Basic Optics System OS-8515C

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Basic Optics System OS-8515C"

Transcription

1 T C Instruction Manual with Experiment Guide and Teachers Notes B Basic Optics System OS-8515C Optics Bench OS-8465 COMPONENT NORMAL NORMAL BASIC OPTICS RAY TABLE COMPONENT L NORMAL

2

3 Basic Optics System Table of Contents Introduction About the Equipment Storage Box About the Experiments Experiment 1: Color Addition Experiment 2: Prism Experiment 3: Reflection Experiment 4: Snell s Law Experiment 5: Total Internal Reflection Experiment 6: Convex and Concave Lenses Experiment 7: Hollow Lens Experiment 8: Lensmaker s Equation Experiment 9: Apparent Depth Experiment 10: Reversibility Experiment 11: Dispersion Experiment 12: Focal Length and Magnification of a Thin Lens Experiment 13: Focal Length and Magnification of a Concave Mirror Experiment 14: Virtual Images Experiment 15: Telescope Experiment 16: Microscope Experiment 17: Shadows Telescope and Microscope Test Pattern Teacher s Guide Storage Box Technical Support

4 T C Basic Optics System OS-8515C 1 Optics Bench NORMAL L NORMAL NORMAL COMPONENT OS-8465 COMPONENT BASIC OPTICS RAY TABLE a d e f b c

5 Included Equipment Part Number 1. Viewing Screen OS Adjustable Lens Holder OS mm Mounted Lens mm Mounted Lens mm Mounted Lens mm Mounted Lens 7. Concave/convex Mirror 8. Half-screen OS-8456 OS-8519 OS Light Source OS m Optics Bench OS Ray Table with D-shaped Lens OS Ray Optics Kit with: OS-8516A a. Storage Box/Water Tank b. Mirror c. Hollow Lens OS-8511 d. Convex Lens e. Concave Lens f. Acrylic Trapezoid Storage Box Introduction The PASCO Basic Optics System contains the optics components you will need for a variety of experiments and demonstrations. This manual includes student instructions and teacher s notes for 17 typical experiments. For an even greater variety, you can expand the system with any of the Basic Optics kits and components available from PASCO, including lasers, polarizers, diffraction slits, and light sensors. See the PASCO Physics catalog or visit for details. 5

6 Basic Optics System About the Equipment About the Equipment For detailed information on the Light Source, Ray Table, Adjustable Lens Holder, and Ray Optics Kit, see the instruction sheets included with those components. Optics Bench Basic Optics components, such as mounted lenses and the adjustable lens holder, snap into the wide central channel of the optics bench. Place the base of the component on the bench and push down firmly to snap it in place. To move it, squeeze the tab on base and slide it along the bench. Components that include a square bolt and a thumb screw are designed to be fasted to the T-slots on the sides and center of the bench. Slide the bolt into the T-slot, insert the thumb screw through the component s mounting hold, thread the screw into the bolt and tighten it down. metric scale for measuring component positions Use the metric scale on the bench to measure the positions of components. Light Source The included light source can be used on a tabletop or mounted on the bench. It functions as a bright point source, an illuminated crossed-arrow object, a primary-color source, and a ray box with up to five parallel rays. T-slots Mounted Lenses The Basic Optics System includes four lenses mounted in holders. Use them on the optics bench with the light source, viewing screen, and other Basic Optics components. Adjustable Lens Holder To use an unmounted lens on the bench, place it in the adjustable lens holder. It will hold any round lens between 20 and 75 mm in diameter. Viewing Screen lenses. Mount the screen on the bench to view real images formed by Concave/convex Mirror and Half-screen The mounted mirror is concave on one side and convex on the other side. The radius of curvature of both surfaces is 200 mm. Use the half-screen to view real images formed by the concave side of the mirror. Ray Table and D-shaped Lens Use the ray table and D-shaped lens on a tabletop with the light source (in ray-box mode) to study angles of incidence, reflection and refraction. Ray Optics Kit The ray optics kit is a set of optics components designed for use with the light source in ray-box mode. To make the rays easy to see and trace, use the ray optics components on a white sheet of paper on a flat table top. The transparent storage box doubles as a water tank for studying lenses under water. 6

7 Model No. OS-8515C Storage Box Storage Box Use the foam-padded box to store, organize, and protect the system s components. Place the components in the fitted compartments as illustrated below. Extra compartments are included for additional components as spare parts. A full-page diagram appears on page 69. Remove or copy that page and attach it the box lid. Light Source AC Adapter Ray Optics Kit Concave/convex Mirror D-shaped Lens +100 mm +200 mm +250 mm -150 mm Ray Table and Adjustable Lens Holder Viewing Screen Half-screen Lenses About the Experiments The experiment instructions on the following pages are arranged and categorized according to which components of the Basic Optics System they use. See the table at the top of each experiment for a detailed list of required equipment. Teachers notes, including typical data and answers to questions, can be found starting on page 59. The experiments that call for the light source work best in a dimly lit room. Ray Optics Kit Experiments These experiments use the Ray Optics Kit, the Light Source (in ray-box mode), and may require blank white paper, a ruler, protractor, and drawing compass. 1. Color Addition (page 9): Explore the results of mixing colored light and illuminating colored ink with colored light. 2. Prism (page 11): Show how a prism separates white light into its component colors and show that different colors are refracted at different angles through a prism. 3. Reflection (page 13): Show how rays are reflected from plane, concave, and convex mirrors. 4. Snell s Law (page 15): Determine the index of refraction of acrylic by measuring angles of incidence and refraction of a ray passing through the trapezoid. 5. Total Internal Reflection (page 17): Determine the critical angle at which total internal reflection occurs in the trapezoid. 7

8 Basic Optics System About the Experiments 6. Convex and Concave Lenses (page 19): Use ray tracing to determine the focal lengths of lenses. 7. Hollow Lens (page 21): Use the hollow lens and water to explore how the properties of a lens are related to its shape, its index of refraction, and the index of refraction of the surrounding medium. 8. Lensmaker s Equation (page 23): Determine the focal length of a concave lens by measuring its radius of curvature. 9. Apparent Depth (page 25): Measure the apparent depth of the trapezoid and determine its index of refraction by comparing the apparent depth to the actual thickness. Ray Table Experiments These experiments use the Ray Table with the D-shaped Lens and the Light Source (in ray-box mode). 10. Reversibility (page 29): Explore how the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction is related to the direction of propagation. 11. Dispersion (page 31): Show how white light is separated into colors by the acrylic D-shaped lens and determine the different indices of refraction for red and blue light. Optics Bench Experiments These experiments use the Optics Bench, Mounted Lenses, and Viewing Screen. Experiments 12 and 17 also use the Light Source. 12. Focal Length and Magnification of a Thin Lens (page 33): Determine the focal length of a converging lens and measure the magnification for a certain combination of object and image distances. 13. Focal Length and Magnification of a Concave Mirror (page 37): Determine the focal length of a concave mirror and measure the magnification for a certain combination of object and image distances. 14. Virtual Images (page 41): Study virtual images formed by a diverging lens and a convex mirror. 15. Telescope (page 47): Construct a telescope and determine its magnification. 16. Microscope (page 51): Construct a microscope and determine its magnification. 17. Shadows (page 55): Show the umbra and the penumbra of a shadow. 8

9 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 1: Color Addition Experiment 1: Color Addition Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Light Source Convex Lens from Ray Optics Kit Other Required Equipment Red, blue, and black pens Blank white paper Purpose In Part 1 of this experiment, you will discover the results of mixing red, green, and blue light in different combinations. In Part 2, you will compare the appearance of red, blue, and black ink illuminated by red and blue light. Light source Convex lens Part 1: Addition of Colored Light Folded paper Procedure 1. Turn the wheel on the light source to select the red, green, and blue color bars. Fold a blank, white sheet of paper, as shown in Figure 1.1. Lay the paper on a flat surface and put the light source on it so that the colored rays are projected along the horizontal part of the paper and onto the vertical part. Red, green, and blue rays Figure 1.1: Color addition Combined colors 2. Place the convex lens near the ray box so it focuses the rays and causes them to cross at the vertical part of the paper. Note: The lens has one flat edge. Place the flat edge on the paper so the lens stands stably without rocking. 3. What is the resulting color where the three colors come together? Record your observation in Table Now block the green ray with a pencil. What color results from adding red and blue light? Record the result in Table Block each color in succession to see the addition of the other two colors and complete Table 1.1. Table 1.1: Results of Colored Light Addition Colors Added Resulting Color red + blue + green red + blue red + green green + blue Questions 1. Is mixing colored light the same as mixing colored paint? Explain. 2. White light is said to be the mixture of all colors. In this experiment, did mixing red, green, and blue light result in white? Explain. 9

