waves rays Consider rays of light from an object being reflected by a plane mirror (the rays are diverging): mirror object
|
|
- Alexis Opal Booker
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PHYS1000 Optics 1 Optics Light and its interaction with lenses and mirrors. We assume that we can ignore the wave properties of light. waves rays We represent the light as rays, and ignore diffraction. We can do this as long as the ray, and the objects it reflects from/is refracted by, are much wider that the wavelength of the light. Light from an object Light from a single point on an object spreads out in all directions it is diverging light. Reflection from a flat mirror Consider rays of light from an object being reflected by a plane mirror (the rays are diverging): image mirror object Each ray obeys the usual law of reflection (θ r = θ i ), and the rays continue to diverge at the same rate. What happens when we look into the mirror? To the viewer, the rays of light appear to travel in
2 PHYS1000 Optics 2 straight lines, and seem to come from an object behind the mirror. The light is identical to that which would have come from an object behind the mirror if the mirror was not present we see an image of the object. Since the light rays do not actually come from the image, we call it a virtual image. Diverging light appears to come from an object Converging light If rays of light are converging, they will all meet at a single point: screen If the rays are projected onto a screen, you can see an image of the original object on the screen a real image. diverging light converging light from real object or virtual image forms a real image on a screen
3 PHYS1000 Optics 3 How to change the divergence/convergence of light A problem with trying to project real images is that light from objects always diverges. We need to have a way of changing the rate at which light converges or diverges. This can be done using a curved mirror (reflection) or a curved lens (refraction). Since the surface is curved, rays of light hitting the mirror or lens in different places are reflected or refracted in different directions. Diverging mirror Converging mirror Diverging lens Converging lens
4 PHYS1000 Optics 4 Lenses and mirrors A curved surface changes the convergence/divergence of light. If we want to use these lenses or mirrors to form clear images of objects, they need to have the correct curvature the surface should be parabolic ie shaped like a parabola. Unfortunately, it s hard to make a good parabolic surface, so almost all lenses and mirrors are made with spherical surfaces. A sperical surface is almost exactly the same as a parabolic surface, as long as the light hits the lens or mirror near the centre. EXTRA Since a spherical surface isn t ideal, it produces distortions in the image spherical aberration. EXTRA Since the refractive index of glass varies with wavelength, different colours are refracted differently, producing chromatic aberration. A combination of different materials can be used in the lens to reduce this. convex mirror concave mirror lens thicker in middle bi-convex plano-convex meniscus (concave-convex) lens thinner in middle bi-concave plano-concave meniscus (concave-convex) diverging converging converging diverging Focal length A good way to measure the effect of a lens or mirror is to the focal length. This is the distance from the lens at which parallel rays of light will be focussed to a point. This point is called the focal point. The rays coming from a diverging mirror or lens do not meet at a point, but they do appear to come from a point. We represent this by a negative focal length. converging lenses and mirrors have positive focal lengths diverging lenses and mirrors have negative focal lengths the points on each side of the lens where parallel rays will be focussed are the focal points Ray diagrams We can see what will happen in an optical system by drawing a diagram showing where the rays from an object will go a ray diagram. First, we draw a line through the centre of the optical system the optic axis. Secondly, we can draw some rays on the diagram. There are three easy rays to draw: a ray travelling through the centre of the lens continues in a straight line a ray parallel to the optic axis is deflected through the focal point a ray passing through the (other) focal point will be deflected so that it is parallel to the optic axis (rays in an optical system are reversible) Using these principal rays, the position, size, and type of the image can be found. We only need to use two of them; usually the first two are used. The image is at the point where the principal rays meet.
