ODRŽAVANJE ACIDO-BAZNE RAVNOTEŽE. (računalna simulacija)
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1 2009/10. ODRŽAVANJE ACIDO-BAZNE RAVNOTEŽE (računalna simulacija) Lada Radin, dr. vet. med. Ana Shek-Vugrovečki, dr. vet. med.
2 ph KRVI ph označava koncentraciju vodikovih iona u tjelesnim tekućinama ph vrijednosti recipročne su s koncentracijom H+ iona (zbog njihovih ekstremno niskih koncentracija) ph = -log [H + ] dvostruka promjena u konc. H+ iona, mijenja ph za 0,3 ph krvi i tkivnih tekućina oko 7,4 ACIDOZA ph ispod 7,35 ALKALOZA ph iznad 7,45
3 Otkud H + ioni? Kako su regulirani? najviše H + iona nastaje: tijekom transporta CO 2 iz tkiva u pluća produkt metabolizma proteina, masti, i oksidacije glukoze u stanicama u patološkim stanjima: povećano stvaranje ili smanjena eliminacija (plućima i bubrezima) puferski sustavi, pluća i bubreg reguliraju koncentraciju H + iona u organizmu pluća reguliraju pco 2, a bubrezi koncentraciju HCO 3 - pluća respiratorne, bubrezi metaboličke probleme
4 KISELINE I BAZE KISELINE su proton donori otpuštaju H + BAZE su proton akceptori vežu se na H + Jaka kiselina potpuno disocira otpuštajući H + (HCl) Slaba kiselina disocira djelomično (H 2 C0 3 ) Jaka lužina (HC0 3- ) ima veliku sposobnost vezanja H + (uklanja H + iz otopine)
5 Henderson Hasselbachova jednadžba CO 2 + H 2 O karboanhidraza H 2 CO 3 brzo H+ + HCO 3 - CO 2 + H 2 O H + + HCO 3 - odnos vode, co 2, vodikovih iona i bikarbonatnih iona u tijelu primarni pufer u tijelu je bikarbonatni (HCO 3) koji je u stalnoj ravnoteži s vodom i CO 2
6 Što ustvari govori HH jednadžba? kiselost (ph) = bikarbonat ugljik dioksid A = B (bicarbonate) C (carbon) D (dioxide) ph ovisi o odnosu konc. baze (HCO 3- ) i nedisocirane kiseline (H + ) porast bikarbonata raste ph (lužnato) porast ugljik dioksida pada ph (kiselo) ph = pk + bubrezi pluca
7 Što to ustvari znači? A-B poremetnja Primarni poremećaj metabolička acidoza metabolička alkaloza respiratorna acidoza respiratorna alkaloza
8 PUFERSKI SUSTAVI U ORGANIZMU Što su puferi? KEMIJSKI PUFERI BIKARBONATNI (53%) PROTEINSKI (42%) djeluju trenutno FOSFATNI (5%) RESPIRATORNI SUSTAV 1 do 15 min BUBREŽNI SUSTAV više min i dana
9 KEMIJSKI PUFERI BIKARBONATNI PUFER Smjesa H 2 CO 3 i NaHCO 3 izvan stanice Glavni pufer izvanstanične tekućine HCl + NaHCO 3 Jaka kiselina + pufer H 2 CO 3 + NaCl slaba kiselina + sol NaOH + H 2 CO 3 NaHCO 3 + H 2 O jaka lužina + slaba kiselina slaba lužina + voda Le Chatelierov princip CO 2 + H 2 O karboanhidraza H 2 CO brzo 3 H + + HCO - 3
10 KEMIJSKI PUFERI PROTEINSKI PUFER Bjelančevine stanica i plazme (hemoglobin! 35%) 3/4 snage kemijskih puferskih sustava FOSFATNI PUFER Smjesa H 2 PO 4 - i HPO 4 2- uz Na + Važan u tubulskoj tekućini bubrega zbog visoke koncentracije fosfata Važan u staničnoj tekućini
11 RESPIRATORNI SUSTAVI KOMPENZACIJE Respiratorna acidoza rezultat smanjene respiracije ili hipoventilacije nakuplja se CO 2 u krvi, nastaje H 2 CO 3 pco 2 H + ph krvi UZROCI -depresija centra za disanje -ozljede prsnog koša -teške bolesti pluća iscrpljenost sedativi sepsa teške opekotine SIMPTOMI Ubrzano, plitko disanje Dispenja Dezorjentiranost Slabost Nizak ph i visok CO 2
12 Rješenje: 1. aktiviraju se puferski sustavi (primarno hemoglobin!) 2. disanje se ubrza, dublje je (izbacivanje CO 2 ) 3. bubreg se uključuje kako bi kroz duže vrijeme vratio koncentracije na fiziološku razinu (izbacivanje viška H +, stvaranje HCO 3- ) acidobazna ravnoteža vraća se u potpunosti na normalnu kada je rješen primarni uzrok nastanka
13 BUBREŽNI ODGOVOR NA RESPIRATORNU ACIDOZU u krvi je povećana koncentracija H + iona, a smanjen udio HCO 3 - više H + se secernira u tubule i spaja s HCO 3 -, nastaje H 2 CO 3 H 2 O + CO 2 Na + se reapsorbira u zamjenu za secernirani H + CO 2 difundira u stanice epitela tubula gdje s H 2 O daje H 2 CO 3 H 2 CO 3 H+ + HCO 3 -
14 BUBREŽNI ODGOVOR NA RESPIRATORNU ACIDOZU mokraća se zakiseljuje u krvi raste udio Na + i HCO 3 - ph krvi se povećava *višak secerniranih H + iona u tubulima se puferira pomoću fosfatnog i amonijskog puferačime se regulira kiselost mokraće, koja ne može biti niža od ph 4,5