10 Basic Optics System Experiment 1: Color Addition Part 2: Observing Colored Ink Under Colored Light Procedure 1. While you look away, have your partner draw two lines one red and one black on a sheet of white paper. One of the lines should be labeled A, and the other B, but you should not know which is which. Before you look at the paper, have your partner turn off the room lights and cover the red and green bars so the paper is illuminated only with blue light. Now look. What colors do the two lines appear to be? Do they appear to be different colors? Record your observations in Table 1.2. Finally, observe the lines under white light and record their actual colors in Table Repeat step 1, but this time have your partner draw lines using blue and black ink (labeled C and D), and observe them under red light. 3. For Trial 2, switch roles and repeat steps 1 and 2 with your partner observing lines that you have drawn. Record the results in Table 1.2. (For this trial, you may try to trick your partner by drawing both lines the same color both red or both black, for instance.) Table 1.2: Colored Ink Observed Under Colored Light Trial 1: Name of observer: Color of Light Line Apparent Color of Ink Do they look different? Actual Color of Ink Blue Light Red Light A B C D Trial 2: Name of observer: Color of Light Line Apparent Color of Ink Do they look different? Actual Color of Ink Blue Light Red Light A B C D 4. Look at red and black lines under red light. Which line is easier to see? Questions 1. What makes red ink appear red? When red ink is illumined by blue light, is most of the light absorbed or reflected? 2. When illumined with red light, why is red ink on white paper more difficult to see than black ink? 10

11 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 2: Prism Experiment 2: Prism Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Light Source Trapezoid from Ray Optics Kit Blank white paper Purpose Incident ray Normal to surface The purpose of this experiment is to show how a prism separates white light into its component colors and to show that different colors are refracted at different angles through a prism. n 1 n 2 q 1 Surface Theory When a monochromatic light ray crosses from one medium (such as air) to another (such as acrylic), it is refracted. According to Snell s Law, q 2 Refracted ray (n 1 > n 2 ) n 1 sin θ 1 = n 2 sin θ 2 Figure 2.1: Refraction of Light the angle of refraction (θ 2 ) depends on the angle of incidence (θ 1 ) and the indices of refraction of both media (n 1 and n 2 ), as shown in Figure 2.1. Because the index of refraction for light varies with the frequency of the light, white light that enters the material (at an angle other than 0 ) will separate into its component colors as each frequency is bent a different amount. The trapezoid is made of acrylic which has an index of refraction of for light of wavelength 486 nm in a vacuum (blue light), for wavelength 589 nm (yellow), and for wavelength 651 nm (red). In general for visible light, index of refraction increases with increasing frequency. Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a sheet of blank white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single white ray. Color spectrum Single white ray q Normal to surface Figure Position the trapezoid as shown in Figure 2.2. The acute-angled end of the trapezoid is used as a prism in this experiment. Keep the ray near the point of the trapezoid for maximum transmission of the light. 11

12 Basic Optics System Experiment 2: Prism 3. Rotate the trapezoid until the angle (θ) of the emerging ray is as large as possible and the ray separates into colors. (a) What colors do you see? In what order are they? (b) Which color is refracted at the largest angle? (c) According to Snell s Law and the information given about the frequency dependence of the index of refraction for acrylic, which color is predicted to refract at the largest angle? 4. Without repositioning the light source, turn the wheel to select the three primary color rays. The colored rays should enter trapezoid at the same angle that the white ray did. Do the colored rays emerge from the trapezoid parallel to each other? Why or why not? 12

13 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 3: Reflection Experiment 3: Reflection Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Light Source Mirror from Ray Optics Kit Other Required Equipment Drawing compass Protractor Metric ruler White paper Purpose In this experiment, you will study how rays are reflected from different types of mirrors. You will measure the focal length and determine the radius of curvature of a concave mirror and a convex mirror. Part 1: Plane Mirror Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a blank sheet of white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single ray. 2. Place the mirror on the paper. Position the plane (flat) surface of the mirror in the path of the incident ray at an angle that allows you to clearly see the incident and reflected rays. 3. On the paper, trace and label the surface of the plane mirror and the incident and reflected rays. Indicate the incoming and the outgoing rays with arrows in the appropriate directions. 4. Remove the light source and mirror from the paper. On the paper, draw the normal to the surface (as in Figure 3.1). Normal to surface Incident ray Reflected ray Figure Measure the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. Measure these angles from the normal. Record the angles in the first row Table Repeat steps 1 5 with a different angle of incidence. Repeat the procedure again to complete Table 3.1 with three different angles of incidence. Table 3.1: Plane Mirror Results Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection 7. Turn the wheel on the light source to select the three primary color rays. Shine the colored rays at an angle to the plane mirror. Mark the position of the surface of the plane mirror and trace the incident and reflected rays. Indicate the colors of 13

14 Basic Optics System Experiment 3: Reflection the incoming and the outgoing rays and mark them with arrows in the appropriate directions. Questions 1. What is the relationship between the angles of incidence and reflection? 2. Are the three colored rays reversed left-to-right by the plane mirror? Part 2: Cylindrical Mirrors Theory A concave cylindrical mirror focuses incoming parallel rays at its focal point. The focal length ( f ) is the distance from the focal point to the center of the mirror surface. The radius of curvature (R) of the mirror is twice the focal length. See Figure 3.2. R focal point f mirror Procedure 1. Turn the wheel on the light source to select five parallel rays. Shine the rays straight into the concave mirror so that the light is reflected back toward the ray box (see Figure 3.3). Trace the surface of the mirror and the incident and reflected rays. Indicate the incoming and the outgoing rays with arrows in the appropriate directions. (You can now remove the light source and mirror from the paper.) Figure The place where the five reflected rays cross each other is the focal point of the mirror. Mark the focal point. Incident rays 3. Measure the focal length from the center of the concave mirror surface (where the middle ray hit the mirror) to the focal point. Record the result in Table Use a compass to draw a circle that matches the curvature of the mirror (you will have to make several tries with the compass set to different widths before you find the right one). Measure the radius of curvature and record it in Table 3.2. Figure Repeat steps 1 4 for the convex mirror. Note that in step 3, the reflected rays will diverge, and they will not cross. Use a ruler to extend the reflected rays back behind the mirror s surface. The focal point is where these extended rays cross. Table 3.2: Cylindrical Mirror Results Concave Mirror Convex Mirror Focal Length Radius of Curvature (determined using compass) Questions 1. What is the relationship between the focal length of a cylindrical mirror and its radius of curvature? Do your results confirm your answer? 2. What is the radius of curvature of a plane mirror? 14

15 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 4: Snell s Law Experiment 4: Snell s Law Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Light Source Trapezoid from Ray Optics Kit Other Required Equipment Protractor White paper Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the index of refraction of the acrylic trapezoid. For rays entering the trapezoid, you will measure the angles of incidence and refraction and use Snell s Law to calculate the index of refraction. Incident ray q 1 Normal to surface Theory n 1 n 2 Surface For light crossing the boundary between two transparent materials, Snell s Law states n 1 sin θ 1 = n 2 sin θ 2 where θ 1 is the angle of incidence, θ 2 is the angle of refraction, and n 1 and n 2 are the respective indices of refraction of the materials (see Figure 4.1). q 2 Figure 4.1 Refracted ray (n 1 > n 2 ) Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a sheet of white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single ray. 2. Place the trapezoid on the paper and position it so the ray passes through the parallel sides as shown in Figure 4.2. q i Incident ray 3. Mark the position of the parallel surfaces of the trapezoid and trace the incident and transmitted Figure 4.2 rays. Indicate the incoming and the outgoing rays with arrows in the appropriate directions. Carefully mark where the rays enter and leave the trapezoid. 4. Remove the trapezoid and draw a line on the paper connecting the points where the rays entered and left the trapezoid. This line represents the ray inside the trapezoid. 5. Choose either the point where the ray enters the trapezoid or the point where the ray leaves the trapezoid. At this point, draw the normal to the surface. 6. Measure the angle of incidence (θ i ) and the angle of refraction with a protractor. Both of these angles should be measured from the normal. Record the angles in the first row of Table

16 Basic Optics System Experiment 4: Snell s Law 7. On a new sheet of paper, repeat steps 2 6 with a different angle of incidence. Repeat these steps again with a third angle of incidence. The first two columns of Table 4.1 should now be filled. Table 4.1: Data and Results Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Calculated index of refraction of acrylic Average: Analysis 1. For each row of Table 4.1, use Snell s Law to calculate the index of refraction, assuming the index of refraction of air is Average the three values of the index of refraction. Compare the average to the accepted value (n = 1.5) by calculating the percent difference. Question What is the angle of the ray that leaves the trapezoid relative to the ray that enters it? 16

17 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 5: Total Internal Reflection Experiment 5: Total Internal Reflection Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Light Source Trapezoid from Ray Optics Kit Other Required Equipment Protractor White paper Purpose In this experiment, you will determine the critical angle at which total internal reflection occurs in the acrylic trapezoid and confirm your result using Snell s Law. Theory Incident ray Reflected ray For light crossing the boundary between two transparent materials, Snell s Law states q 1 n 1 sin θ 1 = n 2 sin θ 2 n 1 Surface where θ 1 is the angle of incidence, θ 2 is the angle of refraction, and n 1 and n 2 are the respective indices of refraction of the materials (see Figure 5.1). n 2 q 2 Refracted ray (n 1 > n 2 ) In this experiment, you will study a ray as it passes out of the trapezoid, from acrylic (n =1.5) to air (n air =1). Figure 5.1 If the incident angle (θ 1 ) is greater than the critical angle (θ c ), there is no refracted ray and total internal reflection occurs. If θ 1 = θ c, the angle of the refracted ray (θ 2 ) is 90, as in Figure 5.2. In this case, Snell s Law states: n sin θ c = 1 sin 90 Incident ray q c Reflected ray Solving for the sine of critical angle gives: 1 sin θ c = -- n n n air = 1 90 Refracted ray Figure