5 PHYS1000 Optics 5 Example: real image produced by a converging lens Example: virtual image produced by a diverging lens There are three main cases of interest if we have a single lens: 1. real image produced by a converging lens (pictured above) when the object is more than a focal length away from the lens 2. virtual image produced by a converging lens (pictured above) when the object is less than one focal length away from the lens 3. virtual image produced by a diverging lens object any distance away
6 PHYS1000 Optics 6 Optical instruments Some optical instruments consist of just a single lens - for example, a magnifying glass, a camera, or a lens in a pair of glasses. Sometimes, two lenses are needed. Telescope A telescope consists of a long focal length objective lens, and a shorter focal length eyepiece. eyepiece is used to view and magnify the real image produced by the objective. The Microscope A microscope uses a very short focal length objective lens, and a longer focal length eyepiece. The eye The eye can also considered an optical instrument. The focal length of the eye is variable. An real image is formed on the back of the eye, the retina, which is covered in light-sensitive receptor cells (rods and cones). EXTRA Eye safety and lasers The light from a bright object like the sun is not focussed to a single point - an image of the object is formed. The energy in the light from the object is spread out over a large area (compared to the rods and cones on the retina). The light from a laser is parallel, and will be focussed to a very small area. The size of the spot will only be limited by diffraction, and will be about a wavelength wide. So a laser of of only moderate power will produce very high intensities on the retina and will cause damage where the greater energy in, for example, sunlight, spread out over a much larger area, will not.
7 PHYS1000 Optics 7 Mathematical optics ADVANCED While ray diagrams can be very useful for illustrating what happens in an optical system, they are not very accurate. For accuracy, we need to use mathematical methods. Vergence We measure how fast light is converging or diverging by it s vergence: V = ± n d where n is the refractive index the light is travelling in (not the refractive index of the lens), and d is the distance to the point at which the rays of light meet the point from which they are diverging from, or converging to. The sign (positive or negative) of the vergence is determined by whether the light is converging or diverging: Negative vergence is diverging light Light from an object, diverging light produced by another lens (virtual image), or light that has been focussed to a real image and is diverging again Positive vergence is converging light Light that has been made to converge by a lens or mirror this light will form a real image Zero vergence is parallel light Very distant objects will have a vergence of almost zero Vergence has SI units of m 1. This unit is often called a dioptre. Power of a lens or mirror The power of a lens or a curved measures the effect that it has on the convergence/divergence of light. The power is related to the focal length: P = ± n f The sign of the power depends on the type of lens: Negative power diverging lense/mirror Convex mirror, concave lens, lens thinner in the middle Positive power converging lens/mirror Concave mirror, convex lens, lens thicker in the middle Zero power Flat mirror or flat sheet of glass The SI units of power are also dioptres
8 PHYS1000 Optics 8 Effect of a lens/mirror V f = P + V I Note that: Initial vergence V I is usually negative, since light from objects always diverges A diverging lens/mirror (with a negative power P) will make the divergence even more negative the image will always be virtual A converging lens/mirror (with a positive power) can produce either a real image (V F > 0) or virtual image (V F < 0) You may have done similar calculations using the formula = 1 d object d image f or a similar formula. You can use such a formula if you want; note that the formula is the same, except for possibly different conventions for positive and negative signs. Magnification How large is the image compared to the object? The magnification depends on the position of the object and image: Positive magnification upright image Negative magnification inverted image m = V I V F How to calculate the power It s useful to be able to calculate the power of a lens or a mirror if we don t know the focal length. Mirror P = ± 2n r where r is the radius of curvature of the mirror, and n is the refractive index of the surrounding medium (usually n = 1). The sign depends on whether the mirror is converging (convex positive) or diverging (concave negative).
9 PHYS1000 Optics 9 Lens P = n in n out r where r is the radius of curvature, n in is the refractive index inside the curve (not necessarily inside the lens), and n out is the refractive index outside the curve. This formula is called the lensmaker s formula. It gives the power of a single curved surface. Usually a lens has two curved surfaces. You will need to use this formula twice, and add the two powers together. More than one lens or mirror If they are very close together, just add the powers. Otherwise, we just need to find the final vergence V F produced by the first lens, then find the initial vergence V I at the second lens (the vergence changes as the rays travel), and then find the effect of the second lens.
1. You stand two feet away from a plane mirror. How far is it from you to your image? a. 2.0 ft c. 4.0 ft b. 3.0 ft d. 5.0 ft
Lenses and Mirrors 1. You stand two feet away from a plane mirror. How far is it from you to your image? a. 2.0 ft c. 4.0 ft b. 3.0 ft d. 5.0 ft 2. Which of the following best describes the image from
More informationGeometric Optics Converging Lenses and Mirrors Physics Lab IV
Objective Geometric Optics Converging Lenses and Mirrors Physics Lab IV In this set of lab exercises, the basic properties geometric optics concerning converging lenses and mirrors will be explored. The
More information2) A convex lens is known as a diverging lens and a concave lens is known as a converging lens. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec.
