Gestalting Structures in Physics
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1 Gestalting Structures in Physics Tuomo Suntola Basic questions for human conception The scope of physical theories From antique metaphysics to empirical sciences The picture of reality, the empiricists puzzle Concluding remarks
2 Gestalting Structures in Physics Basic questions for human conception: What? Where? When? The SI base quantities: mass, length, time (units: kilogram, meter, second) In search for a deeper understanding we may ask: Why does anything exist? Where is the universe coming from? How does nature function? What determines the structures in material world?
3 Gestalting Structures in Physics Aristotle ( BC): ALL men by nature desire to know. and the most exact of the sciences are those which deal most with first principles; for those which involve fewer principles are more exact than those which involve additional principles The second statement is generally known as Occams s razor: A principle urging one to select from among competing hypotheses that which makes the fewest assumptions. William of Ockham ( c )
4 Outlining of the historical development in Physics Search for the laws of nature and understanding of space, matter, and motion BC 0 AD
5 Outlining of the historical development in Physics Search for the laws of nature and understanding of space, matter, and motion Aristotle Leucippus Heraclitus Anaximander Thales Ptolemy Einstein Planck Maxwell Faraday Laplace Newton Kepler Galilei Copernicus Bohr Leibniz BC 0 AD Poincaré Helmholtz Hamilton Dalton
6 Antique inheritance Search for the laws of nature and understanding of space, matter, and motion Pythagoras numbers, geometry, harmonics Anaximenes air primary substance Anaximander Apeiron Heraclitus Logos Anaxagoras Nous Empedocles elements Erastothenes geography, earth dimensions Heraclides , Ekfantos, Hiketas rotating earth Philolaus Eudoxus central planet model fire Plato Aristotle metaphysics, physics Aristarchus heliocentric universe Euclid conics, optics Erastothenes earth dimensions Apollonius ellipse, epicycles Archimedes machines, primary integral calculus Seleucus studies on Aristarchus model Hipparchus scientific astronomy mathematics physics holism, complementarity, process philosophy heliocentric astronomy Copernicus, Kepler, Newton Earth-centered astronomy Galilei, Descartes, Leibniz, Newton Ptolemy epicycle model Principles Space Motion Mathematics Thales arche, first cause, water, primary substance Leucippus (400s), Democritus atomic theory Epicurus empiricism atomic theories materialism, reductionism BC 0 AD Matter
7 Gestalting skies and space Sun N Moon Earth Daytime before noon in the summer S Anaximander s Earth centered universe.
8 Gestalting skies and space N Moon Sun Earth S Daytime before noon in the winter Anaximander s Earth centered universe.
9 Gestalting skies and space N Moon Sun S Nighttime in the winter Anaximander s Earth centered universe.
10 Gestalting skies and space N Moon Sun Nighttime in the summer S Anaximander s Earth centered universe.
11 Gestalting skies and space 500 s BC Ptolemy s epicyclic system (100 s AD) N Moon Sun Nighttime in the summer S Planetary orbits in the Earth centered system Anaximander s universe was constructed of a flat Earth surrounded by the sphere of fixed stars. The wheels for the Moon and the Sun were behind the sphere of stars.
12 The Copernican Newtonian revolution The dawn of mathematical physics Aristotelian mechanics Ptolemy heavens, antique ideas of motion and the heliocentric alternative Nicholaus Copernicus Tycho Brahe Galileo Galilei Johannes Kepler Pierre de Fermat René Descartes Blaise Pascal Christiaan Huygens Gottfried Leibniz John Wallis Isaac Newton Edmond Halley Christopher Wren Conservation of energy Calculus Newtonian mechanics Thomas Diggens Robert Hooke Francis Bacon Robert Boyle Empiricism
13 Gestalting of celestial mechanics Copernicus: OUTLINING Heliocentric system Kepler: MATHEMETICAL DESCRIPTION Elliptic orbits Newton: MODELING The equations of motion OBSERVATIONS PRIMARY PRINCIPLES OF NATURE OBSERVATIONS PRIMARY PRINCIPLES OF NATURE QUANTITIES IN MECHANICS TESTING Known and new Simplicity, symmetry, spherical forms Tycho Brahe s precise observations Simplicity, mathematical beauty Force, inertia, momentum Observations versus predictions
14 Gestalting skies and space Earth Sun The first Chapter of Kopernicus De Revolutionibus, is titled The Universe is Spherical : First of all, we must note that the universe is spherical. The reason is either that, of all forms, the sphere is the most perfect,... or that wholes strive to be circumscribed by this boundary... Thomas Digges s ( ) view of the Copernican system. Fixed stars are spread to unlimited space.
