequient oil changes; doulbe the manufacturers recommended frequency are required Engines are due for overhauls long before the design milage is reached The maintenance cost when using high sulphur fuels outweighs the higher cost of low sulpher fuels New Vehicles High pressure diesel direct injection at TDC systems such as common rail diesel engines are highly sensitive to high sulphur fuels Injection systems would have to be replaced at an early milage in addition to problems associated with older vehicles Electronic metering systems are rendered inaccurate by deteriorating fuel injector pins Repair costs are exorbitant 8

9 COMMON RAIL SYSTEM 9

10 TECHNOLOGY VEHICLES Emission systems Hi tech emissions systems now incorporate 3 way catalytic converters on diesel engines with diesel particulate filters are damaged and clogged by high sulphur fuels. Max 15ppm sulphur allowed EGR systems Exhaust gas recirculation systems which have to meet more stringet requirements also have a detrimental effect on the engine as unburnt fuel now rich in sulphur is recirculated for combustion Biodiesels Introduction of compulsory zero sulphur content biodiesel blends of up to 20% reduces the sulphur content in diesel fuel and is better for the engine and environment s CO 2 emissions reductions Injection units Increasing presicion and sophistication of diesel fuel injecton equipment requires ever reducing sulphur content in fuels currently 50ppm for common rail diesels and soon to drop to 15ppm Cost penalties Manufacturers do not provide warranties for their latest diesel engines run on high sulphur fuels and local franchise dealers are forced to import the oldest diesel technology available 10

11 COMMON RAIL COMPONENTS 11

12 LIFESPAN VEHICLES Engines The life span of older engines is significantly reduced by high sulphur diesel fuels The life span of newer engines is reduced to a few thousand kilometers if high sulphur diesel fuels is used consistently Using 500ppm sulphur content diesel improves on engine life but 50ppm is required to maximize mileage Emission systems Due to a high piston ring wear rate older vehicles tend to start belching out heavy smoke very early The lifespan of particulate filters and catalysts in newer vehicles is significantly reduced by high sulphur diesel Current emission systems require 15ppm to operate as designed for maximum mileage 12

13 EMISSIONS PM Vehicle Emissions High Sulphur fuel contributes to increased PM 10 Emissions from Motor Vehicles (2004) 2% 15% 1% 9% 18% 55% Heavy Duty Diesel Light Commercial Diesel Light Passenger Diesel Light Commercial Petrol Light Passenger Petrol Other 13

14 LOW SULPHUR DIESEL Pre Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V High sulphur fuels lead to increasing Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions. High sulphur fuels lead to increasing Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions. If filter is used maximum 50ppm to 15ppm allowable Increased particulate matter emissions. Increasing visible smoke early in the vehicle s life Black Carbon. Increased Sulphur Trioxide (SO 3 ) emissions. Increased particulate matter emissions. If Nox adsorber is used max 10ppm and less allowable. With less than 10ppm use lubricity additives. 14

15 EMISSIONS DPF/SCR CATALYST SYSTEM INSTALLATION 15

16 EMISSIONS HIGH EFFICIENCY METAL FILTER 16

17 EMISSIONS CONTROL DEVICES Catalysts For oxidation and Lean No x catalysts, sulphur causes inhibition, forms Sulphur Trioxide (SO 3 ) and Particulate Matter (PM). SCR With Urea based Selective Reduction Catalysts (SCR), sulphur causes inhibition, forms Sulphur Trioxide (SO 3 ) and Particulate Matter (PM). Filters On Catalytic Filters, sulphur causes inhibition, forms Sulphur Trioxide (SO 3 ) and Particulate Matter (PM). In addition it affects Regeneration. Adsorbers WithNo x Adsorbers, sulphur causes clogging, forms Sulphur Trioxide (SO 3 ) and stores as sulphate which requires periodic removal. 17

18 EMISSIONS DIESEL OXIDATION CATALYST 18

19 EMISSIONS DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER 19

20 EMISSIONS NO x TRAPPING Lean operation Rich operation 20

21 EMISSIONS LNT/SCR COMBINED CATALYST 21

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