Role of floodplains in suspended sediment transfer and storage along the Amazon River
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1 Laurence Maurice Bourgoin Jean-Michel Martinez Pascal Kosuth Julien Grelaud (IRD, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) and Eurides de Oliveira (ANA, Agencia Nacional de Aguas) Research agreement / Surface Hydrology and Water Chemistry Role of floodplains in suspended sediment transfer and storage along the Amazon River Case study : the Varzea of Lago Grande de Curuai
2 Objectives Study of the Hydrological H and Suspended Sediment dynamics between the Amazon River and a floodplain lakes system Estimating the sediment deposition rate in an Amazonian floodplain Case study : the Várzea of Lago Grande de Curuai
3 3 rd LBA Scientific Meeting Floodplain surface area estimation for the whole Amazon basin: 61, km² (±67,) ~ 1% total drainage area (Martinez et al., in press) 6 km
4 Case study in the Middle Amazon floodplain : várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai Amazon R. Curuai floodplain 6 km Madeira R. 3 rd LBA Scientific Meeting
5 Study area: The Curuaí floodplain (PA) Amazonas R. Óbidos Santarém Tapajós R. 1 km 3 rd LBA Scientific Meeting Image MODIS 1/1/2 Resolution 25m
6 Study area: The Curuaí floodplain (PA) Amazonas R. 1 km 3 rd LBA Scientific Meeting Location: W / 2.18 S Distance to the Ocean: 9 km System length : Santarém 126km River level fluct. : 7m River gradient :.5 m / 2. m Mean ann. rainfall : 2 mm (Juruti) to 25 mm (Curuai) Mean ann. ETR : 14 mm Watershed Area : 366 km² Flooded area : 7 / 23 km² Image MODIS 1/1/2 Resolution 25m
7 Role of floodplains in sediment transfer and storage along the Amazon A River METHODOLOGY Sediment Input: - Monitoring network - Field measurements Sediment Deposition: - Monitoring network - Multi temporal remote sensing images - Hydrological model 3 rd LBA Scientific Meeting
8 Role of floodplains in sediment transfer and storage along the Amazon A River METHODOLOGY - 1 Varzea do Lago Grande de Curuai : Monitoring network
9 TSS monitoring results in floodplain channels (Curuai) juil-4 mars- juil- nov- mars-1 juil-1 nov-1 mars-2 juil-2 nov-2 mars-3 juil-3 nov-3 mars-4 nov-99 juil-99 mars-99 nov-98 TSS (mg/l) Water level (cm) Obidos Obidos water level
10 TSS monitoring results in floodplain channels (Curuai) juil-4 mars- juil- nov- mars-1 juil-1 nov-1 mars-2 juil-2 nov-2 mars-3 juil-3 nov-3 mars-4 nov-99 juil-99 mars-99 nov-98 TSS (mg/l) Water level (cm) Obidos Ponto Seguro Obidos water level
11 TSS monitoring results in floodplain channels (Curuai) TSS (mg/l) Water level (cm) Obidos Foz Lago Grande Boca Norte Ponto Seguro Obidos water level juil-99 nov-99 mars- juil- nov- mars-1 juil-1 nov-1 mars-2 juil-2 nov-2 mars-3 juil-3 nov-3 mars-4 juil-4 mars-99 nov-98
12 TSS monitoring results in floodplain channels (Curuai) TSS (mg/l) Water level (cm) Obidos Foz Lago Grande Boca Norte Ponto Seguro Obidos water level Resuspension process mars-99 juil-99 nov-99 mars- juil- nov- mars-1 juil-1 nov-1 mars-2 juil-2 nov-2 mars-3 juil-3 nov-3 mars-4 juil-4 nov-98
13 TSS monitoring results in white water floodplain lakes (Curuai) Curuai Lago do Poção Boca Lago do Poção Sao Nicolau Lago Grande A3 Obidos_hydrogram TSS (mg/l) mars- juil- oct- mars-1 juil-1 nov-1 mars-2 juil-2 nov-2 mars-3 juil-3 nov-3 mars-4