15 Gestalting space Einstein Planck Maxwell FLRW cosmology Einstein: General relativity Aristarchus: The Greek Copernicus Philolaus, Central fire Thales Anaximander s skies around the flat Earth 50 Ptolemy BC 0 AD Aristotle: Eudoxus s system Eudoxus, planetary spheres around spherical Earth. Copernicus: Heliocentric system Laplace: Refinement of celestial mechanics Newton: Mathematical solution for Kepler s orbits Kepler: Elliptic orbits, Kepler s laws Galilei: Force and acceleration, observations with telescope Brahe: Precise measurement of planetary orbits
16 Path to special relativity Woldemar Voigt Voigt s transformation 1887 Joseph Larmor coordinate transformations 1897 Jules Henri Poincaré James Maxwell Maxwell s equations 1864 positivism Heinrich Hertz demonstration of electromagnetic waves 1877 George Stoney unit charge, electron Albert Michelson M M experiment 1889 George FitzGerald length contraction Ernst Mach Relative distance and time Joseph Thomson electron, electromagnetic mass Hendrik Lorentz Walter Kaufmann increase of mass in motion Albert Einstein Hermann Minkowski Special theory of relativity Spacetime interpretation
17 Path to FLRWcosmology from general relativity Ernst Mach, Mach s principle Herman Minkowski spacetime 1908 Albert Einstein General relativity 1916 Alexander Friedman Friedmann s model 1919 Einstein s 4-sphere 1917 Georges Lemaître expanding space 1925 Edwin Hubble galaxy observations, redshift Hubble law 1929 Albert Einstein Special relativity 1905 Karl Schwarzschild Solution of field equations 1916 Willem de Sitter GR metrics Richard Tolman magnitude versus redshift 1930 Max Planck Planck s equation 1900 Howard Robertson, Arthur Walker: Refining of the Friedmann s model tarkennus Immanuel Kant Solar system and Milky Way condensations of nebulae Henry Cavendish Determination of the gravitational constant FLRW-cosmology
18 Gestalting skies and space
19 Gestalting modern cosmology is challenging Space: FLRW cosmology (Friedman, Lemaître, Robertson, Walker) Ω 0 >1 Ω 0 <1 Ω 0 =1 Outlining of spacetime geometry in FLRW cosmology. The antiquity question of infinite/finite space is unanswered by the FLRW cosmology.
