Living Environment. Glossary. High School Level. English / Swahili

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1 High School Level Glossary Living Environment Glossary English / Translation of Living Environment terms based on the Coursework for Living Environment Grades 9 to 12. Word-for-word glossaries are used for testing accommodations for ELL/LEP students THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY Last Updated: April 2016

2 GLOSSARY ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS ENGLISH SPANISH THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY P 16 Office of Elementary, Middle, Secondary and Continuing Education and Office of Higher Education Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign Language Studies THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University BETTY A. ROSA, Chancellor, B.A., M.S. in Ed., M.S. in Ed., M.Ed., Ed.D.... Bronx T. ANDREW BROWN, Vice Chancellor, B.A., J.D.... Syracuse NAN EILEEN MEAD, B.A.... Manhattan JOSEPHINE VICTORIA FINN, B.A., J.D.... Albany BEVERLY L. OUDERKIRK, B.S., M.S.... Saratoga ELIZABETH. S. HAKANSON... Onondaga CATHERINE COLLINS, B.S., M.S., Ph.D.... West New York JAMES R. TALLON, R., B.A., M.A.... Binghamton ROGER TILLES, B.A., J.D... Great Neck JUDITH JOHNSON, B.A., M.A., Ed.D.... Mid-Hudson LUIS O. REYES, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.... New York LESTER W. YOUNG, JR., B.S., M.S., Ed. D.... Oakland Gardens CHRISTINE D. CEA, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.... Staten Island WADE S. NORWOOD, B.A.... Rochester JUDITH CHIN, B.S., M.S.,... Queens KATHLEEN M. CASHIN, B.S., M.S., Ed.D... Brooklyn JAMES E. COTTRELL, B.S., M.D... New York Commissioner of Education President of The University of the State of New York MARYELLEN ELIA Executive Deputy Commissioner ELIZABETH BERLIN The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier status, or sexual orientation in its educational programs, services and activities. Portions of this publication can be made available in a variety of formats, including Braille, large print or audio tape, upon request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be directed to the Department s Office for Diversity, Ethics, and Access, Room 530, Education Building, Albany, NY Requests for additional copies of this publication may be made by contacting the Publications Sales Desk, Room 319, Education Building, Albany, NY NYS LANGUAGE RBE RN AT NYU PAGE

3 Mazingira ya Kuishi Kiwango cha Shule ya Sekondari Faharasa English / English A abandon abbreviation ability abiogenesis abiotic abiotic factor abortion absorption accomplish according to account accumulate accurate acetylcholine acid acid rain acidity acne acquire acquired characteristics acquired immunity acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) acromegaly activation energy active immunity active site active transport activity adaptation adaptive adaptive radiation adaptive value telekeza ufupisho uwezo kizazi huria hali halisi kipengele cha hali halisi utoaji mimba ufyonzaji kamilisha kulingana na akaunti limbikiza sahihi asetikolini asidi mvua ya asidi uasidi chunusi pata tabia zoefu kinga zoefu upungufu wa kinga mwilini (UKIMWI) akromegali nguvu ya uamshaji kinga hai eneo hai usafiri unaotumika shughuli mabadiliko inayobadilika mnururisho unaobadilika thamani inayobadilika Page 1 57

4 addiction additional adenine adenosine diphosphate (ADP) adenosine monophosphate (AMP) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) adequate adhesion adipose tissue adolescence adrenal cortex adrenal gland adrenal medulla adrenaline adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) adsorption adult advantage aerobe aerobic aerobic respiration aerosol afterbirth agar agarose agglutination agglutinin agglutinogen aging agricultural agriculture AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) ailment air pollution air sac air space albinism albino albumen alcoholic fermentation algae algal bloom alimentary canal uraibu a nyongeza adenine adenosine diphosphate (ADP) adenosine monophosphate (AMP) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) a kutosha mnato tishu ya shahamu ujana gamba ya adrenali tezi ya adrenali medula ya adrenali adrenalini homoni ya adrenokotikotropiki ACTH) unasaji mtu mzima faida kiumbe anayetegemea hewa ya oksijeni a hewa upumuaji wa hewa wa oksijeni upumuaji wakati wa mazoezi ya viungo vya kuongeza hewa baada ya kuzaliwa jeli ya mwani agarosi uambatishaji aglutinini aglutinojeni kuzeeka a kilimo kilimo UKIMWI (ukosefu wa kinga mwilini) ugonjwa uchafuzi wa hewa kifuko cha hewa nafasi ya hewa uzeruzeru zeruzeru uteyai uchachu wa pombe mwani mchanuo wa mwani njia ya chakula Page 2 57

5 alkaline all or none response allantois allele (s) allergic allergic reactions allergy alter (ed) altered gene alternation of generation alveolus ameba amoeboid movement amino acid (s) amino group ammonia amniocentesis amnion amniotic fluid amount amphibian amylase anabolism anaerobe anaerobic analgesic analogous structure anaphase anatomy androgen anemia angina pectoris animal ant antenna (e) anterior anther antibiotic (s) antibodies antibody anticodon antigen antihistamine alkali yote au hakuna majibu alantoi aleli a mzio athari za mzio mzio badilisha jeni iliyobadilishwa ubadilishaji wa kizazi kijiribahewa amiba mwenendo wa amiba asidi amino kikundi amino amonia amniosentesi kiinitete giligili ya kiinitete kiwango amfibia kimeng'enyawanga uanaboli anerobi a anerobi ya kutuliza muundo sawa anafezi anatomia androjeni upungufu wa damu ugonjwa wa moyo unaosababisha maumivu kifuani mnyama mchwa antena inayotangulia chavulio kiuavijasumu fungomwili fungomwili antikodoni antijeni antihistamini Page 3 57

6 antiseptics antitoxin anus aorta aortic arch aphotic zone appearance appendage appendicitis appendix apply appropriate approval aquaculture aquarium aquatic arid arrow arteriole artery arthritis artificial selection asbestos ascending colon ascorbic acid asexual asexual reproduction asexually ash aspen assembled assimilation associate association neuron assuming assumption aster asthma astigmatism atherosclerosis athlete s foot atmosphere atmospheric atmospheric temperature antiseptiki antitoksini mkundu mkole tao mkole eneo la ziwa lisilopata mwangaza kuonekana kiambatisho ugonjwa wa kidole tumbo kidole tumbo tumia inayofaa idhini ufugaji wa samaki tangisamaki majini kame mshale kiateri ateri yabisi uteuzi wa viungo bandia asbeto utumbo mpana asidi askobiki siojinsi uzazi nafsia kwa njia ya uzazi nafsia jivu miti ya aspeni kusanywa usimilishaji husisha nyuro unganishi kudhania dhanio ua pumu uastigmati ugonjwa wa ateri ugonjwa unaoathiri miguu angahewa hali ya hewa kanieneo ya angahewa Page 4 57