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 4e (Giancoli) Chapter 33 Lenses and Optical Instruments 33.1 Conceptual Questions 1) State how to draw the three rays for finding the image position due to a thin
More informationLesson 29: Lenses. Double Concave. Double Convex. Planoconcave. Planoconvex. Convex meniscus. Concave meniscus
Lesson 29: Lenses Remembering the basics of mirrors puts you half ways towards fully understanding lenses as well. The same sort of rules apply, just with a few modifications. Keep in mind that for an
More informationConvex Mirrors. Ray Diagram for Convex Mirror
Convex Mirrors Center of curvature and focal point both located behind mirror The image for a convex mirror is always virtual and upright compared to the object A convex mirror will reflect a set of parallel
More informationRAY OPTICS II 7.1 INTRODUCTION
7 RAY OPTICS II 7.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents a discussion of more complicated issues in ray optics that builds on and extends the ideas presented in the last chapter (which you must read first!)
More informationChapter 36 - Lenses. A PowerPoint Presentation by Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics Southern Polytechnic State University
Chapter 36 - Lenses A PowerPoint Presentation by Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics Southern Polytechnic State University 2007 Objectives: After completing this module, you should be able to: Determine
More informationLecture 17. Image formation Ray tracing Calculation. Lenses Convex Concave. Mirrors Convex Concave. Optical instruments
Lecture 17. Image formation Ray tracing Calculation Lenses Convex Concave Mirrors Convex Concave Optical instruments Image formation Laws of refraction and reflection can be used to explain how lenses
More informationThin Lenses Drawing Ray Diagrams
Drawing Ray Diagrams Fig. 1a Fig. 1b In this activity we explore how light refracts as it passes through a thin lens. Eyeglasses have been in use since the 13 th century. In 1610 Galileo used two lenses
More informationSolution Derivations for Capa #14
Solution Derivations for Capa #4 ) An image of the moon is focused onto a screen using a converging lens of focal length (f = 34.8 cm). The diameter of the moon is 3.48 0 6 m, and its mean distance from
More informationC) D) As object AB is moved from its present position toward the left, the size of the image produced A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same
1. For a plane mirror, compared to the object distance, the image distance is always A) less B) greater C) the same 2. Which graph best represents the relationship between image distance (di) and object
More information9/16 Optics 1 /11 GEOMETRIC OPTICS
9/6 Optics / GEOMETRIC OPTICS PURPOSE: To review the basics of geometric optics and to observe the function of some simple and compound optical devices. APPARATUS: Optical bench, lenses, mirror, target
More informationEXPERIMENT 6 OPTICS: FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS
EXPERIMENT 6 OPTICS: FOCAL LENGTH OF A LENS The following website should be accessed before coming to class. Text reference: pp189-196 Optics Bench a) For convenience of discussion we assume that the light
More informationChapter 17: Light and Image Formation
Chapter 17: Light and Image Formation 1. When light enters a medium with a higher index of refraction it is A. absorbed. B. bent away from the normal. C. bent towards from the normal. D. continues in the
More informationHOMEWORK 4 with Solutions
Winter 996 HOMEWORK 4 with Solutions. ind the image of the object for the single concave mirror system shown in ig. (see next pages for worksheets) by: (a) measuring the radius R and calculating the focal
More information1 of 9 2/9/2010 3:38 PM
1 of 9 2/9/2010 3:38 PM Chapter 23 Homework Due: 8:00am on Monday, February 8, 2010 Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy. [Return to Standard Assignment View]
More informationRutgers Analytical Physics 750:228, Spring 2016 ( RUPHY228S16 )
1 of 13 2/17/2016 5:28 PM Signed in as Weida Wu, Instructor Help Sign Out Rutgers Analytical Physics 750:228, Spring 2016 ( RUPHY228S16 ) My Courses Course Settings University Physics with Modern Physics,
More informationAP Physics B Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Geometric Optics and Wave Nature of Light
AP Physics B Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Geometric Optics and Wave Nature of Light Name: Period: Date: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Reflection,
More informationChapter 27 Optical Instruments. 27.1 The Human Eye and the Camera 27.2 Lenses in Combination and Corrective Optics 27.3 The Magnifying Glass
Chapter 27 Optical Instruments 27.1 The Human Eye and the Camera 27.2 Lenses in Combination and Corrective Optics 27.3 The Magnifying Glass Figure 27 1 Basic elements of the human eye! Light enters the
More informationHow to make a Galileian Telescope
How to make a Galileian Telescope I. THE BASICS THE PRINCIPLES OF OPTICS A Galileian telescope uses just two lenses. The objective lens is convergent (plano-convex), the ocular lens is divergent (plano-concave).