18 Basic Optics System Experiment 5: Total Internal Reflection Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a sheet of white paper. Turn the wheel to select a single ray. Reflected ray 2. Position the trapezoid as shown in Figure 5.3, with the ray entering the trapezoid at least 2 cm from the tip. 3. Rotate the trapezoid until the emerging ray just barely disappears. Just as it disappears, the ray separates into colors. The trapezoid is correctly positioned if the red has just disappeared. 4. Mark the surfaces of the trapezoid. Mark exactly the point on the surface where the ray is internally reflected. Also mark the entrance point of the incident ray and the exit point of the reflected ray. Incident ray Figure 5.3 Refracted Ray 5. Remove the trapezoid and draw the rays that are incident upon and reflected from the inside surface of the trapezoid. See Figure 5.4. Measure the angle between these rays using a protractor. (Extend these rays to make the protractor easier to use.) Note that this angle is twice the critical angle because the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Record the critical angle here: Exit point θ c = (experimental) Entrance point 2q c Reflection point 6. Calculate the critical angle using Snell s Law and the given index of refraction for Acrylic (n = 1.5). Record the theoretical value here: Figure 5.4 θ c = (theoretical) 7. Calculate the percent difference between the measured and theoretical values: Questions % difference = 1. How does the brightness of the internally reflected ray change when the incident angle changes from less than θ c to greater than θ c? 2. Is the critical angle greater for red light or violet light? What does this tell you about the index of refraction? 18

19 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 6: Convex and Concave Lenses Experiment 6: Convex and Concave Lenses Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Light Source Convex Lens from Ray Optics Kit Concave Lens from Ray Optics Kit Other Required Equipment Metric ruler Purpose In this experiment, you will explore the difference between convex and concave lenses and determine their focal lengths. Theory When parallel light rays pass through a thin lens, they emerge either converging or diverging. The point where the converging rays (or their extensions) cross is the focal point of the lens. The focal length of the lens is the distance from the center of the lens to the focal point. If the rays diverge, the focal length is negative. Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a white sheet of paper. Turn the wheel to select three parallel rays. Shine the rays straight into the convex lens (see Figure 6.1). Incoming rays Note: The lenses used in this experiment have one flat edge. Place the flat edge on the paper so the lens stands stably without rocking. 2. Trace around the surface of the lens and trace the incident and transmitted rays. Indicate the incoming and the outgoing rays with arrows in the appropriate directions. Convex lens Figure The point where the outgoing rays cross is the focal point of the lens. Measure the focal length from the center of the lens to the focal point. Record the result in Table 6.1. Table 6.1: Results Convex Lens Concave Lens Focal Length 4. Repeat the procedure with the concave lens. Note that in step 3, the rays leaving the lens are diverging and do not cross. Use a ruler to extend the outgoing rays straight back through the lens. The focal point is where these extended rays cross. (Remember to record the focal length as a negative number.) 19

20 Basic Optics System Experiment 6: Convex and Concave Lenses 5. Nest the convex and concave lenses together and place them in the path of the parallel rays (see Figure 6.2). Trace the rays. Are the outgoing rays converging, diverging or parallel? What does this tell you about the relationship between the focal lengths of these two lenses? 6. Slide the convex and concave lenses apart by a few centimeters and observe the effect. Then reverse the order of the lenses. Trace at least one pattern of this type. What is the effect of changing the distance between the lenses? What is the effect of reversing their positions? Figure

21 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 7: Hollow Lens Experiment 7: Hollow Lens Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Light Source Hollow Lens from Ray Optics Kit Box from Ray Optics Kit (with lenses and foam insert removed) White Plastic Sheet from Ray Optics Kit Other Equipment Water Paper towels White paper Small weight (to stop lens from floating) Eye-dropper (optional, for removing water from the hollow lens) Purpose In this experiment you will explore how the properties of a lens are related to its shape, its index of refraction, and the index of refraction of the surrounding medium. Background A conventional lens is made of a material whose index of refraction is higher than that of the surrounding medium. For instance, the lenses in a pair of eyeglasses are usually made from glass or plastic with an index of refraction of 1.5 or higher, while the air surrounding the lenses has an index of refraction of 1.0. However, a lens can also have a lower index of refraction than the surrounding medium, as is the case when a hollow lens is filled with air and surrounded by water. (The index of refraction of water is about 1.3.) The hollow lens in this experiment has three sections: a plano-concave section and two plano-convex sections. We will refer to these as sections 1, 2, and 3 (see Figure 7.1). You will determine whether each section acts as a converging or diverging lens when it is a) filled with water and surrounded by air and b) filled with air and surrounded by water. Figure 7.1: The hollow lens Procedure 1. Before you test the hollow lens, make some predictions: For every configuration in Table 7.1, predict whether incoming parallel rays will converge or diverge after passing through the lens. Record your predictions in the table. 2. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a white sheet of paper. Turn the wheel to select five parallel rays. 3. Fill section 1 with water and place the lens in front of the light source so the parallel rays enter it through the flat side. Do the rays converge or diverge after passing through the lens? Record your observation in Table

22 Basic Optics System Experiment 7: Hollow Lens Repeat this step with water in different section of the lens to complete the first four rows of Table 7.1. Table 7.1: Predictions and Observations Lens surrounded by: Section 1 filled with: Section 2 filled with: Section 3 filled with: Prediction (converging or diverging) Observation (converging or diverging) Water Air Air Air Air Water Air Air Air Water Water Air Water Air Water Water Water Water Air Water Water Water Air 4. Put the white plastic sheet in the transparent ray-optics box. Put the hollow lens in the box on top of the sheet as shown in Figure 7.2. Place a small weight on top of the lens to stop it from floating. Position the light source outside of the box so that the rays enter the hollow lens through the flat side. Box Incident rays Hollow lens Figure 7.2: Hollow lens set up for testing surrounded by water 5. Fill the box with water to just below the top of the lens. Fill sections 2 and 3 of the lens with water (leaving section 1 filled with air). Record your observation in Table 7.1. Questions Repeat this step with air in different section of the lens to complete Table Under what conditions is a plano-convex lens converging? Under what conditions is it diverging? 2. If a plano-concave lens of an unknown material is a diverging lens when surrounded by air, is it possible to know whether the lens will be converging or diverging when placed in water? Explain. 22

23 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 8: Lensmaker s Equation Experiment 8: Lensmaker s Equation Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Light Source Concave Lens from Ray Optics Kit Other Required Equipment Metric ruler Purpose In this experiment you will determine the focal length of a concave lens in two ways: a) by direct measurement using ray tracing and b) by measuring the radius of curvature and using the lensmaker s equation. Theory The lensmaker s equation is used to calculate the focal length (in air or a vacuum), f, of a lens based on the radii of curvature of its surfaces (R 1 and R 2 ) and the index of refraction (n) of the lens material: (eq. 8.1) ( n 1) = f R 1 R 2 In this notation, R is positive for a convex surface (as viewed from outside the lens) and R is negative for a concave surface (as in Figure 8.1). Double Concave Lens R 1 R 2 Figure 8.1 Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a white sheet of paper. Turn the wheel to select three parallel rays. Shine the rays straight into the convex lens (see Figure 8.2). Incoming rays Note: The lens has one flat edge. Place the flat edge on the paper so the lens stands stably without rocking. Concave lens Figure

24 Basic Optics System Experiment 8: Lensmaker s Equation 2. Trace around the surface of the lens and trace the incident and transmitted rays. Indicate the incoming and the outgoing rays with arrows in the appropriate directions. 3. Remove the lens. To measure the focal length, use a ruler to extend the outgoing diverging rays straight back through the lens. The focal point is where these extended rays cross. Measure the distance from the center of the lens to the focal point. Record the result as a negative value: f = (measured directly) 4. To determine the radius of curvature, put the concave lens back in the path of the rays and observe the faint reflected rays off the first surface of the lens. The front of the lens can be treated as a concave mirror having a radius of curvature equal to twice the focal length of the effective mirror (see Figure 8.3). Trace the surface of the lens and mark the point where the central ray hits the surface. Block the central ray and mark the point where the two outer rays cross. Measure the distance from the lens surface to the point where the reflected rays cross. The radius of curvature is twice this distance. Record the radius of curvature: 1/2 R Concave lens Figure 8.3: Reflected rays from the lens surface R = 5. For this lens, it is not necessary to measure the curvature of both sides because they are equal (R 1 = R 2 = R). Calculate the focal length of the lens using the lensmaker s equation (Equation 8.1). The index of refraction is 1.5 for the acrylic lens. Remember that a concave surface has a negative radius of curvature. f = (calculated) 6. Calculate the percent difference between the two values of f from step 3 and step 5: % difference = 24

