Global Prime Office Occupancy Costs Costs Continue to Rise

Transcription

1 GLOBAL RESEARCH AND CONSULTING Global Prime Office Occupancy Costs Costs Continue to Rise

2 TOP 10 MOST EXPENSIVE Ranked by prime office space occupancy costs in US$ per sq. ft. per annum as of Q EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Global prime office occupancy costs increased at a 2.2% annual rate for the ending Q3 2013, up from the 1.4% annual growth rate seen at the end of Q All three regions saw annual growth in prime office occupancy costs, led by the Americas, at 4.6%, followed by Asia Pacific, at 3.2%, and EMEA, at 0.4%. Year-over-year, prime office occupancy costs rose in 69 markets, were unchanged in 24 and decreased in 33. London Central (West End) overtook Hong Kong (Central) as the world s most expensive prime office market. Of the top 10 most expensive markets, six were in Asia Pacific and four were in EMEA. The most expensive market in the Americas, New York (Midtown Manhattan), ranked 11th. 2 PACE OF INCREASE IN PRIME OFFICE OCCUPANCY COSTS ACCELERATING In line with the global economic recovery, occupancy costs for prime office space have continued to grow over the past year. For the ending Q3 2013, global prime office occupancy costs grew at a 2.2% annual pace, up from the 1.4% growth rate seen during the ending Q The Americas posted the highest year-over-year growth rate, at 4.6%, followed by Asia Pacific, at 3.2%, and EMEA, at 0.4 %. This positioning is reflective of the relative strength of supply and demand conditions for prime space within each region. Though EMEA posted the lowest 12-month increase in prime occupancy costs, it was home to the world s most expensive market, with London Central (West End), at US$259 per sq. ft. per annum, replacing Hong Kong (Central) as the top-ranked market worldwide. A combination of development restrictions in core areas of London, as well as a resurgence in leasing activity, contributed to the West End s low vacancy rate and placed upward pressure on costs which rose 14.3% year-over-year as d by local currency. The area is a traditionally popular location for parts of the finance sector, such as hedge fund managers and private banks, who are willing to pay a premium for prime office space in the most prestigious areas. Demand from other sectors, notably technology, has also strengthened.

3 Figure 1: Global 50 Index Most Expensive Ranked by prime office space occupancy costs in US$ per sq. ft. per annum as of Q London - Central (West End), United Kingdom Washington, D.C. (Downtown), U.S Hong Kong (Central), Hong Kong Perth, Australia Beijing (Finance Street), China Seoul (Yeouido), South Korea Beijing (CBD), China New York (Downtown Manhattan), U.S Hong Kong (West Kowloon), Hong Kong Los Angeles (Suburban), U.S Moscow, Russian Federation Jakarta, Indonesia New Delhi (Connaught Place - CBD), India Mumbai (Nariman Point - CBD), India Tokyo (Marunouchi Otemachi), Japan Stockholm, Sweden London - Central (City), United Kingdom Guangzhou, China Paris, France Edinburgh, United Kingdom New York (Midtown Manhattan), U.S Manchester, United Kingdom Shanghai (Pudong), China Milan, Italy Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Aberdeen, United Kingdom Shanghai (Puxi), China Birmingham, United Kingdom Mumbai (Bandra Kurla Complex), India Brisbane, Australia São Paulo, Brazil Frankfurt, Germany Sydney, Australia Bristol, United Kingdom San Francisco (Downtown), U.S Taipei, Taiwan Geneva, Switzerland Oslo, Norway Singapore, Singapore Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Seoul (CBD), South Korea Glasgow, United Kingdom Boston (Downtown), U.S San Francisco (Peninsula), U.S Dubai, United Arab Emirates Leeds, United Kingdom Zurich, Switzerland Mexico City, Mexico Istanbul, Turkey Toronto (Downtown), Canada Though Hong Kong (Central), at US$234 per sq. ft. per annum, dropped to second place, it remained the only other market in the world with an occupancy cost exceeding $200 per sq. ft. per annum. Banks and high-margin financial firms, such as investment companies and asset management companies, are traditionally the dominant occupiers in the market, along with related legal and accounting firms. Although these occupiers have become more cost sensitive and open to opportunities in decentralized areas, premium space is still highly sought after, especially by mainland Chinese banks, investment companies and enterprises, who view Central as a platform for pursuing overseas business opportunities. However, the cost-conscious approach to decision-making by large occupiers, coupled with a vacancy rate higher than London Central (West End), at US$259 per sq. ft. per annum, replaced Hong Kong (Central) as the top-ranked market worldwide. most other districts in Hong Kong, have pressured Central landlords to become more flexible in rental negotiations. As a result, occupancy costs have dropped 4.7% on a local currency basis over the past. There were other modest changes in the ranking of the most expensive markets. For instance, Mumbai (Bandra Kurla Complex) dropped to the 15th position, while Paris entered the top 10 due to exchange rate changes. SIX OF THE TOP 10 MOST EXPENSIVE MARKETS REMAIN IN ASIA Of the world s top 10 most expensive markets, six were in Asia Pacific and four were in EMEA. Of the top 50, 20 were in Asia Pacific, 19 were in EMEA and 11 were in the Americas. 3