7 atom atomic mass atomic number ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) atria atrium attach attack attempt auditory canal auditory nerve auricle autoclave automobile autonomic nervous system autosome autotroph autotrophic autotrophic nutrition auxin availability available axis axon B bacteria bacterial bacterial infections bacterial pneumonia bacteriophage bacterium balance balanced diet ball and socket joint bare bark barnacle basal metabolic rate base base pairing bass beak bear atomu masi atomu namba ya atomu ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) atria atiria ambatisha shambulio jaribio njia ya kusikia neva ya kusikia orikali kifisha vijidudu. motakaa mfumo wa neva zinazojiendesha kromosomu isiyo ya jinsia ototrofu ya ototrofu lishe ya ototrofu oksini upatikanaji inapatikana mhimili aksoni bakteria a bakteria maambukizi ya bakteria nimonia ya bakteria kilabakteria bakteriamu mizani mlo kamili mviringo wa viungo funua ganda chaza kiwango msingi cha metaboli msingi ulinganishaji msingi besi mdomo wa ndege dubu Page 5 57

8 beaver beetle behavior behavioral benedict s solution benthos beriberi bias bicarbonate biceps bicuspid valve bilateral symmetry bile bile duct bile pigment binary fission binomial nomenclature biochemical processes biochemistry biodegradable biodiversity biogenesis biogeochemical cycle biological catalysis biological control biological magnification biology biomass biome bioremediation biosphere biotechnological biotechnology biotic biotic factor birch birth canal birth control birth rate biuret test bladder blade blastula English buku kombamwiko tabia ya kitabia kitendanishi cha benedict benthosi ukosefi wa vitamini B1 mwilini upendeleo bikabonati musuli ya mkononi vali ya sagego mgawanyiko pacha nyongo kineli cha nyongo rangi ya nyongo mpasuko jozi mtajo rudufu michakato ya biomekia biokemia inayoweza kuvundishwa na bakteria bioanuwai biojenesisi mzunguko wa biojiokemikali uchocheaji wa kibiolojia udhibiti wa kibiolojia ukuzaji wa kibiolojia biolojia jumla yote au uzito wa viumbe hai mazingira hai matibabu ya bioteknolojia sehemu ya dunia ambapo uhai wawezekana kuwepo ya bioteknolojia bioteknolojia vitu hai kipengee cha vitu hai mbetula. njia ya uzazi udhibiti wa uzani kima cha uzazi kipimo cha bureti kibofu jani blastula Page 6 57

9 blending inheritance blind spot blinking block blood blood cavity blood circulation blood clotting blood group blood plasma blood platelet blood pressure blood smear blood sugar blood transfusion blood vessel boil bond bone bone marrow booklet botany Bowman s capsule brain brain stem bread mold breathing breeding briefly broccoli bronchitis bronchus bubble bud budding buffer bulb burn English nadharia ya kurithi mchanganyiko eneo lisiloonekana kupepesa zuia damu pongo damu mzunguko wa damu kuganda kwa damu kundi la damu maji ya damu vigandishadamu shinikizo la damu mpako wa damu sukari mwilini kuongezwa damu mishipa ya damu chemka muungo mfupa uboho kijitabu botania kibumba cha Bowman ubongo shinabongo kuoza kwa mkate kupumua ufugaji kwa ufupi brokoli mkamba kikoromeo kiputo kichomoza chipuka bafa balbu chomeka C cabbage calcium calcium carbonate calibrate kabichi kalisi kabonati ya kalisi kadiria Page 7 57

10 calorie calorimeter cancer canopy capacity capillary capillary action carbohydrate carbohydrate (s) carbon carbon cycle carbon dioxide carbon fixation carbon monoxide carbon containing carboxyl group carcinogen cardiac muscle cardiovascular disease carnivore carnivorous carotene carrier carrying capacity cartilage catabolism catalase catalyst caterpillar catfish cattail caudal fin caudal vertebra caudatum cauliflower cell cell body cell cycle cell division cell membrane cell plate cell respiration cell specialization cell theory English kalori kalorimita saratani kanopi uwezo kapilari tendo la kapilari kabohaidreti kabohaidreti kaboni mzunguko wa kaboni dioksidi ya kaboni uambishi kaboni monoksidi kaboni ina kaboni kundi la kabonili kisababisha saratani misuli ya moyo ugonjwa wa moyo walanyama ulaji nyama karotini kichukuzi uwezo wa uchukuzi gegedu ukataboli katalesi kichocheo kiwavi samaki wa matope kataili pezi ya mkia pingili la uti wa mkia kaudatam koliflawa seli mwiliseli mzungukoseli divisheni seli kiwamboseli utengaseli upumuaji seli seli maalumu nadharia ya seli Page 8 57

11 cell wall cell mediated immunity cellular respiration cellulose Celsius Celsius scale centigrade centimeter central nervous system centrifuge centriole centromere centrosome cereal group cerebellum cerebral cortex cerebrospinal fluid cerebrum certain cervix challenge chemical chemical bond chemical equation chemical formula chemical reaction chemoautotroph chemosynthesis chemotherapy chemotropism chicken pox chipmunk chitin chlorine chlorophyll chloroplast cholera cholesterol chordate chorion chromatid chromatin chromatography chromosomal alteration English ukutaseli kinga itokanayo na seli upumuaji wenye seli selulosi Celsius kipimo cha Celsius sentigredi sentimita mfumoneva mkuu mashinepewa sentrioli sentromia sentrosomi kundi nafakla ubongokati gamba la ubongo kioevu cha neva kuu ubongombele hakika mfuko wa uzazi changamoto kemikali muungo kemikali mlinganyo wa kemikali fomula ya kemikali matokeo ya kemikali kemototrofi kemia sanisi tibakemili ukemotropi tetekuwanga chindi kitini klorini klorofili kloroplasti kipindupindu kolesteroli kordata korioni kromatidi kromatini kromatografia ubadilishaji wa kromosomu Page 9 57

12 chromosomal recombination s chromosome chyme cilia ciliary motion circulation circulate circulatory circulatory system claim class classification classify clawed cleavage climate climax community climax climax clipping clone cloning close circulatory systems coacervate coal coarse adjustment coast coastal ocean coastline cocci coccus cockroach cocoon codominance codon coenzyme coevolution cohesion cohesive force collect collecting duct colloidal dispersion colon colony mchanganyiko mpya wa kromosomu kromosomu pupuchu kope mwendo wa visuli mzunguko zunguka mzunguko mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu dai tabaka uainishaji ainisha kucha mvunjiko tabia ya nchi upeo wa jamii upeo upeo ushikizaji uumbaji bila kujamiiana kuumba bila kujamiiana mifumo ya mzunguko kosevate kaa urekebishaji mkwaruzo pwani bahari la pwani ukanda wa pwani koksi kokasi mende kifukofuko utawala wa pamoja kodoni kimeng'enyo mageuzi mshikamano nguvu ya kushikamana kusanya kineli cha kukusanya utawanyiko wa koloidi utumbompana koloni Page 10 57