25 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 9: Apparent Depth Experiment 9: Apparent Depth Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Light Source Trapezoid from Ray Optics Kit Convex Lens from Ray Optics Kit Mirror from Ray Optics Kit (used to block rays) Other Required Equipment Metric ruler White paper Very sharp pencil Purpose In this experiment, you will use two different methods to measure the apparent depth of the acrylic trapezoid. You will also determine the index of refraction of acrylic by comparing the apparent depth to the actual depth. Theory Light rays originating from the bottom surface of a block of transparent material refract at the top surface as the rays emerge from the material into the air (see Figure 9.1). When viewed from above, the apparent depth, d, of the bottom surface of the block is less than the actual thickness, t, of the block. The apparent depth is given by n air = 1 n > 1 d t top (eq. 9.1) d = t/n where n is the index of refraction of the material. Part 1: Parallax Method Background Figure 9.1 bottom Place this page flat on the table in front of you. Hold a pencil horizontally a few centimeters above the paper. With one eye closed or covered, look down at the pencil and move your head side to side (without moving the pencil). Notice how the pencil appears to move relative to the words printed on the paper; this phenomenon is known as parallax. Now hold the tip of the pencil on the paper and check for parallax. When there is no parallax between to objects, they are at the same distance from you. Procedure 1. Place a blank sheet of paper flat on the table. Use a straight edge and pencil to draw a vertical line on the paper. Place the trapezoid on the paper over the line as shown in Figure

26 Basic Optics System Experiment 9: Apparent Depth Trapezoid Figure With both eyes, look down through the top of the trapezoid. Does the line viewed through the trapezoid appear to be closer? Close or cover one eye, and move your head side to side. Do you see parallax between the line viewed through the trapezoid and the line viewed directly? 3. In this step, you will hold a pencil near the trapezoid to determine the position of the apparent line. When the pencil and the apparent line are at the same distance from your eye, there will be no parallax between them. While looking down through the trapezoid (with one eye), hold a very sharp pencil as shown in Figure 9.3 so it appears to be lined up with the line inside the trapezoid. Move your head left and right to check for parallax. Move the pencil up or down and check again. When there is no parallax, mark that point. (Hold the trapezoid with your free hand, press the pencil tip gently against the side of the trapezoid and twist the pencil to make a light mark. Erase the mark after you have finished this experiment.) Figure 9.3 Look down Move eye side to side Hold pencil still Analysis 1. Measure the distance from the top of the trapezoid to your pencil mark. Record this apparent depth, d, in the first row of Table Measure the thickness, t, of the trapezoid and record it in Table Use Equation 9.1 to calculate the index of refraction and record your result in Table 9.1. Part 1: Parallax method Part 2: Ray-tracing method Table 9.1: Results d t n Part 2: Ray-tracing Method Procedure 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a white sheet of paper. Turn the wheel to select five parallel rays. Shine the rays straight into the convex lens. Place the mirror on its edge between the ray box and the lens so that it blocks the middle three rays, leaving only the outside two rays (as in Figure 9.4, but do not put the trapezoid there yet). Note: The lens has one flat edge. Place the flat edge on the paper so the lens stands stably without rocking. 26

27 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 9: Apparent Depth 2. Mark the place on the paper where the two rays cross each other. 3. Position the trapezoid as shown in Figure 9.4. The bottom surface of the trapezoid must be exactly at the point where the two rays cross. The crossed rays simulate rays that originate at an object on the bottom of the block. t d top surface 4. Trace the trapezoid and trace the rays diverging from the top surface. bottom surface 5. Remove the trapezoid and light source. Trace the diverging rays back into the trapezoid. The point where these rays cross (inside the trapezoid) is the apparent position of the bottom of the trapezoid when viewed through the top. Convex lens Analysis Mirror on edge 1. Measure the apparent depth, d, and record it in Table Use Equation 9.1 to calculate the index of refraction and record your result in Table 9.1. Figure 9.4 Questions 1. Of the two methods that you used to determine d, which one is more precise? Explain. 2. The accepted value of the index of refraction of acrylic is n = What was the percent difference between the accepted value and each of your two results? 27

28 Basic Optics System Experiment 9: Apparent Depth 28

29 COMPONENT COMPONENT COMPONENT COMPONENT Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 10: Reversibility Experiment 10: Reversibility Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Ray Table D-shaped Lens Light Source Purpose In Trial 1 of this experiment, you will determine the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction for light passing from air into a more optically dense medium (the acrylic of the D-shaped lens). In Trial 2, you will determine whether the same relationship holds between the angles of incidence and refraction for light passing out of a more optically dense medium back into air. That is to say, if the light is traveling in the opposite direction through the lens, is the law of refraction the same or different? By comparing the results of both trials, you will find the answer to this question. In Figure 10.1, notice that refraction occurs only at the flat surface of the D-shaped lens, not at the curved surface. Trial 1 Trial 2 Angle of incidence θ i OS NORMAL NORMAL COMPONENTT COMPONENTC BASIC OPTICS RAY TABLE Angle of refraction θ r1 Angle of incidence θ i OS-8465 NORMAL NOR NORMAL COMPONENT T BASIC OPTICS RAY TABLE C COMPONENT Angle of refraction θ r2 Figure 10.1: Refraction of light passing into the lens (Trial 1) and out of the lens (Trial 2) Setup 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a flat tabletop. Turn the wheel to select a single ray. 2. Put the ray table in front of the light source so the ray from the light source crosses the exact center of the ray table. Light Source Ray Table NORMAL NORMAL BASIC OPTICS RAY TABLE OS Put the D-shaped lens on the ray table exactly centered in the marked outline. Single Ray Figure 10.2: Initial setup for Trial 1 29

30 Basic Optics System Record Data Table 10.1: Data Experiment 10: Reversibility Trial 1 Trial 1 Ray Incident on Flat Surface Trial 2 Ray Incident on Curved Surface 1. Turn the ray table so the incoming ray enters the lens through the flat surface (see Figure 10.2). Angle of Incidence θ i Angle of Refraction θ r1 Angle of Incidence θ i2 Angle of Refraction θ r2 2. Rotate the ray table to set the angle of incidence to each of the values listed in the first column of Table For each angle of incidence (θ i1 ), observe the corresponding angle of refraction (θ r1 ) and record it in the second column of the table. Trial 2 1. Copy all of the values in the second column to the third column of the table. (In other words, the angles of refraction that you observe in Trial 1 will be the angles of incidence that you use in Trial 2.) 2. Turn the ray table so the incoming ray enters the lens through the curved surface. 3. For the angles of incidence (θ i2 ) that you wrote in the third column of the table, observe the corresponding angles of refraction (θ r2 ) and record them in the fourth column. Analysis 1. Using your values for θ i1 and θ r1 and Snell s Law (Equation 10.1), determine the index of refraction of acrylic (n acrylic ). Assume the index of refraction of air (n air ) is 1.0. (eq. 10.1) n air sin( θ i1 ) = n acrylic sin( θ r1 ) n acrylic = (from θ i1 and θ r1 ) 2. Determine n acrylic again, this time using your values of θ i2 and θ r2. Questions n acrylic = (from θ i2 and θ r2 ) 1. Is the law of refraction the same for light rays going in either direction between the two media? 2. Does the principle of optical reversibility hold for reflection as well as refraction? Explain. 30

31 COMPONENT COMPONENT COMPONENT COMPONENT Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 11: Dispersion Experiment 11: Dispersion Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Ray Table D-shaped Lens Light Source Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the index of refraction of acrylic at two different wavelengths. Theory When light crosses the boundary between two transparent media, it is refracted. Snell s Law expresses the relationship between index of refraction of the first medium (n 1 ), the index of refraction of the second medium (n 2 ), the angle of incidence (θ 1 ), and the angle of refraction (θ 2 ): (eq. 11.1) n 1 sinθ 1 = n 2 sinθ 2 Incident ray q 1 n 1 n 2 acrylic air q 2 Refracted ray (n 1 > n 2 ) Figure 11.1 We can assume the index of refraction of air (n 2 in this experiment) is always equal to 1.0. However, the index of refraction of acrylic (n 1 ) depends on the wavelength, or color, of the light. Therefore, the different wavelengths present in an incident ray of white light will be refracted at different angles. The wavelength dependence of a material s index of refraction is known as dispersion. Setup Light Source Ray Table 1. Place the light source in ray-box mode on a flat tabletop. Turn the wheel to select a single ray Put the ray table in front of the light source so the ray from the light source crosses the exact center of the ray table (see Figure 11.2) BASIC OPTICS RAY TABLE OS-8465 NORMAL NORMAL Put the acrylic D-shaped lens on the ray table in the marked outline. Turn the ray table so Single Ray Figure

32 Basic Optics System Experiment 11: Dispersion Procedure the ray enters the lens through the curved surface, and the angle of incidence is Hold a piece of white paper vertically near the edge of the Ray Table so the outgoing ray is visible on the paper. 2. Slowly rotate the ray table to increase the angle of incidence. Notice that the ray is refracted only at the flat surface of the lens, not at the curved surface. As you continue to increase the angle of incidence, watch the refracted light on the paper. Analysis 1. At what angle of refraction do you begin to notice color separation in the refracted light? 2. At what angle of refraction does the maximum color separation occur? 3. What colors are present in the refracted ray? (Write them in the order of minimum to maximum angle of refraction.) 4. Use Snell s Law (Equation 11.1) to calculate the index of refraction of acrylic for red light (n red ) and the index of refraction for blue light (n blue ). 32