4 There are several general reasons and, of course, many local influences, as to why Asia Pacific has such a high number of markets in the top ranks. One common theme, however, is that several key Asia markets have a limited supply of prime office space, the kind in demand by the major institutions that locate within these markets. This shortage, coupled with strong demand, has driven prime occupancy costs higher. These markets tend to share certain common characteristics: They are often the regional headquarters of large, multinational firms that require a central location with access to major global transit routes. They are highly exposed to the financial services industry, as the most expensive office markets are typically world-renowned money centers. They are also prestige or emerging prestige markets cities where leading global companies want to have a presence due to the stature of the location and address. Of the world s top 10 most expensive markets, six were in Asia Pacific and four were in EMEA. Not surprisingly, the most expensive office locations are characterized as having significant barriers to new supply. New supply in key global core markets has been limited, driving up occupancy costs despite the global economic environment. PRIME OFFICE OCCUPANCY COST GROWTH IN THE AMERICAS OUTPACING ASIA PACIFIC AND EMEA While the list of the world s most expensive markets for occupying prime office space remained relatively unchanged, there were several notable shifts in prime office occupancy costs over the past 12 months, most notably in the Americas. As the most expensive markets are ranked in U.S. dollars, the rankings can be impacted by currency fluctuations. As such, increases and decreases in occupancy costs are d in local currency to reflect the effects of supply and demand except in unique circumstances in markets such as Jakarta. For the ending Q3 2013, occupancy costs increased in 69 markets, remained unchanged in 24 and Figure 2: Global 50 Index Largest Annual Changes Prime office space occupancy costs in local currency and (ranked by 12-month increases and decreases as of Q3 2013) Top 35 Increases 1 Jakarta, Indonesia* Beijing (Finance Street), China Boston (Downtown), U.S Buenos Aires, Argentina Mexico City, Mexico Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam London - Central (West End), United Kingdom Dallas (Suburban), U.S San Francisco (Downtown), U.S Marseille, France Monterrey, Mexico Boston (Suburban), U.S New York (Downtown Manhattan), U.S Dublin, Ireland Washington, D.C. (Suburban), U.S Seattle (Downtown), U.S Santiago, Chile New York (Midtown Manhattan), U.S Seattle (Suburban), U.S Leeds, United Kingdom Bangkok, Thailand New Delhi (Gurgaon), India Houston (Downtown), U.S London - Central (City), United Kingdom Oslo, Norway Istanbul, Turkey Houston (Suburban), U.S Calgary (Suburban), Canada Manila, Philippines Lyon, France San Francisco (Peninsula), U.S Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Lille, France Lima, Peru Denver (Downtown), U.S. 7.3 *Leases in Jakarta are typically written in U.S. dollars, but paid in rupiah, which means the occupancy cost increase is greatly affected by currency depreciation in Indonesia.