20 Gestalting matter Quantum mechanics: Material structures described in terms of wave functions Leucippus, Democritus: Both matter and void have real existence. The constituents of matter are elements infinite in number and always in motion, with an infinite variety of shapes, completely solid in composition Heraclitus, Everything is a part of the same whole or everything has its share of wholeness. Thales Ptolemy Einstein Planck Maxwell Faraday Laplace Newton Kepler Galilei Copernicus BC 0 AD Anaximander: Apeiron is an abstract endless, unlimited principle and primary substance for all material expressions. 50 Aristotle opposed atomism and infinite apeiron; supported Empedocles s system. Empedocles, the system of four elements. AIR wet Bohr s atomic model (1913) Boltzmann: Statistical mechanics, kinetic theory of gases: strong support to atomic theory Dalton: Atomic and molecular hypothesis concluded from the ratios of elements in chemical reactions (1808) Leibniz described the elementary parts of matter as monads perpetual living mirrors of the universe FIRE hot dry WATER EARTH cold
21 Gestalting of motion Leucippus Heraclitus Thales 150 Galilei: - acceleration in free fall is independent of the weight of the falling object - no external movent - rectilinear motion ~ the state of rest - the principle of relativity Ptolemy Copernicus Einstein Planck Maxwell Laplace Newton BC 0 AD Aristotle: - natural motion (free fall): the velocity is proportional to the weight of the object and inversely proportional to the resistance of the medium, - forced motion (horizontal motion) requires an external movent 50 Einstein s special relativity (1905): Newton s laws modified by redefinition of time and distance. Poincaré: Everything can be seen as interplay of kinetic energy potential energy Lagrange, Hamilton : equations of motion in generalized coordinates Laplace: refinement of celestial mechanics, potential theory Newton: The 2. law of motion F= m a, the 3. law of motion, balance of opposite forces equivalence principle Leibniz: - Living force (kinetic energy), vis viva is obtained against release of dead force (potential energy) (vis mortua) - the amount of all living force in space is equal to the dead force released
22 Gestalting of motion Leucippus Heraclitus Thales 150 Galilei: - acceleration in free fall is independent of the weight of the falling object - no external movent - rectilinear motion ~ the state of rest - the principle of relativity 50 Ptolemy Copernicus Einstein Planck Maxwell Laplace Newton BC 0 AD John Philoponus: Motion is maintained by the energy, impetus, given to the object by the mover Jean Buridan: Impetus and the concept of momentum Leibniz: - Living force (kinetic energy), vis viva is obtained against release of dead force (potential energy) (vis mortua) - the amount of all living force in space is equal to the dead force released
23 Outlining of the historical development in Physics Search for the laws of nature and understanding of space, matter, and motion 150 Empiricism Aristotle Leucippus Heraclitus Anaximander Thales Ptolemy Philoponus Einstein Planck Maxwell Faraday Laplace Newton Kepler Galilei Copernicus Buridan Bohr Leibniz BC 0 AD Poincaré Helmholtz Hamilton Dalton Metaphysical principles
24 The empiricists puzzle Quantum mechanics - Planck s equation - wave function - Schrödinger equation - uncertainty principle - wave particle duality - Dirac s equations Classical mechanics - Newton s laws of motion - Newton s gravitation - absolute time - force a base quantity - mass a measure of inertia - Galilei relativity FLRW cosmology - General relativity: gravitation by spacetime metric - Cosmological principle - Reciprocity principle - Planck s equation - Hubble flow - Dark matter, dark energy - Inflation hypothesis - Gravitation waves Electromagnetism Maxwell s equations - Electromagnetic interactions - Electromagnetic waves - conservation of charge Special relativity General relativity - equivalence principle - curved spacetime - relativity principle - proper time, proper distance - constant velocity of light - mass manifestation of energy - relativistic mass
25 How to apply Occam s razor? The empiricists puzzle Essence of the wave function? Gestalting curved spacetime? Quantum mechanics - Planck s equation - wave function - Schrödinger equation - uncertainty principle - wave particle duality - Dirac s equations Classical mechanics - Newton s laws of motion - Newton s gravitation - absolute time - force a base quantity - mass a measure of inertia - Galilei relativity FLRW cosmology - General relativity: gravitation by spacetime metric - Cosmological principle - Reciprocity principle - Planck s equation - Hubble flow - Dark matter, dark energy - Inflation hypothesis - Gravitation waves Electromagnetism Maxwell s equations - Electromagnetic interactions - Electromagnetic waves - conservation of charge Special relativity General relativity - equivalence principle - curved spacetime - relativity principle - proper time, proper distance - constant velocity of light - mass manifestation of energy - relativistic mass Gestalting relative time and distance?
26 Books available at cafeteria (Tiedekahvila) Tieteen lyhyt historia - vai pitkä tie luonnonfilosofian ja empirismin kohtaamiseen 2012 The Short History of Science - or the long path to the union of metaphysics and empiricism The Dynamic Universe Toward a unified picture of physical reality 2011
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