13 color blindness coloration combat combination commensalism common common ancestor common cold communicable communication community competition competitive exclusion principle complementary complete protein complex multicellular complexity compost compound compound eye compound light microscope compound microscope concentration concentration gradient concept conception concerning conclusion condensation conditioned reflex conditioning conduct conduction cone conifer coniferous coniferous forest conjugation connective tissue conservation conservation of environment considered constipation construct kutoweza kuona rangi rangi mapambano mchanganyiko umelea kawaida mhenga wa pamoja mafua ya kawaida a kuambukiza mawasiliano jamii ushindani kanuni ya ushindani usiojumuishi kamilishi protini changamano selula nyingi changamano hali ya uchangamano mbolea msombo jichomzolenzi hadubini ya mwangaza wa msombo hadubini ya msombo ukolezi mwinamo ukolezi dhana utungaji mimba kuhusu hitimisho mtonesho tendo zoevu uzoevu pitisha upitishaji pia mpia msonobari msitu wa msonobari muoano tishu unganishi hifadhi uhifdahi wa mazingira imezingatiwa uyabisi wa tumbo jenga Page 11 57

14 consumer contain content contour farming contour ploughing contraception contractile vacuole contribute control controlled experiment controlled variable convergent evolution convert convulsion coordinating system coordination coral coral reef coronary circulation coronary artery corpus luteum cortex cortisone cotyledon covalent bond cover cover crop coverslip Cowper s gland Cranial nerve crayfish crescent cretinism cricket crisp crop crop rotation crop breeding crop fertilization crop pollination crossing over crustacean cryptic coloration cultivated plant English mlaji inajumuisha maudhui ukulima wa kontua ukulima kontua uzuiaji mimba kipovumaji changia dhibiti majaribio yanayodhibitiwa ugeukaji unaodhibitiwa mageuko yanayokutanisha geuza mtukutiko wa maungo mfumo wa uratibu uratibu matumbawe mwamba tumbawe mzunguko wa moyo ateri ya moyo corpus luteum gamba kotisoni kotiledoni muungo kikovalenti funika magugu kifuniko cha glasi tezi ya Cowper Neva ya fuvu kamba wa maji baridi. hilali mpumbavu nyenje kaukau zao mzunguko wa mazao ukuzaji wa mazao mazao ya mbolea uchavushi mtambuko ubadilishaji kromosomu krasteshia rangi ya kujificha mmea uliopaliliwa Page 12 57

15 culture currently cuticle cutting cycling cyclonic cysteine cytokinesis cytolysis cyton cytoplasm cytoplasmic division cytosine cytoskeleton D damage dangerous dark reaction Darwinism data daughter cell deamination decay deciduous deciduous tree decomposer (s) decomposition decrease defecation defective defective gene deficiency disease defoliation deforestation degeneration dehydration dehydration synthesis dehydrogenase deletion demand demographic transition demography English utamaduni kwa sasa ukaya wa ukucha. kukata mbembeo tufani sistini sitokinesisi sitolisisi sitoni sitoplazimu divisheni ya sitolazimu sitosini sitoskeletoni uharibifu hatari matokeo ya giza nadharia ya mageuzi data seli ndogo utoaminishaji uozo kupukutika mti unaopukutika majani kivunjikaji uvunjikaji punguza haja kubwa yenye kasoro jeni yenye kasoro ugonjwa wa upungufu majani ukataji miti uharibifu kuishiwa maji usanisi wa kuishiwa maji kimeng'enya kinachochochea uondoaji wa hidrojeni ufutaji hitaji mpito wa kidemografia demografia Page 13 57

16 denaturation dendrite denitrification denitrifying bacteria density dependent limiting factor density independent limiting factor deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) deoxyribose dependent variable deplete depletion depressant dermis desalination desert desertification desirable destroy destruction detect detection determine detoxication detrimental detritus development deviation dextrose diabetes diagram dialysis diaphragm diarrhea diastole diastolic pressure diatom dichotomous dichotomous key died off diet differ differences differentiation diffusion ubadilishaji dendrati uondoaji nitrini bakteria ya nitrisha kipengele kikomo kinachotegemea uzito kipengele kikomo kisichotegemea uzito asidi ya kidioksiribonuklei (DNA) dioksiribosi kigeugeu tegemezi maliza kabisa umalizaji kabisa vikandamizaji damisi uondoaji chumvi jangwa kugeuza jangwa inayopendeza haribu uharibifu gundua ugunduaji bainisha usafishaji inaleta madhara mabaki maendeleo. mkengeuko glukosi kisukari mchoro usafishaji damu kwa mashine ya figo kiwambo kuhara diastoli shinikizo la diastoli diatomu mgawo ufunguo wa mgao imetulia lishe tofautiana tofauti utofauti mweneo Page 14 57

17 digest digestion digestive enzyme digestive juices digestive system dihybrid dihybrid cross dilation of blood vessel dimorphism dinosaur dioxide dipeptide diphtheria diploid direct harvesting direction directly disaccharide disadvantage disaster discs disease disjunction dislocation dispersal disposal dispose disrupt dissecting microscope dissection dissolve diuretic diurnal diversity divide (DNA) deoxyribonucleic acid DNA fingerprinting DNA polymerase dominance dominant dominant gene dominant species dominant trait dormancy meg'enya mmeg'enyo kimeng'enya cha mmeng'enyo juisi mmeng'enyo mfumo wa mmeng'enyo changamani kutumia vitu viliwi kuchanganya utanuaji mishipa ya damu dimofisimi dinosau dioksidi dipeptidi mkamba (diphtheria) diploidi uvunaji wa moja kwa moja mwelekeo moja kwa moja disakaridi hasara msiba diski ugonjwa mwachano tegua tawanyika utupaji tupa sumbua hadubini ya kukata vipande vipande ukataji vipande yeyusha a kuongeza mkojo a siku nzima anuwai gawanya (DNA) asidi ya deoksiribonyuklei kidolechapa cha DNA mmeng'enyo wa DNA kutawala inayotawala jeni inayotawala spishi inayotawala bainishi inayotawala utawala Page 15 57

18 dorsal double fertilization double helix Down s syndrome drainage drilling drone drosophila drug drug abuse drug dependence drug overdose duckweed ductless gland dump duodenum dwarfism dynamic dynamic equilibrium dysentery E eagle ear ear canal eardrum earthworm echinoderm ecological ecological niche (s) ecological pyramid ecological succession ecologically ecology economically ecosystem ecosystem diversity ectoderm edema effective effectiveness effector egg ejection English uti wa mgongo mbolea rudufu hesi rudufu dalili za Down mifereji ya maji uchimbaji nyuki dume drosofila dawa matumizi mabaya ya dawa utegemeaji dawa kutumia dawa kupita kiasi mimea ya majini tezi isiyokuwa na kineli tupa duodeni liodumaa kuu msawazo mkuu kuhara tai sikio kielekezi cha sikio kiwambo cha sikio mdudu ekinodami ekolojia kishubaka cha ikolojia piramidi ya ikolojia mfululizo wa ikolojia a ekolojia ikolojia kiuchumi mfumo wa ekolojia mfumo wa ekolojia anuwai iktodemu uvimbe kuanzia uzuri ogani ya neva yai toa kwa nguvu Page 16 57