5 decreased in 33. Of the 69 markets with increases, seven were in double digits. Notably, eight of the 10 fastest growing prime occupancy cost markets were in the Americas. This result, while atypical compared to recent trends, was consistent with reports of growing economic strength and rebound within the region. Of the 33 markets that posted a decrease in prime office occupancy costs, only two were in double digits, with Palma de Mallorca and Valencia falling 11.3% and 10.7%, respectively, over the past, a reflection of the effects of the lingering Eurozone crisis. Jakarta s mammoth 76.9% year-over-year increase in prime office occupancy costs was underpinned by growing office demand, coupled with diminishing available supply, especially for prime office space within the central business district. Given that leases in Jakarta are typically written in U.S. dollars, the weakening of the Indonesian rupiah amplified the increase. Although the occupancy cost change is significant, we are expecting growth to slow going forward. In Downtown Boston, which posted a 15.4% annual increase in occupancy costs, rents increased as a result of extremely tight market conditions, as strong demand from technology tenants, combined with low vacancy rates, has given landlords leeway to increase rents significantly. Mexico City is in the middle of a transformation of its skyline, with the market delivering high-quality buildings with elevated prime rents. This new, high-priced supply, coupled with strong occupier demand, has led to higher occupancy costs, which were up 14.7% year-over-year. Prime, headline rents in London Central (West End) have increased in each quarter so far in 2013 amid improving sentiment among high-end financial occupiers who are prepared to pay the highest rents for well-located space in high-quality buildings. Occupancy costs, which increased 14.3% over the past, have also been driven higher due to limited availability. Costs in San Francisco (Downtown) have grown amid strong demand from the technology industry, as tech tenants citywide expand their footprints. Though these tech tenants do not typically seek prime office space, declining In line with the global economic recovery, occupancy costs for prime office space have continued to grow over the past year. market-wide vacancy has reduced the number of options for tenants in other industries that may be open to taking prime space. As a result, landlords are pushing rents for the declining number of available spaces, powering a 13.3% annual increase in occupancy costs. Reflective of the strong Mexican economy, Monterrey has seen strong occupier demand, which, in turn, has led to increases in asking rents for the limited supply of prime office space. As a result, prime occupancy costs have increased 12.9% over the past year. Construction activity, however, will lead to increased prime stock and rental adjustments in the future. Rents for prime office space rose steadily in New York (Downtown Manhattan) over the past due to the addition of space that was priced above the average, resulting in a 10.2% year-over-year increase in occupancy costs for the market. As of Q3 2013, vacancy for prime space was significantly below Downtown s overall vacancy rate of 9.0%, though that will likely change as new, prime office space at the World Trade Center comes online. In Washington, D.C. (Suburban), where prime occupancy costs were up 9.4% over the past, contiguous blocks of space continued to diminish within prime, amenity-rich buildings, lowering the prime vacancy rate to 8.7%. In Tysons Corner, Metrorail access has long been the one missing amenity. However, in early 2014, four new Silver Line stations will open, connecting the market to downtown Washington, D.C., and Dulles International Airport. Prime buildings near these stops have experienced stronger leasing activity, which led to increases in prime rents. Meanwhile, the Bethesda/Chevy Chase market has tightened over the past two quarters as several large blocks of space have been taken off the market, which resulted in rental increases. In Santiago, low availability and strong demand from domestic and international occupiers seeking prime space in the central business district pushed up occupancy costs in this market. Year-over-year, prime office occupancy costs rose 9.1%. Over the last seven years, the software industry s footprint in Seattle (Suburban), where prime rents were up 9.0% over the past year, has grown by well over 3 million sq. ft. 5

6 With the number of startups and technology firms in the area increasing, there is a limited supply of prime vacant space in the Bellevue central business district and other suburban submarkets. EUROZONE WOES, SUPPLY AND DEMAND IMBALANCES WEIGH ON SOME EUROPEAN AND ASIAN MARKETS Occupancy costs decreased year-over-year in 33 markets. Looking at the top 10 markets that posted decreases, some showing declines were located within the Eurozone, and, as Figure 2: Global 50 Index Largest Annual Changes Prime office space occupancy costs in local currency and (ranked by 12-month increases and decreases as of Q3 2013) Top 15 Decreases mentioned earlier, their performance was reflective of the economic malady within the zone. At the same time, other markets that have posted strong occupancy costs in the past, and continued to have high occupancy costs overall, had to adjust to some short-term supply and demand imbalances. For example, Hong Kong (Central) and Singapore, which both ranked among the top 20 most expensive markets worldwide in Q3 2013, experienced declines in occupancy costs of 4.7% and 3.7%, respectively, over the past. 1 Palma de Mallorca, Spain Singapore, Singapore Valencia, Spain Bucharest, Romania Milan, Italy Oporto, Portugal São Paulo, Brazil Madrid, Spain Mumbai (Nariman Point - CBD), India Tel Aviv, Israel Hong Kong (Central), Hong Kong Paris, France Hanoi, Vietnam Guadalajara, Mexico Bratislava, Slovakia