14 Role of floodplains in sediment transfer and storage along the Amazon A River Varzea do Lago Grande de Curuai : Field Campaigns Water level Curuai n-2 d-2 j-3 f-3 m-3 a-3 m-3 j-3 j-3 a-3 s-3 o-3 n-3 d-3
15 Role of floodplains in sediment transfer and storage along the Amazon A River METHODOLOGY - 3 Varzea do Lago Grande de Curuai : Reservoir model Water flux exchanged between the main channel and = the floodplain Q = V EV + P I
16 Role of floodplains in sediment transfer and storage along the Amazon A River Q = V EV + P I Assessment of the flooded areas / lake stage relationship : V calculation V storage H HighWater = V Γ storage ( h) dh H Low Water Lake water storage : 9.4 ± 1.5 km³ (Martinez et al. 23)
17 % Water flux exchange between the floodplain lakes and the Amazon River (normalized to the Obidos discharge) Qfloodplain/Qriver obtained by the model Qfloodplain/Qriver measured in the field Floodplain lakes filling up Outflow -2.5 oct-99 juin- oct- juin-1 oct-1 juin-2 oct-2 juin-3 oct-3
18 Monthly liquid fluxes between the floodplain and the main channel water level (cm) Liquid fluxes (en km3) juin-1 oct-1 janv-2 mars-2 mai-2 juil-2 sept-2 avr-3 juin-3 oct-3 3 rd LBA Scientific Meeting avr-1
19 Annual hydrological balance (2-23) Curuai floodplain lakes 6-8 km 3 2) (22) 9,3-11 km 3 (23) (21)
20 TSS measured in Obidos _ 21 1-nov- au 3-janv-1 1-fev-1 au 2-mai-1 2-mai-1 au 3-oct-1 3 TSS (mg/l) y = x R 2 =.9332 y = x R 2 = y =.935x R 2 = Discharge (1^3 m3/s) 3 rd LBA Scientific Meeting
21 Monthly liquid and solid fluxes between the floodplain and the main channel Liquid fluxes (en km3) Solid fluxes (1^5 t) avr-1 juin-1 oct-1 janv-2 mars-2 mai-2 juil-2 sept-2 avr-3 juin-3 oct water level (cm) rd LBA Scientific Meeting
22 Annual sedimentological balance (2-23) Curuai floodplain lakes (21) 849 t (22) 879 t (21) 496 t (22) 54 t (23) 99 5 t (23) 498 t
23 Annual Deposition rate Curuai floodplain lakes t/y t/y
24 SEDIMENT DEPOSITION RESULTS IN AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAINS 4, t/y 174 t km -2 y t/y 24 t km -2 y -1
25 P-Hg (ng/g) and water level (cm) Hydrological control of the [Hg] at the Obidos station (Amazon R.) - Field surveys measurements Water level P-Hg (ng/g) 6 D-Hg (ng/l) D-Hg (ng/l) f m a m j j a s o n d j f m a m j j a s o n d j f m a m j j a s o n d rd LBA Scientific Meeting
26 Hg DEPOSITION RESULTS IN AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAINS ~.2 t Hg/y (1% daily P-Hg flux) ~76 g P-Hg km -2 y -1 ~ 4.5 t Hg/y (14% annual T-Hg flux) ~ 9 g P-Hg km -2 y -1
27 Conclusions 3 rd LBA Scientific Meeting Floodplain lake levels are very close (tens of centimeters) to river water levels The output of water from the floodplain lakes to the main channel begins at the flood peak Water and sediment outflow max. are observed during the low water stage Main sedimentation occurs in the western part of the varzea, generating a widening land strip Sediment storage and Hg associated with fine particles appears to be more important in the upstream foreland basins than along the mid-amazon floodplains
28 Thanks for your attention! 3 rd LBA Scientific Meeting
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