19 elbow joint electrocardiogram (EGG) or (EKG) electron electron microscope electronic balance electrophoresis element elephantiasis eliminate elongation region elongation zone embolism embolus embryo embryo sac embryology embryonic embryonic membrane emigration emit emphysema emulsification enable enamel end product endangered species endemic endocrine gland(s) endocrine system endocrinology endocytosis endoderm endoparasite Endoplasmic reticulum endoskeleton endosperm endosperm nucleus energy flow energy pyramid engineering engulf enlist enrich kiungo cha kikwe elektrokadiogramu (EGG) au (EKG) elektroni hadubini ya elektroni usawa wa kielektroniki elektroforesisi elementi uvimbe wa ogani chuja ukanda wa mwongezeko wa urefu eneo la mwongezeko wa urefu ugandaji wa damu kuganda kwa damu kiinitete kifuko cha kiinitete embrolojia ya kiinitete utando wa kiinitete uhamiaji toa ugonjwa wa kuvimba mapafu na kupumua kwa shida emalshani wezesha enameli bidhaa ya mwisho spishi zilizo hatarini ugonjwa ulioenea tezindani mfumo wa tezindani endokrinolojia endokitosisi tabakandani minyoo wavu utendani mifupa ubawa kiini ubawa mtiririko wa nguvu piramidi ya nguvu uhandisi meza andikisha boresha Page 17 57

20 environment environmental environmental impact statement enzyme(s) enzyme substrate complex epicotyl epidemic epidermis epididymis epiglottis epinephrine (adrenaline) epithelium equatorial plane equatorial plate equilibrium era erect posture erosion error Escherichia coli (e. coli) esophagus essential amino acid estrogen estuary ethyl alcohol euglena eukaryote eukaryotic cell Eustachian tube evaporate evaporation evidence evolution evolutionary evolve examination except excess excessive excretion excretory exercise exhalation exhale mazingira kimazingira taarifa ya athari kwa mazingira kimengenya kimengenya changamani kotili juu magonjwa ya mlipuko ngozi ya nje tybu ya shahawa kidakatonge epinefrini adrenalini) epithiliamu Ikweta ndege ikweta sahani msawazo enzi mkao wima mmomonyoko hitilafu koli ya Eskerichia i (e. koli) umio asidi muhimu za asidi ya amino estrojeni mlango wa mto. pombe ya ethili euglena Ikaroti seli ikaroti Neli ya Eustachia yeyuka uyeyukaji ushahidi mageuzi a kimageuzi geuka mtihani isipokuwa ziada a ziada toa takamwili takamwili zoezi toa pumzi pumua Page 18 57

21 exhaust exhibit exist(s) exocrine gland exon exoskeleton experiment expiration explanation explosive exponential growth expose(d) expressed expression extensor extent external external fertilization external respiration extinct extinction extinction of fauna extracellular digestion extract eye eyepiece (ocular) F facilitated diffusion Fahrenheit scale fallopian tube (oviduct) fallout family fangs farsightedness fat fatal fatigue fatty acid feather feces feedback feedback mechanism female gamete English ekzosi onyesho ipo tezi ya kineli eksoni upande wa nje wa mifupa jaribio muda wa kuisha ufafanuzi kulipuka ukuaji kipeo fichua iliyoonyeshwa maonyesho mvutiko umbali nje mbolea ya nje upumuaji wa nje iliokufa kufisha ukufishani wa fauna mmeng'enyo wa seli dondoo jicho kifaa cha macho (kwa kuona) mweneo unaowezeshwa kipimo cha Farenhaiti neli ya falopi takataka familia chonge kuona mbali shahamu janga uchovu asidi shahamu manyoya kinyesi maoni mbinu ya maoni seli pevu ya uzazi Page 19 57

22 female reproductive system femur fermentation fern fertilization fertilizer(s) fetal fetal alcohol syndrome fetus fever fewer fiber fibrin fibrinogen fibrous root system field field of microscope filament filter out filtered filtrate filtration fin finches fine adjustment fingerprinting finite firm first filial generation first level consumer fission flagella flagellum flatworm flea flexor flipper of whale florescence flow flow of energy flower fluid fluke fluoridation mfumo wa uzazi wa mwanamke fupaja mchachuko kangaga utungishaji mbolea kijusi tatizo la pombe kwa kijusi kijusi homa chache ufumwele proteni fibrinojeni mfumo wa shina ya ufumwele uwanja eneo la hadubini waya chuja imechujwa mchujo uchujaji pezi shorewanda wadogo marekebisho tondoti uchapishaji vidole yenye kikomo thabiti kizazi cha kwanza cha watoto mteja wa kiwango cha kwanza mgawanyo flajela flajelamu mnyoo bapa kiroboto misuli ya fleksa kikono cha nyangumi mmuliko mtiririko mtiririko wa nguvu mauwa kioevu bahati njema ufloridashaji Page 20 57

23 fluoride folic acid follicle follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) food allergen food chain food poisoning food pyramid food vacuole food web forceps forest conservation form formation formula fossil fossil fuel fossil record four o clock flower fracture fragment fraternal twin freeze drying frequently freshwater fructose fruit fruit fly fumes fungi fungus fur floraidi asidi ya foliki kinyweleo homoni ya kuchochea kinyweleo (FSH) mizio ya chakula mzunguko wa chakula kutia sumu kwenye chakula piramidi ya chakula kipovumaji cha chakula mtandao wa chakula koleo hifadhi ya misitu fomu mpangilio fomyula kisukuku mafuta ya kisukuku rekodi ya kisukuku ua saa kumi mvunjiko kipande mapacha wasiofanana kukausha kwa kugandisha mara kwa mara maji baridi frukosi matunda matunda inzi mafusho kuvu kuvu manyoya G galactose galactosemia gall bladder gallon gallstone gamete gametogenesis gamma globulin ganglion gas exchange galaktosi galaktosemia kibofu nyongo galoni mawe katika nyongo gameti gametojenisisi globulini ganglioni ubadilishaji gesi Page 21 57