7 Figure 3: Asia Pacific: Prime Office Occupancy Costs Q Location Prime Rent Local Currency/Measure* Local currency/ US$* per sq. ft./annum Euro * per sq. m./annum lease term (years) Terms rent free (months) Tenancy improvements (per local currency/ ) Adelaide, Australia AUD sq.m. p.a Auckland, New Zealand NZD sq.m. p.a Bangalore (CBD), India INR sq.ft. p.m Bangkok, Thailand THB sq.m. p.m Beijing (Finance Street), China RMB sq.m. p.m , Beijing (CBD), China RMB sq.m. p.m , Brisbane, Australia AUD sq.m. p.a Canberra, Australia AUD sq.m. p.a Guangzhou, China RMB sq.m. p.m Hanoi, Vietnam US$ sq.m. p.m Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam US$ sq.m. p.m Hong Kong (Central), Hong Kong HKD sq.ft. p.m or Hong Kong (West Kowloon), Hong Kong HKD sq.ft. p.m or Jakarta, Indonesia** IDR sq.m. p.m. 663, , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia MYR sq.ft. p.m Manila, Philippines PHP sq.m. p.m. 1, , Melbourne, Australia AUD sq.m. p.a Mumbai (Bandra Kurla Complex), India INR sq.ft. p.m Mumbai (Nariman Point - CBD), India INR sq.ft. p.m New Delhi (Connaught Place - CBD), India INR sq.ft. p.m New Delhi (Gurgaon), India INR sq.ft. p.m Perth, Australia AUD sq.m. p.a Seoul (CBD), South Korea KRW sq.m. p.m. 36, , Seoul (Yeouido), South Korea KRW sq.m. p.m. 28, , Shanghai (Pudong), China RMB sq.m. p.m Shanghai (Puxi), China RMB sq.m. p.m Singapore, Singapore SGD sq.ft. p.m Sydney, Australia AUD sq.m. p.a. 1, , Taipei, Taiwan NTD ping. p.m. 3, , Tokyo, Japan JPY tsubo p.m. 39, , Wellington, New Zealand NZD sq.m. p.a *Occupancy costs include service charges and taxes and are standardized on a net internal area basis. **Leases in Jakarta are typically written in U.S. dollars, but paid in rupiah, which means the occupancy cost increase is greatly affected by currency depreciation in Indonesia.

8 Figure 4: Americas: Prime Office Occupancy Costs Q Location Prime Rent Local Currency/Measure* Local currency/ US$* per sq. ft./annum Euro * per sq. m./annum lease term (years) Terms rent free (months) Tenancy improvements (per local currency/ ) Atlanta (Downtown), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Atlanta (Suburban), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Boston (Downtown), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Boston (Suburban), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Buenos Aires, Argentina US$ sq.m. p.m Calgary (Downtown), Canada CAD sq.ft. p.a Calgary (Suburban), Canada CAD sq.ft. p.a Caracas, Venezuela** VEF sq.m. p.m. 1, , , Chicago (Downtown), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Chicago (Suburban), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Dallas (Downtown), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Dallas (Suburban), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Denver (Downtown), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Denver (Suburban), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Guadalajara, Mexico US$ sq.m. p.m Houston (Downtown), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Houston (Suburban), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Lima, Peru US$ sq.m. p.m Los Angeles (Downtown), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Los Angeles (Suburban), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Mexico City, Mexico US$ sq.m. p.m Monterrey, Mexico US$ sq.m. p.m Montreal (Downtown), Canada CAD sq.ft. p.a Montreal (Suburban), Canada CAD sq.ft. p.a New York (Downtown Manhattan), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a New York (Midtown Manhattan), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Panama City, Panama US$ sq.m. p.m Rio de Janeiro, Brazil BRL sq.m. p.m San Francisco (Downtown), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a San Francisco (Peninsula), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a *Occupancy costs include service charges and taxes and are standardized on a net internal area basis. **Caracas is omitted from this report s ranking tables