33 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 12: Focal Length and Magnification of a Thin Lens Experiment 12: Focal Length and Magnification of a Thin Lens Required Equipment from Basic Optics System Light Source Bench Converging lens of unknown focal length 1 Screen Other Equipment Metric ruler Optics Caliper (optional, for measuring image sizes), PASCO part OS Instructors: see note on page 63. Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the focal length of a thin lens and to measure the magnification for a certain combination of object and image distances. Theory For a thin lens: (eq. 12.1) 1 -- f = d o d i where f is focal length, d o is the distance between the object and the lens, and d i is the distance between the image and the lens. By measuring d o and d i the focal length can be determined. Magnification, M, is the ratio of image size to object size. If the image is inverted, M is negative. Part I: Object at Infinity In this part, you will determine the focal length of the lens by making a single measurement of d i with d o. Procedure 1. Hold the lens in one hand and the screen in the other hand. Focus the image of a distant bright object (such as a window or lamp across the room) on the screen. 2. Have your partner measure the distance from the lens to the screen. This is the image distance, d i. Analysis d i = 1. As d o approaches infinity, what does 1/d o approach? 33

34 Basic Optics System Experiment 12: Focal Length and Magnification of a Thin Lens 2. Use the Thin Lens Formula (Equation 12.1) to calculate the focal length. f = Part II: Object Closer Than Infinity In this part, you will determine the focal length by measuring several pairs of object and image distances and plotting 1/d o versus 1/d i. 1 m Screen Light source Lens Figure 12.1 Procedure 1. Place the light source and the screen on the optics bench 1 m apart with the light source s crossed-arrow object toward the screen. Place the lens between them (see Figure 12.1). 2. Starting with the lens close to the screen, slide the lens away from the screen to a position where a clear image of the crossed-arrow object is formed on the screen. Measure the image distance and the object distance. Record these measurements (and all measurements from the following steps) in Table Measure the object size and the image size for this position of the lens. 4. Without moving the screen or the light source, move the lens to a second position where the image is in focus. Measure the image distance and the object distance. 5. Measure the object size and image size for this position also. Note that you will not see the entire crossed-arrow pattern. Instead, measure the image and object sizes as the distance between two index marks on the pattern (see Figure 12.2 for example). Measure object or image size between two pattern features 6. Repeat steps 2 and 4 with light source-to-screen distances of 90 cm, 80 cm, 70 cm, 60 cm, and 50 cm. For each light source-to-screen distance, find two lens positions where clear images are formed. (You don t need to measure image and object sizes.). Analysis Part A: Focal Length 1. Calculate 1/d o and 1/d i for all 12 rows in Table Plot 1/d o versus 1/d i and find the best-fit line (linear fit). This will give a straight line with the x- and y-intercepts equal to 1/f. Record the intercepts (including units) here: Figure 12.2 y-intercept = 1/f = x-intercept = 1/f = Note: You can plot the data and find the best-fit line on paper or on a computer. 34

35 Model No. OS-8515C Experiment 12: Focal Length and Magnification of a Thin Lens Table 12.1: Image and Object Distances Distance from light source to screen d o d i 1/d o 1/d i Image Size Object Size 100 cm 90 cm 80 cm 70 cm 60 cm 50 cm 3. For each intercept, calculate a value of f and record it in Table Find the percent difference between these two values of f and record them in Table Average these two values of f. Find the percent difference between this average and the focal length that you found in Part I. Record these data in Table Table 12.2: Focal Length f Result from x-intercept Result from y-intercept % difference between results from intercepts Average of results from intercepts Result from Part I % difference between Average of results from intercepts and result from Part I Analysis Part B: Magnification 1. For the first two data points only (the first two lines of Table 12.2), use the image and object distances to calculate the magnification, M, at each position of the lens. Record the results in Table (eq. 12.2) d i M = ---- d o 35

Procedure: Geometrical Optics. Theory Refer to your Lab Manual, pages 291 294. Equipment Needed

Procedure: Geometrical Optics. Theory Refer to your Lab Manual, pages 291 294. Equipment Needed Theory Refer to your Lab Manual, pages 291 294. Geometrical Optics Equipment Needed Light Source Ray Table and Base Three-surface Mirror Convex Lens Ruler Optics Bench Cylindrical Lens Concave Lens Rhombus

More information

EXPERIMENT 6 OPTICS: FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS

EXPERIMENT 6 OPTICS: FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS EXPERIMENT 6 OPTICS: FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS The following website should be accessed before coming to class. Text reference: pp189-196 Optics Bench a) For convenience of discussion we assume that the light

More information

Geometric Optics Converging Lenses and Mirrors Physics Lab IV

Geometric Optics Converging Lenses and Mirrors Physics Lab IV Objective Geometric Optics Converging Lenses and Mirrors Physics Lab IV In this set of lab exercises, the basic properties geometric optics concerning converging lenses and mirrors will be explored. The

More information

Reflection and Refraction

Reflection and Refraction Equipment Reflection and Refraction Acrylic block set, plane-concave-convex universal mirror, cork board, cork board stand, pins, flashlight, protractor, ruler, mirror worksheet, rectangular block worksheet,

More information

Thin Lenses Drawing Ray Diagrams

Thin Lenses Drawing Ray Diagrams Drawing Ray Diagrams Fig. 1a Fig. 1b In this activity we explore how light refracts as it passes through a thin lens. Eyeglasses have been in use since the 13 th century. In 1610 Galileo used two lenses

More information

waves rays Consider rays of light from an object being reflected by a plane mirror (the rays are diverging): mirror object

waves rays Consider rays of light from an object being reflected by a plane mirror (the rays are diverging): mirror object PHYS1000 Optics 1 Optics Light and its interaction with lenses and mirrors. We assume that we can ignore the wave properties of light. waves rays We represent the light as rays, and ignore diffraction.

More information

AP Physics B Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Geometric Optics and Wave Nature of Light

AP Physics B Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Geometric Optics and Wave Nature of Light AP Physics B Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Geometric Optics and Wave Nature of Light Name: Period: Date: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Reflection,

More information

Chapter 17: Light and Image Formation

Chapter 17: Light and Image Formation Chapter 17: Light and Image Formation 1. When light enters a medium with a higher index of refraction it is A. absorbed. B. bent away from the normal. C. bent towards from the normal. D. continues in the

More information

1 of 9 2/9/2010 3:38 PM

1 of 9 2/9/2010 3:38 PM 1 of 9 2/9/2010 3:38 PM Chapter 23 Homework Due: 8:00am on Monday, February 8, 2010 Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy. [Return to Standard Assignment View]

More information

Convex Mirrors. Ray Diagram for Convex Mirror

Convex Mirrors. Ray Diagram for Convex Mirror Convex Mirrors Center of curvature and focal point both located behind mirror The image for a convex mirror is always virtual and upright compared to the object A convex mirror will reflect a set of parallel

More information

C) D) As object AB is moved from its present position toward the left, the size of the image produced A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same

C) D) As object AB is moved from its present position toward the left, the size of the image produced A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same 1. For a plane mirror, compared to the object distance, the image distance is always A) less B) greater C) the same 2. Which graph best represents the relationship between image distance (di) and object

More information

Light and its effects

Light and its effects Light and its effects Light and the speed of light Shadows Shadow films Pinhole camera (1) Pinhole camera (2) Reflection of light Image in a plane mirror An image in a plane mirror is: (i) the same size

More information

Lesson 29: Lenses. Double Concave. Double Convex. Planoconcave. Planoconvex. Convex meniscus. Concave meniscus

Lesson 29: Lenses. Double Concave. Double Convex. Planoconcave. Planoconvex. Convex meniscus. Concave meniscus Lesson 29: Lenses Remembering the basics of mirrors puts you half ways towards fully understanding lenses as well. The same sort of rules apply, just with a few modifications. Keep in mind that for an

More information

Experiment 3 Lenses and Images

Experiment 3 Lenses and Images Experiment 3 Lenses and Images Who shall teach thee, unless it be thine own eyes? Euripides (480?-406? BC) OBJECTIVES To examine the nature and location of images formed by es. THEORY Lenses are frequently

More information

9/16 Optics 1 /11 GEOMETRIC OPTICS

9/16 Optics 1 /11 GEOMETRIC OPTICS 9/6 Optics / GEOMETRIC OPTICS PURPOSE: To review the basics of geometric optics and to observe the function of some simple and compound optical devices. APPARATUS: Optical bench, lenses, mirror, target

More information

2) A convex lens is known as a diverging lens and a concave lens is known as a converging lens. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec.

2) A convex lens is known as a diverging lens and a concave lens is known as a converging lens. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4e (Giancoli) Chapter 33 Lenses and Optical Instruments 33.1 Conceptual Questions 1) State how to draw the three rays for finding the image position due to a thin

More information

Chapter 36 - Lenses. A PowerPoint Presentation by Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics Southern Polytechnic State University

Chapter 36 - Lenses. A PowerPoint Presentation by Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics Southern Polytechnic State University Chapter 36 - Lenses A PowerPoint Presentation by Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics Southern Polytechnic State University 2007 Objectives: After completing this module, you should be able to: Determine

More information

Solution Derivations for Capa #14

Solution Derivations for Capa #14 Solution Derivations for Capa #4 ) An image of the moon is focused onto a screen using a converging lens of focal length (f = 34.8 cm). The diameter of the moon is 3.48 0 6 m, and its mean distance from

More information

1051-232 Imaging Systems Laboratory II. Laboratory 4: Basic Lens Design in OSLO April 2 & 4, 2002

1051-232 Imaging Systems Laboratory II. Laboratory 4: Basic Lens Design in OSLO April 2 & 4, 2002 05-232 Imaging Systems Laboratory II Laboratory 4: Basic Lens Design in OSLO April 2 & 4, 2002 Abstract: For designing the optics of an imaging system, one of the main types of tools used today is optical

More information

LIGHT SECTION 6-REFRACTION-BENDING LIGHT From Hands on Science by Linda Poore, 2003.