24 gaseous exchange gasoline gastric gastric juice gastro vascular cavity gastrula gastrulation gel electrophoresis gene gene expression gene frequency gene linkage gene mutation gene gene(s) generalization genetic genetic counseling genetic disease genetic diversity genetic engineering genetic marker genetic recombination genetic variation genetically genetics genome genotype genus geographic isolation geologic time scale geotropism germ theory of disease German measles germination gestation period GH (growth hormone) gigantism gibberellin gill gizzard gland global warming glomerulus English ubadilishaji gesi mafuta taa ya tumbo majitumbo pongo ogani ya mmeng'enyo gastrula ugastrulaji jeli elektroforesisi jeni onyesho la jeni marudio ya jeni uhusiano wa jeni mabadiliko ya jeni jeni jeni ujumlishaji a kijeni ushauri wa jeni ugonjwa wa jeni uanuwai wa kijeni uhandisi wa jeni kiweka alama jeni muunganiko mpya wa jeni utofauti wa jeni kijeni jeni jenomu mgumojeni jenasi kutengwa kijiografia kipimo wakati wa kijiolojia uelekeo ardhi nadharia silizazi ya magonjwa Surua ya Kijerumani umeaji kipindi cha ujauzito GH (homoni ya ukuzaji) hali ya urefu mno giberelini yavuyavu firigisi tezi ongezeko la joto duniani kiglome Page 22 57

25 glucagon glucose glycerol glycine glycogen glycolysis gaiter Golgi body (apparatus) gonad gonadotropin gonorrhea gorilla gout gradualism graduated cylinder grafting gram grana graph grasshopper grassland gray matter green algae green revolution greenhouse effect greenhouse gas grid growth guanine guard cell(s) gullet gymnosperm gypsy moth English glukagoni glukosi gliseroli glisini glikojeni glikolisisi gaita Viini vya Golgi (vifaa) gonadi gonadotropini kisonono sokwe jongo mwimano silinda kufuzu kupandikizi gramu grana grafu panzi ukanda wa mbuga ubongo mwani wa kijani mapinduzi ya kijani athari ya nyumba ya kuhifadhi mimea gesi ya nyumba ya kuhifadhi mimea gridi kukua guanini seli kinga koromeo Jimnospamu nondo mzururuji H habit habitat habitat fragmentation hair follicle half life haploid (monoploid) Hardy Weinberg law harm harmful tabia makazi mgawanyiko wa makazi kinyweleo cha nywele maisha nusu haploidi (monoploidi) Sheria ya Hardy Weinberg madhara inadhuru Page 23 57

26 harmless harvesting hatching Haversian canal hay hay fever heart heart attack heart transplant heart lung machine heart beat cycle helix hemoglobin hemolysis hemophilia heparin hepatic artery hepatic portal circulation herb herbivore(s) hereditary heredity hermaphrodite heterotroph heterotroph hypothesis heterotrophic heterotrophic nutrition heterotrophs heterozygous heterozygous genotype hibernation high blood pressure high energy bond hindbrain hip joint histamine histidine histology histone homeostasis homeowner hominid homo sapiens homologous chromosome haina madhara kuvuna kuatamia tyubu za Haversian nyasi haimzuii moyo mshtuko wa moyo kubandikiza moyo mashine ya moyo na mapafu mzunguko wa mapigo ya moyo Hesi himoglobini kupasuka kwa chembe hemofilia heparini ateri ya maini mishipa ya maini mmea wala mimea a kurithi kurithi huntha heterotrofu nadharia tete ya heterotrofu heterotrofiki lishe ya heterotrofiki heterotrofu heterozigosi ainajeni ya heterozigosi kubumbwaa shinikizo la juu la damu muungo wa juu wa nguvu ubongokando kingo cha nyonga histamini histidini histolojia histoni homostasisi mmiliki wa nyumba hominidi ukoo safu wa kisasa kromosomu inayofanana Page 24 57

27 homologous structure homozygous homozygous genotype hoofed animal hookworm hormone host hot hot water bath huge hull humerus humidity hummingbird humoral immunity humus hunting hybrid hybrid vigor hybridization hydra hydrocarbon hydrochloric acid hydrogen acceptor hydrolysis hydroponics hydrotropism hyper parasitism hypertension hyperthyroidism hypertonic solution hypocotyl hypo secretion hypothalamus hypothesis hypothyroidism hypotonic solution I ibuprofen ICF (intercellular fluid) identical identical twin identity English muundo unaofanana homozigosisi ainajeni homozigosisi mnyama mwenye kwato tegu homoni mwenyeji moto kuoga kwa maji moto kumbatio kumvi muungabega unyevu ndege wa kuimba kinga katika ugiligili mboji kuwinda mahuluti nguvu ya mahuluti uvyausaji haidra hidrokaboni asidi ya hidrokloriki kipokea hidrojeni hidrolisisi hidroponi uelekeomaji hipaumelea shinikizo la damu uhipathiroidi myeyusho wa hipatoniki hipokotili uowevu kupita kiasi hipothalama nadharia tete uhipathiroidi myeyusho wa hipotoniki ibuprofen ICF (uowevu wa seli) inayofanana mapacha wanaofanana utambulisho Page 25 57

28 ileum illustrate immigration immune immune response immune system immunity inorganic immunization impact implantation import importation imprint impulse in vitro fertilization inappropriate inborn immunity inbreeding incidence incisors include incomplete dominance incomplete protein increase incubation period independent (manipulated) variable independent assortment index fossil indicate indicator individual industrial hazard industrial melanism industrialization infantile paralysis infection infectious infer inference inferior vena cava infinite inflammation Inflammatory response iliamu mfano uhamiaji kinga majibu ya kinga mfumo wa kinga kinga sio na uhai kinga athari upandikizaji ingiza bidhaa uingizaji bidhaa kutoka nchi za nje wazo moyoni msukumo utungishaji isiyofaa kinga ya mtoto ambaye hajazaliwa uzao baina ya wazazi wa nasaba moja tukio kato jumuisha utawala usio kamili protini isio kamili ongeza kipindi cha kuatamiza utofauti huru (ulioshawishiwa) mkusanyiko wa vitu anuwai kiolezo cha kisukuku ashiria kiashiriaji mtu hatari za viwandani melanini ya viwanda viwanda kupooza kwa kijusi maambukizi inaambukiza fahamu amua mshipa wa vena kava isiyo na kikomo uvimbe matokoe ya uvimbe Page 26 57

29 influence ingestion inhibition center inhalation inherit inheritance innate behavior inorganic compound insect insecticide(s) insectivorous plant insert Inspect inspiration instinct insulin interaction interbreed(ing) Intercellular fluid interference interferon internal development internal fertilization internally interneuron interphase interspecific competition intestinal juice intestine intracellular digestion introduce intron invasion invasive species inversion invertebrate investigation involuntary muscle involve(ing) iodine ion ionic bond iron irradiation ushawishi kumeza kituo cha kujizuia kuvuta hewa rithi urithi tabia ya hulka msombo isokaboni mdudu kiuwadudu mmea wa wadudu ingiza kagua msukumo silika insulini mwingiliano zalisha kwa kuchanganya damu uowevu wa seli mwingiliano intaferoni maendeleo ya kindani mbolea ya ndani kindani intanyuroni intakinesisi ushindani wa spishi umaji wa utumbo matumbo mmengenyo wa seli tambulisha introni uvamizi spishi vamizi mgeuzo uti uchunguzi msuli huria inahusisha aidini ioni muungo kiioni ayoni umeme Page 27 57