9 Figure 4: Americas: Prime Office Occupancy Costs Q Location Prime Rent Local Currency/Measure* Local currency/ US$* per sq. ft./annum Euro * per sq. m./annum lease term (years) Terms rent free (months) Tenancy improvements (per local currency/ ) Santiago, Chile CLF sq.m. p.m São Paulo, Brazil BRL sq.m. p.m Seattle (Downtown), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Seattle (Suburban), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Toronto (Downtown), Canada CAD sq.ft. p.a Toronto (Suburban), Canada CAD sq.ft. p.a Vancouver (Downtown), Canada CAD sq.ft. p.a Vancouver (Suburban), Canada CAD sq.ft. p.a Washington, D.C. (Downtown), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a Washington, D.C. (Suburban), U.S. US$ sq.ft. p.a * Occupancy costs include service charges and taxes and are standardized on a net internal area basis

10 Figure 5: EMEA: Prime Office Occupancy Costs Q Location Prime Rent Local Currency/Measure* Local currency/ US$* per sq. ft./annum Euro * per sq. m./annum lease term (years) Terms rent free (months) Tenancy improvements (per local currency/ ) Aberdeen, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AED sq.m. p.a. 1, , Amsterdam, Netherlands EUR sq.m. p.a or 24 0 Athens, Greece EUR sq.m. p.m Barcelona, Spain EUR sq.m. p.m Belfast, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a Belgrade, Serbia EUR sq.m. p.m Berlin, Germany EUR sq.m. p.m Birmingham, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a y with 5y break 36 if 10y, 20 with 5y break Bratislava, Slovakia EUR sq.m. p.m Bristol, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a y with 5y break Brussels, Belgium EUR sq.m. p.a /6/9 1 year secured Bucharest, Romania EUR sq.m. p.m Budapest, Hungary EUR sq.m. p.m Cape Town, South Africa ZAR sq.m. p.m N/A N/A N/A Copenhagen, Denmark DKK sq.m. p.a. 1, , (tenant) /5-10 (landlord) 30 on a straight 10y, 15 if a break at 5y Dubai, United Arab Emirates AED sq.ft. p.a Dublin, Ireland EUR sq.m. p.a Durban, South Africa ZAR sq.m. p.m N/A N/A N/A Edinburgh, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a Frankfurt, Germany EUR sq.m. p.m Geneva, Switzerland CHF sq.m. p.a , Glasgow, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a y with 5y break Gothenburg, Sweden SEK sq.m. p.a. 2, , or Hamburg, Germany EUR sq.m. p.m (on a 10 year certain) Helsinki, Finland EUR sq.m. p.a None Istanbul, Turkey US$ sq.m. p.m Jersey, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a Johannesburg, South Africa ZAR sq.m. p.m N/A N/A N/A *Occupancy costs include service charges and taxes and are standardized on a net internal area basis.

11 Figure 5: EMEA: Prime Office Occupancy Costs Q Location Prime Rent Local Currency/Measure* Local currency/ US$* per sq. ft./annum Euro * per sq. m./annum lease term (years) Terms rent free (months) Tenancy improvements (per local currency/ ) Leeds, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a y with 5y break months (on a 10y certain) Lille, France EUR sq.m. p.a /6/9 3/6 0 Lisbon, Portugal EUR sq.m. p.m Liverpool, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a y with 5y break 48 months on a 10 year, 24 with break at 5 London - Central (City), United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a , London - Central (West End), United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a , Lyon, France EUR sq.m. p.a Madrid, Spain EUR sq.m. p.m Malaga, Spain EUR sq.m. p.m Manchester, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a Marseille, France EUR sq.m. p.a Milan, Italy EUR sq.m. p.a Moscow, Russian Federation US$ sq.m. p.a. 1, , , Munich, Germany EUR sq.m. p.m Oporto, Portugal EUR sq.m. p.m Oslo, Norway NOK sq.m. p.a. 3, , Palma de Mallorca, Spain EUR sq.m. p.m Paris, France EUR sq.m. p.a /6/ Prague, Czech Republic EUR sq.m. p.m Rome, Italy EUR sq.m. p.a Rotterdam, Netherlands EUR sq.m. p.a or 24 "0 Sofia, Bulgaria EUR sq.m. p.m Southampton, United Kingdom GBP sq.ft. p.a y with 5y break Stockholm, Sweden SEK sq.m. p.a. 4, , or Tel Aviv, Israel ILS sq.m. p.m none if straight 10y, 12 if break at 5y Thessaloniki, Greece EUR sq.m. p.m Valencia, Spain EUR sq.m. p.m Vienna, Austria EUR sq.m. p.m Warsaw, Poland EUR sq.m. p.m Zurich, Switzerland CHF sq.m. p.a *Occupancy costs include service charges and taxes and are standardized on a net internal area basis.