LIGHT SECTION 6-REFRACTION-BENDING LIGHT From Hands on Science by Linda Poore, 2003. LIGHT SECTION 6-REFRACTION-BENDING LIGHT From Hands on Science by Linda Poore, 2003. STANDARDS: Students know an object is seen when light traveling from an object enters our eye. Students will differentiate

More information

P R E A M B L E. Facilitated workshop problems for class discussion (1.5 hours)

P R E A M B L E. Facilitated workshop problems for class discussion (1.5 hours) INSURANCE SCAM OPTICS - LABORATORY INVESTIGATION P R E A M B L E The original form of the problem is an Experimental Group Research Project, undertaken by students organised into small groups working as

More information

1. You stand two feet away from a plane mirror. How far is it from you to your image? a. 2.0 ft c. 4.0 ft b. 3.0 ft d. 5.0 ft

1. You stand two feet away from a plane mirror. How far is it from you to your image? a. 2.0 ft c. 4.0 ft b. 3.0 ft d. 5.0 ft Lenses and Mirrors 1. You stand two feet away from a plane mirror. How far is it from you to your image? a. 2.0 ft c. 4.0 ft b. 3.0 ft d. 5.0 ft 2. Which of the following best describes the image from

More information

WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT - DIFFRACTION GRATING

WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT - DIFFRACTION GRATING PURPOSE In this experiment we will use the diffraction grating and the spectrometer to measure wavelengths in the mercury spectrum. THEORY A diffraction grating is essentially a series of parallel equidistant

More information

Lesson 26: Reflection & Mirror Diagrams

Lesson 26: Reflection & Mirror Diagrams Lesson 26: Reflection & Mirror Diagrams The Law of Reflection There is nothing really mysterious about reflection, but some people try to make it more difficult than it really is. All EMR will reflect

More information

RAY OPTICS II 7.1 INTRODUCTION

RAY OPTICS II 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7 RAY OPTICS II 7.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents a discussion of more complicated issues in ray optics that builds on and extends the ideas presented in the last chapter (which you must read first!)

More information

Rutgers Analytical Physics 750:228, Spring 2016 ( RUPHY228S16 )

Rutgers Analytical Physics 750:228, Spring 2016 ( RUPHY228S16 ) 1 of 13 2/17/2016 5:28 PM Signed in as Weida Wu, Instructor Help Sign Out Rutgers Analytical Physics 750:228, Spring 2016 ( RUPHY228S16 ) My Courses Course Settings University Physics with Modern Physics,

More information

Physical Science Study Guide Unit 7 Wave properties and behaviors, electromagnetic spectrum, Doppler Effect

Physical Science Study Guide Unit 7 Wave properties and behaviors, electromagnetic spectrum, Doppler Effect Objectives: PS-7.1 Physical Science Study Guide Unit 7 Wave properties and behaviors, electromagnetic spectrum, Doppler Effect Illustrate ways that the energy of waves is transferred by interaction with

More information

GRID AND PRISM SPECTROMETERS

GRID AND PRISM SPECTROMETERS FYSA230/2 GRID AND PRISM SPECTROMETERS 1. Introduction Electromagnetic radiation (e.g. visible light) experiences reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction phenomena when entering and passing

More information

Lenses and Telescopes

Lenses and Telescopes A. Using single lenses to form images Lenses and Telescopes The simplest variety of telescope uses a single lens. The image is formed at the focus of the telescope, which is simply the focal plane of the

More information

OPTICAL IMAGES DUE TO LENSES AND MIRRORS *

OPTICAL IMAGES DUE TO LENSES AND MIRRORS * 1 OPTICAL IMAGES DUE TO LENSES AND MIRRORS * Carl E. Mungan U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD ABSTRACT The properties of real and virtual images formed by lenses and mirrors are reviewed. Key ideas are

More information

Polarization of Light

Polarization of Light Polarization of Light References Halliday/Resnick/Walker Fundamentals of Physics, Chapter 33, 7 th ed. Wiley 005 PASCO EX997A and EX999 guide sheets (written by Ann Hanks) weight Exercises and weights

More information

Lecture 17. Image formation Ray tracing Calculation. Lenses Convex Concave. Mirrors Convex Concave. Optical instruments

Lecture 17. Image formation Ray tracing Calculation. Lenses Convex Concave. Mirrors Convex Concave. Optical instruments Lecture 17. Image formation Ray tracing Calculation Lenses Convex Concave Mirrors Convex Concave Optical instruments Image formation Laws of refraction and reflection can be used to explain how lenses

More information

LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION QUESTION BANK IN SCIENCE CLASS-X (TERM-II) 10 LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION CONCEPTS To revise the laws of reflection at plane surface and the characteristics of image formed as well as the uses of reflection

More information

Chapter 22: Mirrors and Lenses

Chapter 22: Mirrors and Lenses Chapter 22: Mirrors and Lenses How do you see sunspots? When you look in a mirror, where is the face you see? What is a burning glass? Make sure you know how to:. Apply the properties of similar triangles;

More information

Interference. Physics 102 Workshop #3. General Instructions

Interference. Physics 102 Workshop #3. General Instructions Interference Physics 102 Workshop #3 Name: Lab Partner(s): Instructor: Time of Workshop: General Instructions Workshop exercises are to be carried out in groups of three. One report per group is due by

More information

12.1 What is Refraction pg. 515. Light travels in straight lines through air. What happens to light when it travels from one material into another?

12.1 What is Refraction pg. 515. Light travels in straight lines through air. What happens to light when it travels from one material into another? 12.1 What is Refraction pg. 515 Light travels in straight lines through air. What happens to light when it travels from one material into another? Bending Light The light traveling from an object in water

More information

Lecture Notes for Chapter 34: Images

Lecture Notes for Chapter 34: Images Lecture Notes for hapter 4: Images Disclaimer: These notes are not meant to replace the textbook. Please report any inaccuracies to the professor.. Spherical Reflecting Surfaces Bad News: This subject

More information

THE BOHR QUANTUM MODEL

THE BOHR QUANTUM MODEL THE BOHR QUANTUM MODEL INTRODUCTION When light from a low-pressure gas is subject to an electric discharge, a discrete line spectrum is emitted. When light from such a low-pressure gas is examined with

More information

3D Printing LESSON PLAN PHYSICS 8,11: OPTICS

3D Printing LESSON PLAN PHYSICS 8,11: OPTICS INVESTIGATE RATIONALE Optics is commonly taught through the use of commercial optics kits that usually include a basic set of 2-4 geometric lenses (such as double convex or double concave). These lenses

More information

EXPERIMENT O-6. Michelson Interferometer. Abstract. References. Pre-Lab

EXPERIMENT O-6. Michelson Interferometer. Abstract. References. Pre-Lab EXPERIMENT O-6 Michelson Interferometer Abstract A Michelson interferometer, constructed by the student, is used to measure the wavelength of He-Ne laser light and the index of refraction of a flat transparent

More information

Science In Action 8 Unit C - Light and Optical Systems. 1.1 The Challenge of light

Science In Action 8 Unit C - Light and Optical Systems. 1.1 The Challenge of light 1.1 The Challenge of light 1. Pythagoras' thoughts about light were proven wrong because it was impossible to see A. the light beams B. dark objects C. in the dark D. shiny objects 2. Sir Isaac Newton

More information

Geometrical Optics - Grade 11

Geometrical Optics - Grade 11 OpenStax-CNX module: m32832 1 Geometrical Optics - Grade 11 Rory Adams Free High School Science Texts Project Mark Horner Heather Williams This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative

More information

Care and Use of the Compound Microscope

Care and Use of the Compound Microscope Revised Fall 2011 Care and Use of the Compound Microscope Objectives After completing this lab students should be able to 1. properly clean and carry a compound and dissecting microscope. 2. focus a specimen

More information

Question based on Refraction and Refractive index. Glass Slab, Lateral Shift.

Question based on Refraction and Refractive index. Glass Slab, Lateral Shift. Question based on Refraction and Refractive index. Glass Slab, Lateral Shift. Q.What is refraction of light? What are the laws of refraction? Ans: Deviation of ray of light from its original path when

More information

Name Class Date Laboratory Investigation 4B Chapter 4: Cell Structure

Name Class Date Laboratory Investigation 4B Chapter 4: Cell Structure Name Class Date Laboratory Investigation 4B Chapter 4: Cell Structure The Microscope: A Tool of the Scientist You may refer to pages 66-67, 72-73 in your textbook for a general discussion of microscopes.