More informationLecture Notes for Chapter 34: Images
Lecture Notes for hapter 4: Images Disclaimer: These notes are not meant to replace the textbook. Please report any inaccuracies to the professor.. Spherical Reflecting Surfaces Bad News: This subject
More informationProcedure: Geometrical Optics. Theory Refer to your Lab Manual, pages 291 294. Equipment Needed
Theory Refer to your Lab Manual, pages 291 294. Geometrical Optics Equipment Needed Light Source Ray Table and Base Three-surface Mirror Convex Lens Ruler Optics Bench Cylindrical Lens Concave Lens Rhombus
More informationBasic Optics System OS-8515C
40 50 30 60 20 70 10 80 0 90 80 10 20 70 T 30 60 40 50 50 40 60 30 C 70 20 80 10 90 90 0 80 10 70 20 60 50 40 30 Instruction Manual with Experiment Guide and Teachers Notes 012-09900B Basic Optics System
More informationRevision problem. Chapter 18 problem 37 page 612. Suppose you point a pinhole camera at a 15m tall tree that is 75m away.
Revision problem Chapter 18 problem 37 page 612 Suppose you point a pinhole camera at a 15m tall tree that is 75m away. 1 Optical Instruments Thin lens equation Refractive power Cameras The human eye Combining
More informationScience In Action 8 Unit C - Light and Optical Systems. 1.1 The Challenge of light
1.1 The Challenge of light 1. Pythagoras' thoughts about light were proven wrong because it was impossible to see A. the light beams B. dark objects C. in the dark D. shiny objects 2. Sir Isaac Newton
More informationChapter 23. The Reflection of Light: Mirrors
Chapter 23 The Reflection of Light: Mirrors Wave Fronts and Rays Defining wave fronts and rays. Consider a sound wave since it is easier to visualize. Shown is a hemispherical view of a sound wave emitted
More informationReflection and Refraction
Equipment Reflection and Refraction Acrylic block set, plane-concave-convex universal mirror, cork board, cork board stand, pins, flashlight, protractor, ruler, mirror worksheet, rectangular block worksheet,
More informationGeometrical Optics - Grade 11
OpenStax-CNX module: m32832 1 Geometrical Optics - Grade 11 Rory Adams Free High School Science Texts Project Mark Horner Heather Williams This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative
More informationLenses and Telescopes
A. Using single lenses to form images Lenses and Telescopes The simplest variety of telescope uses a single lens. The image is formed at the focus of the telescope, which is simply the focal plane of the
More information7.2. Focusing devices: Unit 7.2. context. Lenses and curved mirrors. Lenses. The language of optics
context 7.2 Unit 7.2 ocusing devices: Lenses and curved mirrors Light rays often need to be controlled and ed to produce s in optical instruments such as microscopes, cameras and binoculars, and to change
More informationLIGHT SECTION 6-REFRACTION-BENDING LIGHT From Hands on Science by Linda Poore, 2003.