12 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS provides a semiannual snapshot of occupancy costs for prime office space throughout the world. Since office occupancy lease rates and expenses can vary substantively, not only across world markets but also within the same market area, this data is meant to provide comparative benchmarks only. Comparative Office Occupancy Costs In comparing international office cost quotations and leasing practices, the most common differences in reporting are the units of and currency, and how occupancyrelated costs are reflected in quoted prime rents. For example, in the U.S., office units are d in sq. ft., while Japan uses the tsubo. Great Britain quotes office rents in pounds, while Thailand uses the baht. Also, in the U.S., rents are most often reported in gross terms that reflect virtually all costs of occupancy, while lease rates in many countries may be reported on a net basis and exclude such costs as management, property taxes and basic ongoing building maintenance. Benchmarks For Measure, Currency and Terms To facilitate comparisons across markets, Global Prime Office Occupancy Costs also reports local office occupancy costs in two common currencies, U.S. dollars in sq. ft. and euros in sq. m. Changes over the past are also reported in local currency, U.S. dollars and euros. Explanation of Columns Percentage Change: Documents the rate of change in local rents over the preceding. When expressed in the local currency, they can vary dramatically from the euro and U.S. dollar-adjusted changes reported under Total Occupancy Cost. Prime Rent-Local Currency/Measure: The rent quoted is the typical achievable rent for a 1,000-sq.-m. (10,000 -sq.-ft.) unit in a top-quality (Class A) building in a prime location. Rents are expressed as headline rent, without accounting for any tenant incentives that may be necessary to achieve it. Rents are stated in the local currency and prevailing unit of, as well as in those terms gross or net that are customarily employed in the respective market. Office rents in Taiwan are quoted as ping per month, and in Japan as tsubo per month. The ping, and tsubo are approximately 36 sq. ft. Each is the traditional of area in its respective country, based on the equivalent ment of two tatami mats. : Local office costs are reported in local currency, euros and U.S. dollars on a per annum basis. This number reflects all occupancy costs, and therefore corresponds to gross rents for all markets. All occupancy cost figures are standardized to a net internal area basis of ment. Lease Term, Rent Free Period and Tenancy Improvements: lease term refers to the usual duration of contracted leases for prime office space in each respective market. The rent free column documents the time period, if any, for which no rent is collected for prime office space in the respective local market. ly, the less free rent available, the stronger the market. Tenancy Improvements is the typical allowance that a landlord may make towards any fit-out costs and is reported in local currency/ment. 17

13 CONTACTS GLOBAL RESEARCH Raymond Torto, Ph.D., CRE Global Chairman of Research Global Research and Consulting t: e: Follow Ray on For more information regarding Global Research and Consulting activity, please contact: Nick Axford, Ph.D. Global Head of Research Global Research and Consulting t: e: Follow Nick on Peter Damesick, Ph.D. Chairman of EMEA Research Global Research and Consulting t: e: Follow Peter on Neil Blake, Ph.D. Head of Research, UK and EMEA Global Research and Consulting t: e: Brook Scott Interim Head of Research, Americas and Head of Occupier Research, Americas Global Research and Consulting t: e: FOLLOW CBRE CBRE s biannual Global Prime Office Occupancy Cost survey s and compares office occupancy costs in 126 markets across the world. The survey is performed semi-annually in the first and third quarter of the year and is a collaborative effort among CBRE Global Research and Consulting around the world led by Andrea Walker. We would like to acknowledge Cynthia Chan, Zachary Gauge, Richard Holberton, Erik Nelson, and Roelof van Dijk for their contributions to the report. GLOBAL RESEARCH AND CONSULTING CBRE Global Research and Consulting is an integrated community of preeminent researchers and consultants who provide real estate market research, econometric forecasting, and corporate and public sector strategies to investors and occupiers around the globe. Additional research produced by Global Research and Consulting can be found at DISCLAIMER Information contained herein, including projections, has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. While we do not doubt its accuracy, we have not verified it and make no guarantee, warranty or representation about it. It is your responsibility to confirm independently its accuracy and completeness. This information is presented exclusively for use by CBRE clients and professionals and all rights to the material are reserved and cannot be reproduced without prior written permission of the CBRE Global Chief Economist. 18 Cover Image: London