30 irritability islet of Langerhans isolated isotonic solution isotope J jellyfish joint juvenile hormone English kukerwa vijisiwa vya Langerhans iliotengwa myeyusho wa isotoniki isotopu yavuyavu kiungo homoni ya ujana K karyotype karyotyping kelp forest keratin kernels kidney kinetic energy kingdom(s) Klinefelter s syndrome knee joint knee jerk reflex knowledge L labor laboratory labyrinth lack lactase lacteal lactic acid lactose ladybug lake Lamarckism lamella lancet landfill large intestine larva larynx karotaipu karotaipu msitu wa kelp keratini kokwa figo nguvu ya mihanjo falme dalili za Klinefelter kingo cha goti kitendo kisohiari cha goti ufahamu kazi maabara sikio la ndani ukosefu laktasi laktiali asidi maziwa laktosi mdudu mwenye madoadoa ziwa Nadharia ya Lamarck lamela lanseti taka utumbo mpana buu dundumio Page 28 57

31 latitude law of dominance law of independent assortment law of segregation law of use and disuse laxative layering loop of Henle leaf sheath leaflet leaks learning least legume leguminous plant lens leopard leucine leukemia leukocyte lichen(s) life cycle lifespan ligament light microscope light dependent reaction lily limestone limit limiting factor(s) limiting nutrient litmus paper linked gene lipase lipid lipid bilayer lithosphere liver livestock lizard lobster lock lockjaw locomotion latitudo sheria ya utawala sheria ya ugawaji huru sheria ya ubaguzi sheria ya matumizi na kutotumia dawa ya kuharisha kuwekelea mpindo wa Henle ala jani kijikaratasi uvujaji masomo ya chini kunde mmewa wa kunde lensi chui lusini lukemia selidamu nyeupe ukungu mzunguzo wa maisha maisha yote kano hadubini ya mwangaza majibu yanayotegemea mwangaza yungiyungi chokaa kikomo vipengele vya vikomo lishe inayozuia karatasi ya litimasi jeni husishwa kimengenya a mafuta tando mara mbili za mafuta lilthosfia ini mifugo mjusi kambamti funga pepopunda mwendo Page 29 57

32 log logging logistic growth longitudinal muscle louse lubricating oil luminescent lung Luteinizing hormone (LH) lymph lymph gland lymph node lymph vessel lymphatic system lymphocyte lysosome M macroevolution macromolecule maggot magnification maintaining malaria malathion malfunction malignant malnutrition maltase maltose mammal(s) mammary gland manage manageable mane manipulated (independent) variable manufacturing marine marine biome marrow marsupial mass mass extinction mass number mti wa mbao magogo ukuaji wa utaratibu misuli ya longitudo chawa mafuta ya kulainisha mngo mapafu Homoni ya Luteinizing(LH) limfu tezi limfu nudu limfu mishipa limfu mfumo limfu limfusaiti lisosomi mabadiliko makubwa molekuli makro buu ukuzaji kudumisha malaria malathioni dosari enye kudhuru/kuua utapiamlo maltanasi maltosi mamalia tezi ya ziwa dhibiti inayoweza kudhibitiwa manyoya ya shingoni utofauti ulioshawishiwa (huru) utengenezaji bahari biome baharini mafuta wanyamapochi wingi kutokomea masi nambari masi Page 30 57

33 mate material maternal immunity melting measles measurement mechanism medulla oblongata meiosis melanin melanocyte cell melt(ing) membrane Mendelism meninges meningitis meniscus menopause menstrual cycle menstruation mention mesentery mesoderm mesophyll mesophyte messenger RNA (mrna) metabolic metabolic waste metabolism metal metamorphic rock metaphase metastasis method methylene blue metric ruler metric system microbe(s) microclimate micro dissection microfilament micrometer micronucleus microorganism English mwenzi nyenzo kinga ya uzazi yeyuka ukambi kipimo utaratibu medula oblongata meiosisi melanini seli ya melanosaiti inayeyuka utando nadharia ya jenetiki ya Mendel utandomgumu homa ya uti wa mgongo meniskasi koma hedhi mzunguko wa hedhi hedhi mtajo utambi tabakakati mesofili mesofiti mjumbe RNA (mrna) metaboli umetaboli taka umetaboli matali jiwe la metamofiki metafezi metastasisi mbinu methilini bluu rula ya metriki mfumo wa metriki vijiumbe maradhi mikrolimati upasuaji changamo mikrofilamenti mikromita kiiniseli kidogo kijiumbe Page 31 57

34 microscope microscopic microtubule midbrain migration milk milk tooth milligram milliliter millimeter mimicry mineral mitochondria mitochondrion mitosis mitotic cell division mixture model modification molar mold molecular molecular formula molecule(s) Mollusca mollusk Monera monocotyledon monocycle monohybrid cross monomer monoploid monosaccharide monoxide morphine morphology mortality morula mosaic mosquito moss(es) moth motile motility English hadubini ya hadubini mikrotubuli bongokati uguraji maziwa meno awali miligramu mililita milimita uigizo madini mitokondria mitondrioni mitosisi divisheni seli ya mitosisi mchanganyiko modeli urekebishaji gego kalibu molekuli fomyula ya molekula molekuli Moluska moluski Monera monokotiledoni baisikeli monohidriki monoma monoploidi monosakaridi monoksaidi mofini mofolojia vifo morula batobato mbu kuvumwani nondo sogezi mwendo Page 32 57

35 motor nerve motor neuron movement mucous membrane mucus multicellular multiple allele(s) multiple birth multiple gene inheritance multiple multiply mumps muscle muscle contraction muscle fatigue muscular muscular system mushroom mussel mutagen mutagenic agent mutant mutate(d) mutation mutualism mycelia mycelium myelin sheath myofibril myopia N narcotic drug nasal cavity natural immunity natural selection naturally nature and nurture controversy nearby nearsightedness nectar negative feedback negative nematode neva ya mota nyuroni ya mota msogeo kiwamboute uteute seli anuwai aleli anuwai uzazi anuwai urithi wa jeni anuwai nyingi zidisha matumbwitumwi misuli mpunguo wa misuli uchovu wa misuli misuli mfumo wa misuli uyoga kome mutajeni wakala wa mutajeni mutanti badiliko la mzungukokionzi mgeuko papale ufaano vijiuzikuvu vijiuzikuvu myelini ala miofibrili miopia dawa za kulevya pongopua kinga ya kawaida uteuzi wa kawaida halisia utata wa uhalisia na kulea karibu na anayeona akiwa karibu nekta maoni mabaya uhasi nematoda Page 33 57

