Extensive Cryptic Diversity in Indo-Australian Rainbowfishes Revealed by DNA Barcoding
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1 Extensive Cryptic Diversity in Indo-Australian Rainbowfishes Revealed by DNA Barcoding Kadarusman, Hubert N, Hadiaty R.K #, Sudarto, Paradis E., Pouyaud L. Akademi Perikanan Sorong, Papua Barat, Indonesia Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France # Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Badan penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan
2 Interest for Rainbowfish Pearl for aquarium trade Rainbowfish = suborder Melanotaenioidei (129 species) Distribution : Madagascar, Sulawesi, Indo-australian Great diversity morphology (form & Coloration) Robust & Easy to reproduce Diversity & Systematic confusion Melanotaeniidae: 7 genera, 76 species-subspecies West Papuan Rainbowfish diversity underestimated Incomplete diagnose Need revision systematic (biometric & molecular) Threats on Papuan Melanotaeniids Over-catch Degradation of habitat Introduction Invasive species (5 species) Threatened species: Papua (9), Vogelkop (7) (15) (61)
3 Objectives DNA-barcoding to unravel species diversity in New Guinea (centre of biodiversity); Incorporating COI data with multiple locus in an ongoing works on systematic and biogeography for conservation purposes.
4 Study area and sampling localities 105 Localities 4 Genera 53 Nominal Species Vogelkop Iriatherina 35 IRG specimens Port Moresby Glossolepis Cape York Chilatherina Melanotaenia
5 Methods and Analysis Phylogenetic Species 1. validate 2. define Diagnostic morphological characters Expedition Vogelkop Peninsula Half Northern New Guinea Breeding Specimens Rainbowfish Association-IRG Commercial sources Genomic DNA Extraction + PCR + Sequencing Deposited: GenBank + BOLD Sequences Alignment BOLD module Divergence: K2P Graphic representation : NJ Tree Datation Geology-based calibration + some published Mitochondrial molecular clock
6 Results and discussion 350 Barcodes (Melanotaeniidae) 53 species 4 genera 15 new lineages (new localities) Highlight four major clades : I: Vogelkop Peninsula IA: Main Vogelkop IB: Bomberai II : Kuweri Lengguru III : South NG + Australia IV : North NG mapsof.net Include 9 australian species
7 Mixed COI cluster 8 species Melanotaenia (e.g M.parva & M.angfa) 3 species Glossolepis (G.leggetti & M. rubripinnis) 40 species have non-overlapping cluster Vogelkop Australia
8 Cryptic lineages detected 14 Melanotaenia 1 Chilatherina Cryptic lineages all endemic Cryptic lineages Nominal species Ayamaru Vogelkop peninsula Bomberai Lengguru
9 Frequencies Genetic divergence and taxonomic levels within species within genus, among species within families, among genus Fig. 1. Distribution of the K2P distances 350 individuals 69 species analyzed Mixed conspecific & Congeneric Min. K2P = K2P Distances Genetic Divergence : Congeneric 14x higher than Conspecific Overlap between within and among species K2P distances (closely related species)
10 Frequencies Intraspecific divergence Fig. 2. Distribution of the K2P distances to NN within species (Mean) within species (Max) Distance to NN K2P Distances Overlap between within species genetic distances and distances to NN (closely related species)
11 Large scale pattern of genetic divergence Clade I Clade IV Clade II Clade III Include 9 australian species Divergence among clades very similar Min. III vs IV = 10.5% ± 1% Max. I vs II = 13.7% ± 1% II vs III= same
12 Relationship among clades Clade IA Clade IV Clade IB Clade II Clade III Clades IA,IB and II are most diverse Considered as center of Melanotaeniids diversity
13 Datation Canonical fish : 0.012/Myr (Panamian isthmus) + references. Geological age uplift Lengguru Arch : 9-12 Myr (divergence among all clades). Synthetic cladogram among clades Clade IA Clade IB 11.4 myr Clade II Clade III Clade IV (lengguru) 8.8 myr Min.subs R: 27.4 and 21 Myr Canonical fish : - Estimated : 11.4 and 8.8 Myr - Fixed: subst./myr Can. Verteb. Subs R: 11.4 and 5.3 Myr Uplift Lengguru Arch : - Fixed : 12 and 9 Myr - Estimated: (0.009 and subst./myr
14 Vogelkop and the role important of Lengguru Arch Most rugged area covered massif karstic area Origin first cladogenetic events Raja Ampat Is Kuweri rainbowfish: a witness of evolution Ayamaru plateau
15 Conclusion (1) Utility of DNA-barcoding (species recognition & cryptic species) (2) Vogelkop diversity overlooked: 30 lineages among 15 nominal species (3) Papua remains less explored ichthyologically, endemism is underestimated (4) Threatened species: PNG (13), Papua (9) Vogelkop (7), Australia (4) (5) Promoting domestication trial (IRD & KKP)
16 Thanks
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