BIOMARKERS AND TOXICITY MECHANISMS 06 Mechanisms Metabolism & Detoxification. Luděk Bláha, PřF MU, RECETOX
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1 BIOMARKERS AND TOXICITY MECHANISMS 06 Mechanisms Metabolism & Detoxification Luděk Bláha, PřF MU, RECETOX
2 Metabolism and detoxification Chemicals enter body... mostly via food Pass directly through liver main metabolism organ
3 Detoxification Basic principle of detoxification elimination of hydrophobic compounds from body formation of more polar & soluble products Two principal phases in metabolism (Phase I & II) well studied in vertebrates (mammals) liver: major organ involved in detoxification Plants similar oxidating enzymes as described (cytochrom oxidase, phenol oxidase, peroxidase...) Phase III - elimination - both from cell & body
4 Importance of nutrients and vitamins in detoxification
5 Phase I Key enzymes MFOs = mixed function oxidases / oxygenases Membrane bound to Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane vesicles "microsomes" = S-9 fraction can be extracted from cells S9 microsomes used for in vitro metabolization (e.g.during genotoxicity testing)
6 Detoxification - Phase I Key principle enzymes are cytochromes P450 (CYPs) Haem (porfyrin) - containing enzymes superfamily of more than 150 genes - several classes and subclasses different substrate specificity; structure... Some examples... Diverse functions Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) basic for detoxification of hydrophobic environmental contaminants Cytochrome P450 19A (CYP19) "aromatase" involved in synthesis of estradiol (aromatization of testosterone) DME = Drug Metabolism Enzymes
7 CYPs and their functions
8 Types of reactions catalyzed by CYPs (and Phase II enzymes) Highlighted = will be discussed also later
9 CYPs - example: steroid hormone synthesis Cholesterol CYP11A Pregnenolone 3 -HSD Progesterone CYP21 11-Deoxycorticosterone CYP11B2 Corticosterone CYP11B2 Aldosterone Zona glomerulosa CYP17 CYP OH- Pregnenolone 3 -HSD 17 -OH- Progesterone CYP21 11-Deoxycortisol CYP11B1 Cortisol Zona fasciculata CYP17 CYP17 DHEA 3 -HSD Androstene -dione 17 -HSD Testosterone CYP Estradiol Zona reticularis
10 CYP450 overview
11 Hydroxylation (oxidation) mechanism key in detoxification
12 Examples of CYP mediated reactions
13 Examples of CYP mediated reactions
14 Examples of CYP mediated reactions
15 CYPs and BIOACTIVATION pro-mutagen (procarcinogen) mutagen (carcinogen) Benzo[a]pyrene
16 CYPs and BIOACTIVATION of procarcinogen
17 CYPs and BIOACTIVATION AFLATOXIN-A
18 CYPs and BIOACTIVATION ethanol
19 CYPs and toxicity of drugs Example - PARACETAMOL toxicity
20 Detoxification Phase II Key reactions = conjugations Reactive xenobiotics or metabolites formed in phase I with endogeneous substrates saccharides and their derivatives glucuronic acid, aminoacids (glycine) peptides: glutathione (GSH) Forming water soluble AND nontoxic products (conjugates) Phase II enzymes ( transferases ): glutathion S-transferase (GST) UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-GTS) epoxid hydrolase (EH) sulfotransferase (ST)
21
22 Glutathione - major donor of SH (thiol) groups in cells (MW ~ 300 g/mol) - concentrations in tissues and blood up to 5 mm (1.5 g/l)
23 Examples of conjugation reactions
24 Xenobiotic conjugations with GSH
25 Phase III elimination / membrane transport Phase III transporters ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) protein superfamily (one of the largest, and most ancient in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans) transmembrane proteins - transport across extra- and intracellular membranes (metabolic products, lipids, sterols, drugs)
26 ABC transporters - examples - MRP (MDR) - multidrug resistance-associated protein family - OATP - Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide - P-glycoprotein
27 ABC one of the resistance mechanisms of tumour cells to anticancer drugs
28 ABC one of the resistance mechanisms of bacteria to antibiotics
29 Constitutive vs Induced detoxification enzymes Detoxification enzymes expression Constitutive low background levels (always present) May be induced - by substrates CYP1A induction via Ah-receptor (AhR) Substrate: hydrophobic organochlorine compounds (PCDDs/Fs, PAHs PCBs...) [see also: lectures on nuclear receptors] Other CYPs Drugs inductions of specific CYP classes Phase II enzymes Substrates = reactive toxicants, metabolites from Phase I ABC transporters Induction by respective chemicals (drugs etc)
30 CYP1A induction role of AhR
31 Summary toxic consequences of detoxification BIOACTIVATION activation of pro-mutagens/pro-carcinogens etc. increasing side adverse effects of certain drugs Increase in oxidative reactions oxidative stress production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (see oxidative damage and stress lectures) Side toxic effects (see nuclear receptor lectures) e.g. increased degradation of endogeneous compounds (retinoids regulatory molecules degraded by CYP1A Crosstalk with other mechanisms & receptors Energy (ATP) depletion chronic inductions of detox enzymes permanent extra energetic demand Development of resistance to toxic compounds Loss of efficiency of anticancer drugs, antibiotics etc.
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