Assessment of agricultural best management practices using mathematical models: a review
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1 2013 SWAT Conference Toulouse, Paris, France Assessment of agricultural best management practices using mathematical models: a review Hui Xie Lei Chen * Jiali Qiu Yucen Zhong Zhenyao Shen, Professor Beijing Normal University
2 Contents Background Watershed models BMP models Decision Support System Implication
3 Background: What is BMPs Point BMP: Practices that capture upstream drainage at a specific location and use a combination of detention, infiltration, evaporation, settling, and transformation to manage flow and remove pollutants. Linear BMP: Areas adjacent to the stream channels that provide filtration of runoff, nutrient updates, and ancillary benefits of shading, habitat, and aesthetic value. Area-based Practices: Land-based practices that affect larger area management, land cover and pollutant Inputs (e.g., fertilizer, pet waste)
4 Biotention at Xikeng Reservoir, Shenzhen, China
5 Background: What is a model? A theoretical construct system to represent those geological-, hydrological-, and ecological processes in watersehds. Incorporating prior observations drawn from field and laboratory data;
6 Background: Model Categories Landscape models Runoff of water and materials on and through the land surface Watershed models Combination of landscape and receiving water models Site-scale models (BMP models) Detailed representation of local processes Decision Support System (DSS) Incorporation of GIS,watershed model and BMP model
7 Contents Background Watershed models BMP models Decision Support System Implication
8 Explicit vs. Lumped Treatment Model Processes Explicit Representation Partial/Lumped n/a Not Available GWLF EGWLF USLE MUSLE RUSLE RUSLE2 KINEROS SWAT GBMM CONCEPTS SWMM5 HSPF/LSPC Timestep daily monthly daily annual avg daily annual avg daily monthly event daily daily subdaily subdaily subdaily Atmospheric Deposition n/a n/a Rainfall Detachment n/a Scour/Gully Erosion n/a n/a Instream Land-Based Data/Parameter Guidance n/a Particle Size Distribution n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Vegetation/Cover Impact n/a Agricultural Management n/a n/a Urban Management n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Settling & Resuspension n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Particle Size Distribution n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Stream Bank Erosion n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Sorption/Desorption n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 8
9 A summary of reported literature
10 Summary of Watersheds models
11 How SWAT represent various BMPs WDM: Watershed Data Management Files (Time Series Store, TSS Files)
12 Contents Background Watershed models BMP models Decision Support System Implication
13 Two typical BMP models
14 BMPs Present Approach Optional Future Approaches Bioretention Detention pond BMP models: Point BMPs Holtan-Lopez equation Constant evapotranspiration (ET) rate Stage-outflow storage routing using weir and/or orifice equations Completely mixed pollutant routing 1st order decay Under drain percent reduction (user defined) Holtan-Lopez equation Constant ET rate Stage-outflow storage routing using weir and/or orifice equations Completely mixed pollutant routing 1st order decay Green-Ampt infiltration Calculate potential ET and actual ET Continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in series pollutant routing Plug flow pollutant routing Kadlec and Knight s (1996) 1 st order kinetic method Sedimentation Physically based substrate filtration and sorption Green-Ampt infiltration Calculate potential ET and actual ET CSTR in series pollutant routing Plug flow pollutant routing Kadlec and Knight s 1 st order kinetic method Sedimentation 14
15 BMP models: Point BMPs Wetland BMPs Present Approach Optional Future Approaches Infiltration trench Holtan-Lopez equation Constant ET rate Stage-outflow storage routing using weir and/or orifice equations Completely mixed pollutant routing 1st order decay Holtan-Lopez equation Constant ET rate Stage-outflow storage routing using weir and/or orifice equations Completely mixed pollutant routing 1st order decay Green-Ampt infiltration Calculate potential ET and actual ET Pollutant routing CSTR in series or plug flow Kadlec and Knight s (1996) 1 st order kinetic method Sedimentation Green-Ampt infiltration Calculate potential ET and actual ET Pollutant routing CSTR in series or plug flow Kadlec and Knight s (1996) 1 st order kinetic method Sedimentation Physically based substrate filtration and sorption 15
16 BMP models: Linear BMPs BMPs Present Approach Optional Future Approaches Linear BMPs: Areas adjacent to the stream channels that provide filtration of runoff, nutrient uptates, and ancillary benefits of shading, habitat, and aesthetic value Buffer Strip/Riparian Buffer Pollutant trap efficiency as a function of strip width (flow length) Nonlinear reservoir overland flow routing Kinematic wave overland flow routing Process-based sediment interception simulation method Process-based nutrient/pollutant removal simulation method 16
17 BMP models: Area-based BMPs BMPs Present Approach Optional Future Approaches Area BMPs: Land-based practices that affect impervious area management, land cover, and pollutant inputs (e.g., fertilizer, pet waste) Street Sweeping Street sweeping pollutant removal effectiveness (SWMM) Additional controls on type and frequency of sweeping Impervious area reduction Pervious/impervious areas (SWMM) Impervious area to pervious area land routing Land management Pollutant build-up/wash-off rates (SWMM) Infiltration rate (SWMM) Update to Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), adjustment of parameters Process-based simulation of soil profile and associated pollutant removal mechanism Database approach for estimating pollutant reduction 17
18 Contents Background Watershed models BMP models Decision Support System Implication
19 BETTER ASSESSMENT SCIENCE INTEGRATING POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES (1) Spatial Data a (2) Land Use/ Land Cover Surface Waters Roads Boundaries Monitoring Data a Bacteria NSI Sources of Pollution a PCS WQ Monitoring TRI Superfund Assessment Tools a (3) TARGET ASSESS Data Mining Ws Delineation Reporting Import local data Watershed and Water Quality Modeling NPSM b TOXIROUTE QUAL2E c TMDL Watersheds Source water protection (4) Decisions a BASINS GIS Environment b Windows-based Interface c Windows Shell w/fortran
20 BETTER ASSESSMENT SCIENCE INTEGRATING POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES BMP design Properly size and configure practices Evaluate effectiveness of BMP after design and construction Site development Evaluate effectiveness of multiple practices for hydrology and water quality Optimize selection and placement of practices Watershed management Analyze watershed-wide implementation Program evaluation CSO reduction TMDL compliance
21 BMP-Decision Support System (BMP-DSS)
22 Bioretention Selected BMP Types Pervious Pavement Infiltration Swale
23 SUSTAIN Components Optimization Interpretation (Post Processor)
24 Define BMP Details by SUSTAIN
25 Optimal Design Solutions
26 Contents Background Watershed models BMP models Decision Support System Implication
27 Future Enhancement - I Structured to allow users to select BMP types at various spatial scales Lot Sub-watershed Watershed
28 Future Enhancement - II More Capabilities Add BMP simulation techniques for emerging technologies/recent research; Add optimization alternatives; Provide the ability for users to add their own bmp formulations as a discrete module (requires developing a generic interface and data exchange tool);
29 Future Enhancement - III More Ground-Truth and Testing Additional applications in diverse urban settings (could be co-sponsored by other groups); Evaluate performance using recent BMP specific monitoring studies.
30 Zhenyao Shen School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Tel: Fax: Lei Chen School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Tel: Fax:
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