LIGHT SECTION 6-REFRACTION-BENDING LIGHT From Hands on Science by Linda Poore, 2003. STANDARDS: Students know an object is seen when light traveling from an object enters our eye. Students will differentiate
More informationLight and its effects
Light and its effects Light and the speed of light Shadows Shadow films Pinhole camera (1) Pinhole camera (2) Reflection of light Image in a plane mirror An image in a plane mirror is: (i) the same size
More information1051-232 Imaging Systems Laboratory II. Laboratory 4: Basic Lens Design in OSLO April 2 & 4, 2002
05-232 Imaging Systems Laboratory II Laboratory 4: Basic Lens Design in OSLO April 2 & 4, 2002 Abstract: For designing the optics of an imaging system, one of the main types of tools used today is optical
More informationLIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
QUESTION BANK IN SCIENCE CLASS-X (TERM-II) 10 LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION CONCEPTS To revise the laws of reflection at plane surface and the characteristics of image formed as well as the uses of reflection
More informationFirst let us consider microscopes. Human eyes are sensitive to radiation having wavelengths between
Optical Differences Between Telescopes and Microscopes Robert R. Pavlis, Girard, Kansas USA icroscopes and telescopes are optical instruments that are designed to permit observation of objects and details
More informationLight and Sound. Pupil Booklet
Duncanrig Secondary School East Kilbride S2 Physics Elective Light and Sound Name: Pupil Booklet Class: SCN 3-11a - By exploring the refraction of light when passed through different materials, lenses
More informationSize Of the Image Nature Of the Image At Infinity At the Focus Highly Diminished, Point Real and Inverted
CHAPTER-10 LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION Light rays; are; electromagnetic in nature, and do not need material medium for Propagation Speed of light in vacuum in 3*10 8 m/s When a light ray falls on a
More informationLesson 26: Reflection & Mirror Diagrams
Lesson 26: Reflection & Mirror Diagrams The Law of Reflection There is nothing really mysterious about reflection, but some people try to make it more difficult than it really is. All EMR will reflect
More informationExperiment 3 Lenses and Images
Experiment 3 Lenses and Images Who shall teach thee, unless it be thine own eyes? Euripides (480?-406? BC) OBJECTIVES To examine the nature and location of images formed by es. THEORY Lenses are frequently
More informationStudy Guide for Exam on Light
Name: Class: Date: Study Guide for Exam on Light Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is used
More informationOPTICAL IMAGES DUE TO LENSES AND MIRRORS *
1 OPTICAL IMAGES DUE TO LENSES AND MIRRORS * Carl E. Mungan U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD ABSTRACT The properties of real and virtual images formed by lenses and mirrors are reviewed. Key ideas are
More informationSection 13.3 Telescopes and Microscopes
Glass correcting plate Secondary Finder scope ive Diagonal prism Equatorial drive Equatorial mount Section 13.3 Telescopes and Microscopes Tripod Not everything that we wish to see is visible to the naked
More informationChapter 22: Mirrors and Lenses
Chapter 22: Mirrors and Lenses How do you see sunspots? When you look in a mirror, where is the face you see? What is a burning glass? Make sure you know how to:. Apply the properties of similar triangles;
More informationPhysics 116. Nov 4, 2011. Session 22 Review: ray optics. R. J. Wilkes Email: ph116@u.washington.edu
Physics 116 Session 22 Review: ray optics Nov 4, 2011 R. J. Wilkes Email: ph116@u.washington.edu ! Exam 2 is Monday!! All multiple choice, similar to HW problems, same format as Exam 1!!! Announcements
More informationPhysics 25 Exam 3 November 3, 2009
1. A long, straight wire carries a current I. If the magnetic field at a distance d from the wire has magnitude B, what would be the the magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance d/3 from the wire,
More informationOptics and Geometry. with Applications to Photography Tom Davis tomrdavis@earthlink.net http://www.geometer.org/mathcircles November 15, 2004
Optics and Geometry with Applications to Photography Tom Davis tomrdavis@earthlink.net http://www.geometer.org/mathcircles November 15, 2004 1 Useful approximations This paper can be classified as applied
More informationPhysics, Chapter 38: Mirrors and Lenses
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Robert Katz Publications Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy 1-1-1958 Physics, Chapter 38: Mirrors and Lenses Henry
More informationUnderstanding astigmatism Spring 2003
MAS450/854 Understanding astigmatism Spring 2003 March 9th 2003 Introduction Spherical lens with no astigmatism Crossed cylindrical lenses with astigmatism Horizontal focus Vertical focus Plane of sharpest
More informationLaws; of Refraction. bends away from the normal. more dense medium bends towards the normal. to another does not bend. It is not
Science 8 Laws; of Refraction 1. tight that moyes at an angle from a less dense medium to a more dense medium bends towards the normal. (The second medium slows the light down) Note: The angle of refraction,
More informationLesson. Objectives. Compare how plane, convex, and concave. State the law of reflection.