36 nephron nerve nerve cell (neuron) nerve cord nerve fiber nerve impulse nerve net nervous system neural plate neurohormone (neurotransmitter) neuromuscular junction neuron neurotransmitter neutral neutralization neutron niche(s) nicotine night blindness nitrification nitrifying bacteria nitrogen cycle nitrogen fixation nitrogen fixing bacteria nitrogenous nitrogenous waste nocturnal node nodule noise pollution non communicable nondisjunction no placental mammal nonrenewable resources nonvascular plant noradrenaline nostril notochord nourish nuclear fuel nuclear membrane (envelope) nuclei nucleic acids nucleoli nefroni neva seli ya neva (nuroni) kiungo neva ufumwele neva mpwito neva wavu neva mfumoneva bapa nuroli nurohomoni (kipitisha neroli) kituo misulinuroli nuroni pitisha nuroli ya kati mkatisho nutroni vishubaka nikotini shida ya kuona usiku unitrishaji bakteria ya nitrisha mzunguko wa nitrojeni uambishi nitrojeni bakteria ya kuweka nitrojeni ya nitrojeni takataka nitrojeni usiku fundo kifundo kelele yasiyo ya kuambukiza isio miosisi hakuna mamali ya kondo rasilimali zisizowesha kuzalishwa upya mmea Bryophyta noradrenalini tundu la pua notokodili lisha fueli nuklia kiwambo kiiniseli nuklei asidi kiiniseli niklioli Page 34 57

37 nucleolus nucleotide nurture numerous nutrient(s) nutrition nutritional nymph English kijiiniseli nikliotidi lea mbalimbali madini lishe a lishe tunutu O objective observation observe obtain occasionally occur octopus ocular official offset offspring olfaction olfactory bulb olfactory cell omnivore oncogene one gene one polypeptide hypothesis ontogeny oocyst oocyte oogenesis open circulatory system operon opinion opium opossum opportunity optic nerve optical microscope optimum order organ organ system organelle(s) lengo uangalifu zingatia pata mara kwa mara fanyika pweza ya picha rasmi fidia mtoto nusishi balbu nusishi seli nusishi walavyote onkojeni one gene one polypeptide hypothesi ontojenia oosisti oositi oojenisisi mfumo mzunguko wazi operoni maoni kasumba oposamu nafasi neva ya macho hadumini ya macho bora kabisa mpangilio ogani mfumo wa ogani oganeli Page 35 57

38 organic organic acid organic compound organism osmosis osmotic potential osmotic pressure ossification osteoarthritis osteoblast osteocyte osteology osteoporosis outbreeding ova ovaries ovary overall overfishing overgraze overproduction oviduct oviparity oviparous ovulation ovule ovum oxidation oxygen consumption oxygen cycle oxygen carbon dioxide cycle oxyhemoglobin oyster ozone ozone layer ozone shield P pacemaker paired Paleozoic palisade mesophyll pancreas pancreatic duct kikaboni asidi kikaboni msombo kikaboni kiumbe hasi osmosisi uwezo wa osmosisi kanieneo osmosisi ujenzimifup ugonjwa wa mifupa osteblasti ostesiti ostelojia ugonjwa wa osteoporosis uzao baina ya wazazi wasio wa nasaba moja ova ovari ovari kwa ujumla uvuvi wa kupita kiasi kufuga kupita kiasi kuzalisha kupita kiasi mirija ya ova utugaji uingiajitumboni utagaji mayai ovule yai uoksidishaji matumizi ya oksijeni mzunguko wa oksijeni mzunguko wa dioksidi kaboni ya oksijeni oksihimoglobini chaza ozoni tabaka ozoni ngao ozoni kirekebishi cha mapigo ya moyo imelinganisha ya kipalezo mesofili palisaidi kongosho nikeli cha kongosho Page 36 57

39 pancreatic juice paramecium parasite parasitic relationship parasitism parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) parathyroid hormone parent cell parent generation parental care parietal lobe parrot Parthenogenesis partial particular passive immunity passive transport pasteurization patella pathogen(s) pathogenic peat pedigree pedigree chart peer review pellagra pelvis penicillin penis pepsin peptic ulcer peptidase peptide bond percentage perennial perform pericardium period peripheral nervous system peristalsis permafrost permeable permit perspiration maji ya kongosho paramesi kimelea uhisiano wa kimelea umelea mfumo wa nevahuria ubongo homoni ya vichirizi seli mzazi kizazi mzazi ulezi wa wazazi parietali tundu kasuku Pathenojenesisi bila upendeleo hasa kinga ya muda usafiri wa muda pasterizaji piagoti pathojeni pathojeni piti asili chati asili maoni rika pelagra fupanyonga penisilini uume pepsini kidonda cha pepsini peptidasi muungo peptidi asilimia miaka nyingi fanya ngozimoyo kipindi mfumoneva nje peristalisisi udongo jalidi. penyevu kibali kutoa jasho Page 37 57

40 pest pesticide(s) petal petri dish petrifaction ph indicator ph scale phagocyte phagocytosis pharynx phase contrast microscope phenol phenotype phenylalanine phenylketonuria(pku) pheromone phloem phosphate phospholipid phosphorus phosphorylation photic zone photolysis photon photosynthesis phototropism phylum physical physiology physiotherapy phytoplankton pigment pill pimple pineal pineal body pinocytosis pioneer pioneer species pistil pituitary dwarfism pituitary gland placenta placental mammal mdudu kiuwa wadudu petali kibakuli cha petri ugeukajikisukuku kiashiriaji ph kipimo ph fagositi fagositisosi koromeo hadubini ya utofautii fezi fenoli ainafeno fenilalanini phenylketonuria(pku) feromoni floemu fosfetesi fosfolipidi fosforasi ufosfatishaji Eneo la ziwa linalopata mwangaza uvunjikajimwaka fotoni usanidimwanaga uelekeomwanga kabila maumbile fiziolojia tibamaungo mimea plankitoni rangi ya asili kidonge chunusi pineali kiini cha pinieali pinoktosisi mwanzilishi spishi anzilishi pistili liodumaa pituitari tezi pituitari kondo mamali ya kondo Page 38 57

41 placental membranes plague plankton plant plasma plasma membrane plasmid plasmolysis plastid platelet Platyhelminthes pleura pleural cavity plexus pneumonia poaching point mutation poisonous polar zone pole polio pollen grain pollen tube pollination pollutant pollution polygenic polygenic traits polymer polymerase chain reaction(pcr) polymorphism polyp polypeptide polyploidy polysaccharide pond population population density population genetics positive feedback posterior potential pouched mammal precipitation utando wa kondo tauni planktoni mmea plasma utando wa plasma plasmidi plasimolisisi plastidi vigandishadamu mnyoo bapa ya mapafu pongopafu msuko nimonia uwindaji mgeuko papale enye simu eleo kincha kincha polio chembechavuo nelichavuo mchavusho kichafuzi uchafu polijeni mitindo ya polijeni polima polymerase chain reaction(pcr) upolimofi polipu polipetidi poliploidi polisakaridi kidimbwi idadi idadi ya watu jenetiki ya idadi ya watu maooni mazuri kuelekea mkia uwezo mamali kifuko mvua Page 39 57