More information

Chapter 23. The Reflection of Light: Mirrors

Chapter 23. The Reflection of Light: Mirrors Chapter 23 The Reflection of Light: Mirrors Wave Fronts and Rays Defining wave fronts and rays. Consider a sound wave since it is easier to visualize. Shown is a hemispherical view of a sound wave emitted

More information

Light and Sound. Pupil Booklet

Light and Sound. Pupil Booklet Duncanrig Secondary School East Kilbride S2 Physics Elective Light and Sound Name: Pupil Booklet Class: SCN 3-11a - By exploring the refraction of light when passed through different materials, lenses

More information

Physics 25 Exam 3 November 3, 2009

Physics 25 Exam 3 November 3, 2009 1. A long, straight wire carries a current I. If the magnetic field at a distance d from the wire has magnitude B, what would be the the magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance d/3 from the wire,

More information

Study Guide for Exam on Light

Study Guide for Exam on Light Name: Class: Date: Study Guide for Exam on Light Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is used

More information

Light Energy. Countdown: Experiment 1: 1 tomato paste can (without top or bottom) table lamp white poster board, 7 x 9

Light Energy. Countdown: Experiment 1: 1 tomato paste can (without top or bottom) table lamp white poster board, 7 x 9 Light Energy Grade Level: 5 Time Required: 1-2 class periods Suggested TEKS: Science - 5.8 Suggested SCANS: Information. Acquires and evaluates information. National Science and Math Standards Science

More information

Chapter 27 Optical Instruments. 27.1 The Human Eye and the Camera 27.2 Lenses in Combination and Corrective Optics 27.3 The Magnifying Glass

Chapter 27 Optical Instruments. 27.1 The Human Eye and the Camera 27.2 Lenses in Combination and Corrective Optics 27.3 The Magnifying Glass Chapter 27 Optical Instruments 27.1 The Human Eye and the Camera 27.2 Lenses in Combination and Corrective Optics 27.3 The Magnifying Glass Figure 27 1 Basic elements of the human eye! Light enters the

More information

ELECTRIC FIELD LINES AND EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES

ELECTRIC FIELD LINES AND EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES ELECTRIC FIELD LINES AND EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES The purpose of this lab session is to experimentally investigate the relation between electric field lines of force and equipotential surfaces in two dimensions.

More information

Experiment 5: Magnetic Fields of a Bar Magnet and of the Earth

Experiment 5: Magnetic Fields of a Bar Magnet and of the Earth MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Physics 8.02 Spring 2005 Experiment 5: Magnetic Fields of a Bar Magnet and of the Earth OBJECTIVES 1. To examine the magnetic field associated with a

More information

PHYS 222 Spring 2012 Final Exam. Closed books, notes, etc. No electronic device except a calculator.

PHYS 222 Spring 2012 Final Exam. Closed books, notes, etc. No electronic device except a calculator. PHYS 222 Spring 2012 Final Exam Closed books, notes, etc. No electronic device except a calculator. NAME: (all questions with equal weight) 1. If the distance between two point charges is tripled, the

More information

Diffraction of Laser Light

Diffraction of Laser Light Diffraction of Laser Light No Prelab Introduction The laser is a unique light source because its light is coherent and monochromatic. Coherent light is made up of waves, which are all in phase. Monochromatic

More information

19 - RAY OPTICS Page 1 ( Answers at the end of all questions )

19 - RAY OPTICS Page 1 ( Answers at the end of all questions ) 19 - RAY OPTICS Page 1 1 ) A ish looking up through the water sees the outside world contained in a circular horizon. I the reractive index o water is 4 / 3 and the ish is 1 cm below the surace, the radius

More information

7.2. Focusing devices: Unit 7.2. context. Lenses and curved mirrors. Lenses. The language of optics

7.2. Focusing devices: Unit 7.2. context. Lenses and curved mirrors. Lenses. The language of optics context 7.2 Unit 7.2 ocusing devices: Lenses and curved mirrors Light rays often need to be controlled and ed to produce s in optical instruments such as microscopes, cameras and binoculars, and to change

More information

Size Of the Image Nature Of the Image At Infinity At the Focus Highly Diminished, Point Real and Inverted

Size Of the Image Nature Of the Image At Infinity At the Focus Highly Diminished, Point Real and Inverted CHAPTER-10 LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION Light rays; are; electromagnetic in nature, and do not need material medium for Propagation Speed of light in vacuum in 3*10 8 m/s When a light ray falls on a

More information

Crystal Optics of Visible Light

Crystal Optics of Visible Light Crystal Optics of Visible Light This can be a very helpful aspect of minerals in understanding the petrographic history of a rock. The manner by which light is transferred through a mineral is a means

More information

MATHEMATICS TEST. Paper 1 calculator not allowed LEVEL 6 TESTS ANSWER BOOKLET. First name. Middle name. Last name. Date of birth Day Month Year

MATHEMATICS TEST. Paper 1 calculator not allowed LEVEL 6 TESTS ANSWER BOOKLET. First name. Middle name. Last name. Date of birth Day Month Year LEVEL 6 TESTS ANSWER BOOKLET Ma MATHEMATICS TEST LEVEL 6 TESTS Paper 1 calculator not allowed First name Middle name Last name Date of birth Day Month Year Please circle one Boy Girl Year group School

More information

The light. Light (normally spreads out straight... ... and into all directions. Refraction of light

The light. Light (normally spreads out straight... ... and into all directions. Refraction of light The light Light (normally spreads out straight...... and into all directions. Refraction of light But when a light ray passes from air into glas or water (or another transparent medium), it gets refracted

More information

HOMEWORK 4 with Solutions

HOMEWORK 4 with Solutions Winter 996 HOMEWORK 4 with Solutions. ind the image of the object for the single concave mirror system shown in ig. (see next pages for worksheets) by: (a) measuring the radius R and calculating the focal

More information

Understanding astigmatism Spring 2003

Understanding astigmatism Spring 2003 MAS450/854 Understanding astigmatism Spring 2003 March 9th 2003 Introduction Spherical lens with no astigmatism Crossed cylindrical lenses with astigmatism Horizontal focus Vertical focus Plane of sharpest

More information

Alignement of a ring cavity laser

Alignement of a ring cavity laser Alignement of a ring cavity laser 1 Introduction This manual describes a procedure to align the cavity of our Ti:Sapphire ring laser and its injection with an Argon-Ion pump laser beam. The setup is shown

More information

Physics 10. Lecture 29A. "There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it." --Edith Wharton

Physics 10. Lecture 29A. There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it. --Edith Wharton Physics 10 Lecture 29A "There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it." --Edith Wharton Converging Lenses What if we wanted to use refraction to converge parallel

More information

Theremino System Theremino Spectrometer Technology

Theremino System Theremino Spectrometer Technology Theremino System Theremino Spectrometer Technology theremino System - Theremino Spectrometer Technology - August 15, 2014 - Page 1 Operation principles By placing a digital camera with a diffraction grating

More information

Interferometers. OBJECTIVES To examine the operation of several kinds of interferometers. d sin = n (1)

Interferometers. OBJECTIVES To examine the operation of several kinds of interferometers. d sin = n (1) Interferometers The true worth of an experimenter consists in his pursuing not only what he seeks in his experiment, but also what he did not seek. Claude Bernard (1813-1878) OBJECTIVES To examine the

More information

1 Laboratory #5: Grating Spectrometer

1 Laboratory #5: Grating Spectrometer SIMG-215-20061: LABORATORY #5 1 Laboratory #5: Grating Spectrometer 1.1 Objective: To observe and measure the spectra of different light sources. 1.2 Materials: 1. OSA optics kit. 2. Nikon digital camera

More information

Mirror, mirror - Teacher Guide

Mirror, mirror - Teacher Guide Introduction Mirror, mirror - Teacher Guide In this activity, test the Law of Reflection based on experimental evidence. However, the back-silvered glass mirrors present a twist. As light travels from

More information

A Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators

A Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators A Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators D. J. McCarron December 7, 2007 1 Introduction Acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) are useful devices which allow the frequency, intensity and direction of a laser beam

More information

Revision problem. Chapter 18 problem 37 page 612. Suppose you point a pinhole camera at a 15m tall tree that is 75m away.