KH_BD1_SEG5_U4C12L3_407-415.indd 407 Essential Question How Do Lenses and Mirrors Affect Light? What reflective surfaces do you see in your classroom? What are the different properties of these surfaces
More informationOptical Standards. John Nichol BSc MSc
Optical Standards John Nichol BSc MSc The following notes are presented to explain: Spherical Aberration The Airy Disk Peak to Valley, RMS and Strehl Ratio Standards of Optics produced by Nichol Optical
More informationLight Energy OBJECTIVES
11 Light Energy Can you read a book in the dark? If you try to do so, then you will realize, how much we are dependent on light. Light is very important part of our daily life. We require light for a number
More informationOptical Communications
Optical Communications Telecommunication Engineering School of Engineering University of Rome La Sapienza Rome, Italy 2005-2006 Lecture #2, May 2 2006 The Optical Communication System BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
More informationChapter 6 Telescopes: Portals of Discovery. How does your eye form an image? Refraction. Example: Refraction at Sunset.
Chapter 6 Telescopes: Portals of Discovery 6.1 Eyes and Cameras: Everyday Light Sensors Our goals for learning:! How does your eye form an image?! How do we record images? How does your eye form an image?
More information19 - RAY OPTICS Page 1 ( Answers at the end of all questions )
19 - RAY OPTICS Page 1 1 ) A ish looking up through the water sees the outside world contained in a circular horizon. I the reractive index o water is 4 / 3 and the ish is 1 cm below the surace, the radius
More informationPHYSICS PAPER 1 (THEORY)
PHYSICS PAPER 1 (THEORY) (Three hours) (Candidates are allowed additional 15 minutes for only reading the paper. They must NOT start writing during this time.) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN Department of Physics and Engineering Physics
UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Physics 111.6 MIDTERM TEST #4 March 15, 2007 Time: 90 minutes NAME: (Last) Please Print (Given) STUDENT NO.: LECTURE SECTION (please
More informationThird Grade Light and Optics Assessment
Third Grade Light and Optics Assessment 1a. Light travels at an amazingly high speed. How fast does it travel? a. 186,000 miles per second b. 186,000 miles per hour 1b. Light travels at an amazingly high
More informationTeacher s Resource. 2. The student will see the images reversed left to right.
Answer Booklet Reflection of Light With a Plane (Flat) Mirror Trace a Star Page 16 1. The individual students will complete the activity with varying degrees of difficulty. 2. The student will see the
More information3D Printing LESSON PLAN PHYSICS 8,11: OPTICS
INVESTIGATE RATIONALE Optics is commonly taught through the use of commercial optics kits that usually include a basic set of 2-4 geometric lenses (such as double convex or double concave). These lenses
More informationPhysical Science Study Guide Unit 7 Wave properties and behaviors, electromagnetic spectrum, Doppler Effect
Objectives: PS-7.1 Physical Science Study Guide Unit 7 Wave properties and behaviors, electromagnetic spectrum, Doppler Effect Illustrate ways that the energy of waves is transferred by interaction with
More information7 Light and Geometric Optics
7 Light and Geometric Optics By the end of this chapter, you should be able to do the following: Use ray diagrams to analyse situations in which light reflects from plane and curved mirrors state the law
More informationThe light. Light (normally spreads out straight... ... and into all directions. Refraction of light
The light Light (normally spreads out straight...... and into all directions. Refraction of light But when a light ray passes from air into glas or water (or another transparent medium), it gets refracted
More informationVision Correction in Camera Viewfinders
Vision Correction in Camera Viewfinders Douglas A. Kerr Issue 2 March 23, 2015 ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION Many camera viewfinders are equipped with a lever or knob that controls adjustable vision correction,
More informationLight Telescopes. Grade Level: 5. 2-3 class periods (more if in-depth research occurs)
Light Telescopes Grade Level: 5 Time Required: Suggested TEKS: Science - 5.4 Suggested SCANS Information. Acquires and evaluates information. National Science and Math Standards Science as Inquiry, Earth
More informationMaking a reflector telescope
Making a reflector telescope telescope built by Sir Isaac Newton Replica of the first reflector Nowadays, professional astronomers use another type of telescope that is different to the first telescope
More informationAspherical Lens Design by Using a Numerical Analysis
Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 51, No. 1, July 27, pp. 93 13 Aspherical Lens Design by Using a Numerical Analysis Gyeong-Il Kweon Department of Optoelectronics, Honam University, Gwangju
More informationFIFTH GRADE TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH GRADE TECHNOLOGY 3 WEEKS LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES SCIENCE AND MATH OVERVIEW OF FIFTH GRADE SCIENCE AND MATH WEEK 1. PRE: Interpreting data from a graph. LAB: Estimating data and comparing results
More informationOptical laser beam scanner lens relay system
1. Introduction Optical laser beam scanner lens relay system Laser beam scanning is used most often by far in confocal microscopes. There are many ways by which a laser beam can be scanned across the back
More informationPhysics 10. Lecture 29A. "There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it." --Edith Wharton
Physics 10 Lecture 29A "There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle or the mirror that reflects it." --Edith Wharton Converging Lenses What if we wanted to use refraction to converge parallel
More informationSTAAR Science Tutorial 30 TEK 8.8C: Electromagnetic Waves
Name: Teacher: Pd. Date: STAAR Science Tutorial 30 TEK 8.8C: Electromagnetic Waves TEK 8.8C: Explore how different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum such as light and radio waves are used to
More informationPHYS 222 Spring 2012 Final Exam. Closed books, notes, etc. No electronic device except a calculator.
