Physiography, Geography and Climate of Latin America (Lecture 3)
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1 Physiography, Geography and Climate of Latin America (Lecture 3)
2 Natural Landmarks in Latin America World's longest and second highest mountain range, and the world's highest active volcanoes. Biggest river in the world. World's driest desert. World's largest rainforest, and is the world's greatest storehouse of species World's greatest reserve of potential agricultural land. It is a great storehouse of minerals, with enormous potential production.
3 Landscape of Contrast: Patagonia: lakes, penguins, continental ice
4 Andes, Macchu Pichu
5 Pico de Orizaba (Volcano Citlaltépetl), México's highest peak and North America's highest volcano.
6 World s Driest Desert: Atacama, Chile
7 Rainforest canopy, and Amazon River Continuous Fields Tree Cover Project
8 Climate Most of Latin America is located in the tropics Land located between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 o N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 o S) In the tropics there is not much seasonal variation in temperature; seasonal differences are manifested in rainfall variations.
9 Dallas USA Temperature (F) J F M A M J J A S O N D Annual Precip: 34.6 in. Max Temp. Ave. Temp. Ave. Precip Precipitation (in) The Tropical Climate: Little variation in annual temperature Rowntree, Lewis, and Price. Diversity and Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development, 2 nd edition (2002).
10 Air temperature yearly changes
11 Precipitation annual variation
12 Altitudinal Zonation Much of the temperature variation in the tropics is seen with changes in elevation rather than changes in latitude As elevation increases, temperature decreases at an average rate of 3.5 o F/1,000 ft. Five climate zones: Caliente (hot), Templada (warm), Fria (cold), Helada (frozen), and Paramos.
13 0 499 m m Tierra Caliente Hot Land below 900 meters - 3,000 in elevation, coastal plains and foothills Hot days, warm nights Tropical agricultural products sugar cane, tropical fruits (bananas), & lowland tubers
14 0 499 m m m Tierra Templada Cloud Forest Nicaragua, coffee plantation Temperate Land 900 m (3,000 ) 1800m (6,000 ) in elevation, intermediate mountain slopes Mild days and cool nights Most populous zone Agricultural products include Coffee, maize, vegetables, cut flowers.
15 Tierra Fria m m m m Potato harvest, Bolivia Cold Land 1800m (6,000 ) 3600m (12,000 ) in elevation, mountainous areas More common in South America Warm days and cold nights Wheat, barley, maize, tubers (Peruvian Andes), sheep, guinea pigs, Llama, Alpaca (hardier or highland crops and animals
16 Tierra Helada m m m m m m Frozen Land Above 3600m (12,000 ) in elevation, highest mountain peaks Cool days and cold nights Highland grains and tubers, sheep, guinea pigs, Llama, Alpaca
17 Paramos m m m m m m m Above 4600 m (15,000 ) in elevation, highest mountain peaks Just below snow line characterized by tussock grasses, shrubs and cushion plants
18 Glaciers and the Snowline: LA has glaciers near the equator Latin America
19 Physical Geography Latin America and the Caribbean can be divided in three topographic zones: Lowlands ( less than 500 meters) Highlands ( meters) Plateaus: flat top highland regions Mountain (greater than 2000 meters)
20 Plateaus or highlands Mountains lowlands 0 m >5000 m
21 The Mighty Andes Northern, Central and Southern Andes Run from northwestern Venezuela to the southern tip of Tierra del Fuego. Mountain chain formed by the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath South America. Approximately 30 peaks that are over 20,000 feet high The Andes are divided into three sub-regions Northern Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador Central Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia high altitude plateaus (Altiplano) Southern defines the border between Chile & Argentina South of Santiago the mountains are lower.
22 Topographic Profiles
23 Relief of S. America
24 Highlands of Mexico and Central America Mexican plateau and the Central American volcanic arc This area is home to the major cities of Mexico and Central America Mexican Plateau lower (4,000 ) in the north (near Juarez) and higher (8,000 ) in the south (near Mexico City) This region is home to rich deposits of silver, copper & zinc Central American Highlands Volcanic chain runs from Tehuantepec Isthmus, southern Guatemala, Costa Rica to Panama The volcanic eruptions has resulted in rich volcanic soil throughout much of Central America
25 Physiography of Mexico
26 Middle America Physiography Mexico to Tehuantepec Cordilleran system of North America continues in Mexico with Sierra Madre Oriental and Occidental forming an intermontane plateau of 4,000 to 8,000 feet. Tehuantepec to Panama Highlands of volcanic origin containing high plateaus. Narrow coastal lowlands. The intermontane basins may contain lakes as Lake Nicaragua
27 Andes Mountains Flyover Video This computer animation simulates a highaltitude flight along the Andes.
28 South America Flyover the Andes
29 Plateaus of South America Brazilian Plateau Largest and more important in terms of natural resources and settlement Runs from the southern edge of the Amazon Basin to the Rio de la Plata Major population centers of Brazil are located along the coastal fringe of the Brazilian plateau. Patagonian Plateau Much of this area is steppe (dry grasslands) Guiana Plateau A sparsely settled region
30
31 River Basins and Lowlands Within the major river basins there are vast interior lowlands Most of these lowlands are sparsely settled and offer little agricultural activity, with the exception of grazing livestock
32 Amazon lowlands Rio de la Plata lowlands
33 Rivers of Latin America: All of the Major Rivers are in South America
34 Continental Orinoco system Amazon system Divide in S. America is close to the Pacific Rio de la Plata system The Continental divide North America in a more central position Continental divide
35 Run off / Water Surplus
36 3 Major Rivers in S. America Amazon Drains an area of approx. 2.4 million sq. miles the largest river in the world 2. Rio de La Plata S. America s second largest watershed 3. Orinoco River Third largest river basin in South America \
37 Natural Resources Because of its tropical location, there is a high degree of biodiversity in the region Many varieties of plants and animals found nowhere else on earth The region is home to the world s largest rain forest There are also massive reserves of natural resources natural gas and oil (South America as well as Mexico) copper (Chile), silver (Mexico and Peru), Iron (Brazil).
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