Revision problem. Chapter 18 problem 37 page 612. Suppose you point a pinhole camera at a 15m tall tree that is 75m away. Revision problem Chapter 18 problem 37 page 612 Suppose you point a pinhole camera at a 15m tall tree that is 75m away. 1 Optical Instruments Thin lens equation Refractive power Cameras The human eye Combining

More information

Physics 116. Nov 4, 2011. Session 22 Review: ray optics. R. J. Wilkes Email: ph116@u.washington.edu

Physics 116. Nov 4, 2011. Session 22 Review: ray optics. R. J. Wilkes Email: ph116@u.washington.edu Physics 116 Session 22 Review: ray optics Nov 4, 2011 R. J. Wilkes Email: ph116@u.washington.edu ! Exam 2 is Monday!! All multiple choice, similar to HW problems, same format as Exam 1!!! Announcements

More information

Newton s Second Law. ΣF = m a. (1) In this equation, ΣF is the sum of the forces acting on an object, m is the mass of

Newton s Second Law. ΣF = m a. (1) In this equation, ΣF is the sum of the forces acting on an object, m is the mass of Newton s Second Law Objective The Newton s Second Law experiment provides the student a hands on demonstration of forces in motion. A formulated analysis of forces acting on a dynamics cart will be developed

More information

Physics 202 Problems - Week 8 Worked Problems Chapter 25: 7, 23, 36, 62, 72

Physics 202 Problems - Week 8 Worked Problems Chapter 25: 7, 23, 36, 62, 72 Physics 202 Problems - Week 8 Worked Problems Chapter 25: 7, 23, 36, 62, 72 Problem 25.7) A light beam traveling in the negative z direction has a magnetic field B = (2.32 10 9 T )ˆx + ( 4.02 10 9 T )ŷ

More information

Using the Spectrophotometer

Using the Spectrophotometer Using the Spectrophotometer Introduction In this exercise, you will learn the basic principals of spectrophotometry and and serial dilution and their practical application. You will need these skills to

More information

MD5-26 Stacking Blocks Pages 115 116

MD5-26 Stacking Blocks Pages 115 116 MD5-26 Stacking Blocks Pages 115 116 STANDARDS 5.MD.C.4 Goals Students will find the number of cubes in a rectangular stack and develop the formula length width height for the number of cubes in a stack.

More information

Build Your Own Solar Car Teach build learn renewable Energy! Page 1 of 1

Build Your Own Solar Car Teach build learn renewable Energy! Page 1 of 1 Solar Car Teach build learn renewable Energy! Page 1 of 1 Background Not only is the sun a source of heat and light, it s a source of electricity too! Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, are used

More information

Color and Light. DELTA SCIENCE READER Overview... 125 Before Reading... 126 Guide the Reading... 127 After Reading... 133

Color and Light. DELTA SCIENCE READER Overview... 125 Before Reading... 126 Guide the Reading... 127 After Reading... 133 Color and Light T ABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT DELTA SCIENCE MODULES Program Introduction................... iii Teacher s Guide..................... iv Delta Science Readers............... vi Equipment and

More information

THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE In microbiology, the microscope plays an important role in allowing us to see tiny objects that are normally invisible to the naked eye. It is essential for students to learn how

More information

PHYS 39a Lab 3: Microscope Optics

PHYS 39a Lab 3: Microscope Optics PHYS 39a Lab 3: Microscope Optics Trevor Kafka December 15, 2014 Abstract In this lab task, we sought to use critical illumination and Köhler illumination techniques to view the image of a 1000 lines-per-inch

More information

Optics and Geometry. with Applications to Photography Tom Davis tomrdavis@earthlink.net http://www.geometer.org/mathcircles November 15, 2004

Optics and Geometry. with Applications to Photography Tom Davis tomrdavis@earthlink.net http://www.geometer.org/mathcircles November 15, 2004 Optics and Geometry with Applications to Photography Tom Davis tomrdavis@earthlink.net http://www.geometer.org/mathcircles November 15, 2004 1 Useful approximations This paper can be classified as applied

More information

Wednesday 15 January 2014 Morning Time: 2 hours

Wednesday 15 January 2014 Morning Time: 2 hours Write your name here Surname Other names Pearson Edexcel Certificate Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Mathematics A Paper 4H Centre Number Wednesday 15 January 2014 Morning Time: 2 hours Candidate Number

More information

- the. or may. scales on. Butterfly wing. magnified about 75 times.

- the. or may. scales on. Butterfly wing. magnified about 75 times. Lecture Notes (Applications of Diffraction) Intro: - the iridescent colors seen in many beetles is due to diffraction of light rays hitting the small groovess of its exoskeleton - these ridges are only

More information

FRICTION, WORK, AND THE INCLINED PLANE

FRICTION, WORK, AND THE INCLINED PLANE FRICTION, WORK, AND THE INCLINED PLANE Objective: To measure the coefficient of static and inetic friction between a bloc and an inclined plane and to examine the relationship between the plane s angle

More information

Physics 41, Winter 1998 Lab 1 - The Current Balance. Theory

Physics 41, Winter 1998 Lab 1 - The Current Balance. Theory Physics 41, Winter 1998 Lab 1 - The Current Balance Theory Consider a point at a perpendicular distance d from a long straight wire carrying a current I as shown in figure 1. If the wire is very long compared

More information

4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES HW/Study Packet

4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES HW/Study Packet 4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES HW/Study Packet Required: READ Hamper pp 115-134 SL/HL Supplemental: Cutnell and Johnson, pp 473-477, 507-513 Tsokos, pp 216-242 REMEMBER TO. Work through all

More information

Light Energy OBJECTIVES

Light Energy OBJECTIVES 11 Light Energy Can you read a book in the dark? If you try to do so, then you will realize, how much we are dependent on light. Light is very important part of our daily life. We require light for a number

More information

Rockets: Taking Off! Racing Balloon

Rockets: Taking Off! Racing Balloon Rockets: Taking Off! For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Rockets and Balloons What happens when you blow up a balloon then let it go? Does the balloon move through the air? Did you

More information

Learning about light and optics in on-line general education classes using at-home experimentation.

Learning about light and optics in on-line general education classes using at-home experimentation. Learning about light and optics in on-line general education classes using at-home experimentation. Jacob Millspaw, Gang Wang, and Mark F. Masters Department of Physics, Indiana University Purdue University

More information

After a wave passes through a medium, how does the position of that medium compare to its original position?

After a wave passes through a medium, how does the position of that medium compare to its original position? Light Waves Test Question Bank Standard/Advanced Name: Question 1 (1 point) The electromagnetic waves with the highest frequencies are called A. radio waves. B. gamma rays. C. X-rays. D. visible light.

More information

v = fλ PROGRESSIVE WAVES 1 Candidates should be able to :

v = fλ PROGRESSIVE WAVES 1 Candidates should be able to : PROGRESSIVE WAVES 1 Candidates should be able to : Describe and distinguish between progressive longitudinal and transverse waves. With the exception of electromagnetic waves, which do not need a material

More information

Lecture 12: Cameras and Geometry. CAP 5415 Fall 2010

Lecture 12: Cameras and Geometry. CAP 5415 Fall 2010 Lecture 12: Cameras and Geometry CAP 5415 Fall 2010 The midterm What does the response of a derivative filter tell me about whether there is an edge or not? Things aren't working Did you look at the filters?

More information

Experiment #2: Determining Sugar Content of a Drink. Objective. Introduction

Experiment #2: Determining Sugar Content of a Drink. Objective. Introduction Experiment #2: Determining Sugar Content of a Drink Objective How much sugar is there in your drink? In this experiment, you will measure the amount of sugar dissolved in a soft drink by using two different

More information

PH3FP. (JUn13PH3Fp01) General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier June 2013. Unit Physics P3 TOTAL. Time allowed 1 hour

PH3FP. (JUn13PH3Fp01) General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier June 2013. Unit Physics P3 TOTAL. Time allowed 1 hour Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials Physics Unit Physics P3 Thursday 23 May 2013 For this paper you must have: a ruler a calculator

More information

CALIBRATION FOR LAL20X & LAL24X

CALIBRATION FOR LAL20X & LAL24X CALIBRATION AND FAULT FINDING FOR LAL20X & LAL24X DUMPY LEVELS MEASURING EXPERTS SINCE 1869 How The LAL20X & LAL24X Works The Automatic level is called Automatic because it requires only a simple basic

More information

Lesson #13 Congruence, Symmetry and Transformations: Translations, Reflections, and Rotations

Lesson #13 Congruence, Symmetry and Transformations: Translations, Reflections, and Rotations Math Buddies -Grade 4 13-1 Lesson #13 Congruence, Symmetry and Transformations: Translations, Reflections, and Rotations Goal: Identify congruent and noncongruent figures Recognize the congruence of plane

More information

Teacher s Resource. 2. The student will see the images reversed left to right.

Teacher s Resource. 2. The student will see the images reversed left to right. Answer Booklet Reflection of Light With a Plane (Flat) Mirror Trace a Star Page 16 1. The individual students will complete the activity with varying degrees of difficulty. 2. The student will see the

More information

ATOMIC SPECTRA. Apparatus: Optical spectrometer, spectral tubes, power supply, incandescent lamp, bottles of dyed water, elevating jack or block.

ATOMIC SPECTRA. Apparatus: Optical spectrometer, spectral tubes, power supply, incandescent lamp, bottles of dyed water, elevating jack or block. 1 ATOMIC SPECTRA Objective: To measure the wavelengths of visible light emitted by atomic hydrogen and verify the measured wavelengths against those predicted by quantum theory. To identify an unknown

More information

Volume of Right Prisms Objective To provide experiences with using a formula for the volume of right prisms.

Volume of Right Prisms Objective To provide experiences with using a formula for the volume of right prisms. Volume of Right Prisms Objective To provide experiences with using a formula for the volume of right prisms. www.everydaymathonline.com epresentations etoolkit Algorithms Practice EM Facts Workshop Game

More information

Third Grade Light and Optics Assessment

Third Grade Light and Optics Assessment Third Grade Light and Optics Assessment 1a. Light travels at an amazingly high speed. How fast does it travel? a. 186,000 miles per second b. 186,000 miles per hour 1b. Light travels at an amazingly high

More information