42 predation predator predator prey relationship predatory predict prediction pregnancy premature birth prepare present day preserve prevent prevention prey primarily primary consumer primary productivity primary root primary succession primate probability procedure process producer product progesterone prohibit prokaryote promoter property prophase proportion proposal prostaglandin prostate gland protease protect protein prothrombin proton protoplasm protozoan provide(d) pseudopod uwindaji mwindaji uhusiano wa mwindaji na anayewindwa mwindaji tabiri utabiri ujauzito kuzaliwa mapema kujiandaa siku ya sasa hifadhi zuia kuzuia mawindo kwanza mtumiaji wa kwanza uzalishaji wa kwanza shina msingi mfuatano msingi mamalia wa hali ya juu. uwezekano utaratibu mchakato mzalishaji zao projestoroni kataza prokayote mdhamini rasilimali profezi uwiano pendekezo protaglandini tezi shahawa proteasi linda protini prothrombini protoni protoplasma protozoa iliyotolewa a ungo Page 40 57

43 psychosis ptyalin puberty pulmonary artery pulmonary circulation pulmonary vein pulp pulse punctuated equilibrium pupa pupil pure pure dominant pure recessive purine purple pus pyloric sphincter pyramid pyramid of biomass pyramid of energy pyrimidine pyruvic acid Q qualitative quality quantitative quarantine quinine quotation R radial symmetry radiant energy radiation radiation radicle radioactive radioactive dating radioactive element radio carbon method radiotherapy radius English wendawazimu tialini kubalehe ateri ya mapafu mzunguzo wa mapafu mshipa wa mapafu fofota mikunde msawazo pupa mboni safi utawala kamili selipumbazi purini zambarau usaha bawaba tumbo piramidi piramidi ya biomasi pramidi ya nguvu pirimidini asidi puruvi kijumla hali ya juu ya kiasi karantini kwinini dondoo mgawanyiko pacha nguvu radiani mnururisho mnururisho kiotesha mizizi nururishi ukadiriaji umri kikinururishi elementi ya kikinururishi mbinu ya rediokaboni tibaredio nusu kipenyo Page 41 57

44 ragweed random rapidly reabsorption reactant reaction rate recently receptacle receptor receptor molecule(s) recessive recessive gene recombinant DNA recombination recombination gamete record recover rectum recycle recycling red blood cell red corpuscle (red blood cell) reduced reduction reduction division (meiosis) reflex reflex arc reflex center reforestation refractory period refute regeneration regular regulated regulation related relationship relative dating release reliable rely on remain remote renal artery ragweed bila taratibu maalumu kwa haraka ufyonzaji tena kitendanaji kiwango cha utendanaji hivi karibuni a sikivu kisikivu molekuli sikivu selipumbazi jeni selipumbazi DNA ya seli seli gameti seli rekodi rejesha rektamu uchakataji uchakataji upya seli nyeupe za damu chembedamu nyekundu (seli nyekundu za damu) imepunguzwa upunguzaji divisheni ya upunguzaji (meosisi) kisohiari tao kisohiari kituo cha kisohiari upandaji miti kipindi cha kizuiajoto kanusha uotaupya kawaida inasimamiwa usimamiaji inayohusiana uhusiano ukadiriaji umri wiami toleo tegemewa tegemea salia mbali ateri ya figo Page 42 57

45 renal circulation renal portal vein renal vein renewable renewable resource(s) rennin replicate replication represent reproduce reproduction reproductive isolation reptile require research plan researcher resemble residue resistance resource(s) resources management respiration respiratory chain respiratory surface respiratory tract response resting potential resting stage (interphase) restriction enzyme result reticulum retina retrovirus Rh negative blood Rh positive blood Rhesus factor (Rh factor) rheumatic fever rheumatoid arthritis rhizoid rhizome rib rib cage riboflavin ribonucleic acid (RNA) mzunguko figo mshipa mkuu wa figo mshipa wa figo isiyoharibika rasilimali zisizoharibika renini iga uigaji wakilisha zalisha upya uzalishaji upya utengaji wa uzalishaji pya reptilia inahitaji mpango wa utafiti mtafiti fanana mabaki upinzani nyenzo usimamizi wa nyenzo upumuaji mfuatano wa upumuaji eneo la upumuaji njia ya upumuaji jibu uwezo wa kupumzika awamu ya kupumzika (intakinesisi) kizuizi cha kimengenya matokeo endoplazimu retina retrovirus damu isiyokuwa na Rh damu yenye Rh Kipengele cha Rhesus (kipengele cha Rh) homa yabisi baridi yabisi rizodi rizomu mbavu mfuko wa mbavu riboflauini asidi ribonukleki (RNA) Page 43 57

46 ribose ribosomal RNA ribosome(s) rickets ringing ringworm rip ripped risk RNA polymerase roach Rocky mountain spotted fever rodent root root hair root module root pressure rotation of crops roughage roundworm routine rubella rudimentary organ ruminant runner S Sabin vaccine saccharide saccharin salamander saline salinity saliva salivary amylase salivary gland Salk vaccine salmon salmonella salt marsh salt water sample sand sandy soil rinosi RNA ribosomu ribosomu matege mlio bato mkato imekatwa hatari mmengenyo RNA mende homa ya Rocky mountain panya shina shina nywele moduli shina kanieneo shina mzunguko wa mimea chakula ghafi minyoo utaratibu rubela ogani ya mwanzo mcheuzi mkimbiaji chanjo ya Sabin sakaridi sakarini salamanda chumvi umunyu mate kimeng'enyawanga mate tezi mate Chanjo Salk samoni salmonela kinamasi chumvi maji chumvi sampuli mchanga ardhi ya mchanga Page 44 57

47 sanitary sap saprophyte saturated fats scale scallop scarcity scavenger schizophrenia Schwann s cell science scientific method scientific theory scientist scion sclera sclereid sclerosis scorpion scrotum scurvy sea anemone sea cucumber sea urchin seal sebaceous gland sebum second filial generation secondary consumer secondary mycelium secondary sexual characteristics secondary succession secretin secretion sedimentary strata seed seed dispersal seep out segment segregation selection selective breeding selective permeability selective permeable membrane usafi maji ya miti saprofiti shahamu kifu mizani skalopi uhaba mwokotezaji schizophrenia Seli ya Schwann sayansi mbinu ya kisayansi nadharia ya kisayansi mwanasayansi kikonyoshina kiwambajicho skelereidi kukacha kwa seli nge mapumbu kiseyeye maua ya baharini tango ya baharini mimea ya kisiwani muhuri tezi sebasisi sebamu kizazi cha pili cha watoto mtumiaji wa pili vijiuzikuvu ya pili tabia za bili za kingono mfuatano wa pili mnyeso mnyeso ushapishaji tabaka mbegu usambazaji wa mbegu uchujaji mkato ubaguzi uteuzi ukuzaji wa kuchagua upenyezaji wa kuchagua utando wa upenyezaji wa kuchagua Page 45 57