PHYS 222 Spring 2012 Final Exam Closed books, notes, etc. No electronic device except a calculator. NAME: (all questions with equal weight) 1. If the distance between two point charges is tripled, the
More informationA concise guide to Safety Glasses, the different standards and the effects of light on the eye. Contents. Links. Year of publication: 2010
A concise guide to Safety Glasses, the different standards and the effects of light on the eye Year of publication: 2010 Produced by the leading supplier of Safety Glasses in the UK. All Rights Reserved.
More informationLenses and Apertures of A TEM
Instructor: Dr. C.Wang EMA 6518 Course Presentation Lenses and Apertures of A TEM Group Member: Anup Kr. Keshri Srikanth Korla Sushma Amruthaluri Venkata Pasumarthi Xudong Chen Outline Electron Optics
More informationEXPERIMENT O-6. Michelson Interferometer. Abstract. References. Pre-Lab
EXPERIMENT O-6 Michelson Interferometer Abstract A Michelson interferometer, constructed by the student, is used to measure the wavelength of He-Ne laser light and the index of refraction of a flat transparent
More informationIntroduction to Optics
Second Edition Introduction to Optics FRANK L. PEDROTTI, S.J. Marquette University Milwaukee, Wisconsin Vatican Radio, Rome LENO S. PEDROTTI Center for Occupational Research and Development Waco, Texas
More informationPhysics 1230: Light and Color
Physics 1230: Light and Color The Eye: Vision variants and Correction http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys1230 What does 20/20 vision mean? Visual acuity is usually measured with a Snellen chart Snellen
More informationOptical Design using Fresnel Lenses
Optical Design using Fresnel Lenses Basic principles and some practical examples Arthur Davis and Frank Kühnlenz Reflexite Optical Solutions Business Abstract The fresnel lens can be used in a wide variety
More information- the. or may. scales on. Butterfly wing. magnified about 75 times.
Lecture Notes (Applications of Diffraction) Intro: - the iridescent colors seen in many beetles is due to diffraction of light rays hitting the small groovess of its exoskeleton - these ridges are only
More informationDOING PHYSICS WITH MATLAB COMPUTATIONAL OPTICS RAYLEIGH-SOMMERFELD DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND
DOING PHYSICS WITH MATLAB COMPUTATIONAL OPTICS RAYLEIGH-SOMMERFELD DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RADIANT FLUX DENSITY AT THE FOCUS OF A CONVERGENCE BEAM
More informationBasic Geometrical Optics
F UNDAMENTALS OF PHOTONICS Module 1.3 Basic Geometrical Optics Leno S. Pedrotti CORD Waco, Texas Optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. In this module, you will learn about one
More informationOptical Systems Design with Zemax OpticStudio. Lecture 1
Optical Systems Design with Zemax OpticStudio Lecture 1 Why Optical Systems Design Optical system design is no longer a skill reserved for a few professionals. With readily available commercial optical
More informationPHYSICS 534 (Revised Edition 2001)
Student Study Guide PHYSICS 534 (Revised Edition 2001) Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Student Study Guide Physics 534 (Revised Edition - 2000) This Study Guide was written by a committee of Physics teachers
More informationName Class Date Laboratory Investigation 4B Chapter 4: Cell Structure
Name Class Date Laboratory Investigation 4B Chapter 4: Cell Structure The Microscope: A Tool of the Scientist You may refer to pages 66-67, 72-73 in your textbook for a general discussion of microscopes.