15 Stabler i sur. (2008): PhysioEx 7.0 for human physiology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, SAD.
16 BUBREŽNI ODGOVOR NA RESPIRATORNU ACIDOZU Vježba 4. pco 2 ph krvi H + u urinu HCO 3- u urinu
17 BUBREŽNI ODGOVOR NA RESPIRATORNU ACIDOZU Vježba 6. pco 2 ph krvi H + u urinu HCO 3- u urinu 40 7,4 normalna normalna 60 7,3 povišena snižena 75 7,2 povišena snižena 90 7,1 povišena snižena
18 Respiratorna alkaloza uslijed hiperventilacije smanjuje se parcijalni tlak CO 2 u krvi pco 2 H + ph krvi UZROCI Panika Jaka bol Vrućica Trovanje (pretjerano nakupljanje) amonijakom Upala i ozljede pluća Ascites Anestezirija (supresija CNS-a) SIMPTOMI Ubrzano, duboko disanje Napadaji Zbunjenost Trzanje mišića Visok ph i nizak CO 2
19 RESPIRATORNI SUSTAV KOMPENZACIJE Rješenje: rebreathing Ponovno udisanje izdahnutog zraka Izdahnuti zrak, u odnosu na vanjski, sadrži: Manje kisika Više ugljikovog dioksida U pluća se unosi više CO 2 Raste pco 2 u krvi, pada ph ako patološko stanje potraje, uključuje se bubreg
20 BUBREŽNI ODGOVOR NA RESPIRATORNU ALKALOZU u krvi je smanjena koncentracija H + više HCO 3- dolazi glomerularnom filtracijom u tubule, manje H + se secernira HCO 3- se izlučuje mokraćom vezan uz Na + ili drugi pozitivan ion mokraća se zalužuje ph mokraće raste u krvi se smanjuje koncentracija HCO 3- te se ph krvi normalizira
21 BUBREŽNI ODGOVOR NA RESPIRATORNU ALKALOZU Vježba 5. pco 2 ph krvi H + u urinu HCO 3- u urinu 40 7,4 Normalna Normalna 35 7,5 Normalna Normalna 30 7,6 Snižena Povišena 20 7,7 Snižena Povišena
22 BUBREŽNI SUSTAV KOMPENZACIJE Glavna uloga u održavanju ravnoteže tjelesnih tekućina i elektrolita u organizmu Najveći puferski kapacitet, ali treba najviše vremena da se aktivira (sati, dani) sprečava prekomjernu hidraciju i dehidraciju regulira izlučivanje iona
23 Kompenzacija Kompenzirana respiratorna acidoza - ph krvi unutar fizioloških granica - pco 2 ostaje povišen jer nije riješen primarni uzrok u dišnom sustavu Kompenzirana respiratorna alkaloza - ph krvi unutar fizioloških granica - pco 2 ostaje snižen jer nije riješen primarni uzrok poremećaja u dišnom sustavu
24 Metabolička acidoza SIMPTOMI - najćešći acidobazni poremećaj Duboko, otežano disanje Dezorijentiranost Trzanje mišićja Nizak ph i nizak HCO 3 - rezultat povećanog katabolizma (više CO 2 ), nagomilavanja ketokiselina (šećerna bolest, ketoza), proljeva (gubitak HCO 3- ), teška dehidracija, bolesti bubrega DIŠNI ODGOVOR NA METABOLIČKU ACIDOZU disanje se ubrzava izbacuje se višak CO 2 disanjem koncentracija H + u krvi smanjuje se bubrežnom ekskrecijom, resorbira se više HCO3 - ph krvi raste
25 DIŠNI ODGOVOR NA METABOLIČKU ACIDOZU Intenzitet metabolizm a Udisaj a/min ph krvi pco 2 H + u krvi HCO 3 - u krvi
26 Vježba 8. DIŠNI ODGOVOR NA METABOLIČKU ACIDOZU Intenzitet metabolizma Udisaja /min ph krvi pco 2 H + u krvi HCO 3- u krvi , , , , ,5
27 Metabolička alkaloza rezultat povraćanja ili začepa, unosa bikarbonata, torzije sirišta u preživača,hipokalemije povišena koncentracija HCO 3- u plazmi, povišen ph krvi SIMPTOMI Ubrzano, plitko disanje Dispneja Dezorijentiranost Slabost Visok ph i nizak pco 2 DIŠNI ODGOVOR NA METABOLIČKU ALKALOZU disanje se usporava disanjem se izbacuje manje CO 2 u krvi raste koncentracija H + (smanjeno lučenje kroz bubrege) ph krvi pada dok ne dosegne normalu
28 Vježba 9. DIŠNI ODGOVOR NA METABOLIČKU ACIDOZU Intenzitet metabolizma Udisaja /min ph krvi pco 2 H + u krvi HCO 3- u krvi , , , ,
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