More informationHow To Understand General Relativity
Chapter S3 Spacetime and Gravity What are the major ideas of special relativity? Spacetime Special relativity showed that space and time are not absolute Instead they are inextricably linked in a four-dimensional
More informationEquations, Lenses and Fractions
46 Equations, Lenses and Fractions The study of lenses offers a good real world example of a relation with fractions we just can t avoid! Different uses of a simple lens that you may be familiar with are
More informationTHE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE In microbiology, the microscope plays an important role in allowing us to see tiny objects that are normally invisible to the naked eye. It is essential for students to learn how
More informationFirstView 3 Reflector Telescope Owner s Manual
FirstView 3 Reflector Telescope Owner s Manual 1. Horizontal Locking Auxiliary Screw 2. Main Mount 3. Pitching Auxiliary Knob 4. Pitching Shaft Screw 5. Rack and Pinion Focusing Knob 6. Thumb Nut for Finder
More informationIn this project, you will be observing at least three objects with a telescope or binoculars, and drawing what you see.
Telescopic Observations Materials: Paper, pencil, camera, Telescope or Binoculars In this project, you will be observing at least three objects with a telescope or binoculars, and drawing what you see.
More informationEndoscope Optics. Chapter 8. 8.1 Introduction
Chapter 8 Endoscope Optics Endoscopes are used to observe otherwise inaccessible areas within the human body either noninvasively or minimally invasively. Endoscopes have unparalleled ability to visualize
More informationLearning Optics using Vision
Learning Optics using Vision Anjul Maheshwari David R. Williams Biomedical Engineering Center for Visual Science University of Rochester Rochester, NY Center for Adaptive Optics Project #42 2 INTRODUCTION
More informationIntroduction. In Physics light is referred to as electromagnetic radiation which is a natural phenomenon that can
Introduction In Physics light is referred to as electromagnetic radiation which is a natural phenomenon that can also be produced and detected through technological means. It has proven invaluable for
More informationThe Vertex Power of Ophthalmic Lenses
The Vertex Power of Ophthalmic Lenses Douglas A. Kerr Issue 6 December 7, 2010 ABSTRACT The ability of a lens to converge or diverge rays of light that arrive on separate, parallel paths is quantified
More informationPhysical Science 20 - Final Exam Practice
Physical Science 20 - Final Exam Practice SHORT ANSWER IS ALL CURVED MIRRORS AND LENSES Mirrors and Lenses 1. Complete the following ray diagrams for curved mirrors. Write the 4 characteristics of each
More informationReview for Test 3. Polarized light. Action of a Polarizer. Polarized light. Light Intensity after a Polarizer. Review for Test 3.
Review for Test 3 Polarized light No equation provided! Polarized light In linearly polarized light, the electric field vectors all lie in one single direction. Action of a Polarizer Transmission axis
More informationPhysics 30 Worksheet # 14: Michelson Experiment
Physics 30 Worksheet # 14: Michelson Experiment 1. The speed of light found by a Michelson experiment was found to be 2.90 x 10 8 m/s. If the two hills were 20.0 km apart, what was the frequency of the
More informationReview Vocabulary spectrum: a range of values or properties
Standards 7.3.19: Explain that human eyes respond to a narrow range of wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. 7.3.20: Describe that something can be seen when light waves emitted or reflected by
More informationInterference. Physics 102 Workshop #3. General Instructions
Interference Physics 102 Workshop #3 Name: Lab Partner(s): Instructor: Time of Workshop: General Instructions Workshop exercises are to be carried out in groups of three. One report per group is due by
More informationBuying Your First Telescope By Mike Usher
Buying Your First Telescope By Mike Usher The first thing to understand is that a telescope is a high quality optical device and high quality optical devices are not inexpensive. Second mortgages are not
More informationBeam shaping to generate uniform Laser Light Sheet and Linear Laser Spots
Beam shaping to generate uniform Laser Light Sheet and Linear Laser Spots Alexander Laskin, Vadim Laskin AdlOptica GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany ABSTRACT Generation of Laser Light Sheet
More information