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4 ! While the dg has been a cmpanin t humans fr at least 10,000 t 14,000 years, he is clsest genetically t the wlf - differing nly 1% r 2% in their gene sequences. Like wlves and lins - dgs and cats are pprtunistic carnivres that thrive n diets that are almst exclusively meat-based, and with very few carbhydrates.!! The anatmical specializatin f dgs and cats t a meat based diet can be seen in the length f their gastr-intestinal tract, the develpment f their teeth and jaws, and their lack f digestive enzymes needed t break dwn starch. 1. HERBIVORES (cws, sheep) have: lng digestive tracts that are designed t ferment and prcess vegetatin. flat mlars t grind grasses and are built fr grazing. the ability t break dwn cellulse fund in plant materials and depends n vegetatin fr cmplete nutritin. 2. OMNIVORES have: medium length digestive tracts giving them the ability t digest vegetatin and animal prteins. flat mlars and sharp teeth develped fr sme grinding and sme tearing, the ability t eat either plants r animal prteins - but mst ften need bth categries f fd fr cmplete nutritin. 3. CARNIVORES have: shrt, simple digestive tracts fr digesting animal prtein and fat. (dgs and cats fall int this categry). sharp, blade-shaped mlars designed fr slicing, rather than flat grinding mlars designed fr grinding. jaws that cannt mve sideways (unlike herbivres and mnivres that grind their fd by chewing) and are hinged t pen widely t swallw large chunks f meat whle. T summarize, the anatmical features that define all carnivres are: " A large muth pening with a single hinge jint. Shrt and pinted teeth made fr grasping and shredding (nt grinding). Teeth and muth designed t swallw fd whle (nt fr chewing r crushing).

5 " Carnivres d nt have digestive enzymes in their saliva. Humans have amylase, which helps t begin t break dwn cmplex carbhydrates. " A shrt digestive tract that is ne-third the length f an mnivre and designed fr the quick digestin f meat. A higher cncentratin f hydrchlric acid in the stmach t break dwn prteins. Carnivres have a stmach acidity f abut ph 1 - cmpared t humans at ph 4 t Dgs and cats evlved t eat fd that is meat r amin-acid based. 2. The gastr-intestinal tract f cats and dgs which is central t health and wellness is specialized t a largely carnivrus diet. 3. The adaptatin f cats and dgs t a lw carbhydrate diet is evident in the structure f their teeth and jaws, and in their lack f amylase f ther digestive enzymes that break dwn starch.

6 " # $! 8 9 As explained in Sectin 1, dgs and cats lack digestive enzymes in the muth. # $%&'$%( %)# ( * + ( %)$, -,./ # ').,, 0 %'&( 1 ( %)., &2 '&-$3, &( % '2 2, &0 $-4 ), )# ( $&0 $4 ( %)$3 ( )&'2 ) '-0 5 # 6 %$, 7, 4 6 " 8 As carnivres, dgs and cats have difficulty digesting grains and ther cmplex carbhydrates. An ideal diet is t mirrr nature, and as clsely as pssible match the natural balance f meat fds that dgs and cats wuld find by hunting in the natural envirnment. This means carbhydrates are nt predigested and take a lng time t break dwn in the stmach and small intestine. Mst cmplex carbhydrates pass thrugh undigested, and create large stls in the dg. Dr. David Krnfeld reprts that carbhydrates are imprtant fr dgs in just tw situatins: puppies just cming ff the mther s milk (which is 12% carbhydrates) and the lactating bitch, which needs three times the usual turnver f bld glucse fr prductin f milk. He ges n t state that "n carbhydrates need be prvided in the diet fr pups after weaning r adult dgs, nt even fr thse subjected t hard wrk. The slutin is simple dgs and cats are best fed an assrtment f minimally prcessed meat prteins and fats, with n grains and very few carbhydrates. Studies shw clearly that bth dgs and cats d best n animal prtein and fats frm meat - and the higher the meat quality, the better the prtein and fat is assimilated. The liver is easily able t synthesize sufficient glucse (frm amin acids derived frm prtein and glycerl derived frm fats) fr transprt in the bld and utilizatin in ther tissues." He als ges t state that he feels the high carbhydrate cntent in dg fds is what cntributes t cprphagy (stl eating), and hypglycemia. Sectin 5 defines prtein quality. 8 Bilgically fds like ORIJEN are designed t match the digestive capability f dgs and cats they are high-prtein, lw-

7 carbhydrate fds with a high cncentratin f meats and fats. Dgs and cats have difficulty digesting grains and ther carbhydrates. Dgs and Cats lack digestive enzymes in the muth, and as cmplex carbhydrates are nt predigested they take a lng time t break dwn in the stmach and small intestine. Mst cmplex carbhydrates pass thrugh undigested, creating larger stls Sectin 1 illustrated that dgs and cats have shrt digestive tracts and gastrintestinal systems that are designed t cnsume and metablize animal flesh and fat. 2. Yet mst cmmercial dg and cat fds are created upn the premise that the digestive system f the dg is similar t humans - with a crrespndingly heavy emphasis n carbhydrates. 3. Bilgically fds like ORIJEN are designed t match the digestive capability f dgs and cats they are high-prtein, lw- carbhydrate fds with a high cncentratin f meats and fats.

8 %& ' ( "!! ) *+! 9 ORIJEN diets cntain 70% meat and naturally high in prtein t prvide the amin acids essential fr ptimal wellness and vitality. ORIJEN diets are high-prtein t naturally eliminate the need t rely upn grains and carbhydrates as inapprpriate energy surces. A Bilgical diet matches the anatmical specializatin f dgs and cats t high prtein, lw carbhydrate fd. A Bilgical diet cntains nly fds fr which dgs and cats are evlved t eat (in the crrect rati and quantity) ORIJEN is frmulated with minimum 70% inclusins f meat ingredients, including fresh grain-fed chicken, freshcaught Whitefish and fresh-whle eggs (30%). These fresh meats are lw temperature cked (90c) t preserve their riginal amin and essential fatty acid cntent. A Bilgical diet excludes ingredients like fr which dgs and cats are nt bilgically adapted. 8 A BIOLOGICALLY APPROPRIATE fd matches the anatmy f the dg r cat, keeping in mind tday s mdern lifestyle and reduced calrie requirement. 1. HIGH PROTEIN FROM FRESH MEATS 2. GRAIN FREE 3. LOW CARBOHYDRATE 4. RICH IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 5. HEALTH-PROMOTING BOTANICALS " :!, -. # /! Grains such as rice r wheat prvide lw-cst calries but their high carbhydrate cntent cntributes t besity, diabetes and a hst f ther health prblems.

9 Either as a carbhydrate r as a prtein, grains are always a secnd best chice fr dgs and cats. Althugh still widely practiced, the grain-and-carbhydrate apprach t nutritin verlks the mst fundamental purpse f pet fd: enhancing the pet s health! " ; = > Instead f grain, ORIJEN cntains healthful fruits and vegetables that alng with limited carbhydrate - supply imprtant vitamins, minerals and phytchemicals. " 9 ; < = > The average super premium pet fd cntains ver 40% carbhydrate yet dgs and cats have n bilgical requirement fr carbhydrates. In cntrast, ORIJEN is very lw in carbhydrate, In additin t prmting every day vitality and wellness, lw carbhydrate fds reduce besity, insulin resistance and diabetes. In the bdy f a cat r dg, carbhydrates are recgnized as sugar, which easily cnvert t fat and cntribute t a variety f health prblems. High carbhydrate diets lead t bld sugar fluctuatins and prblems f insulin resistance. Despite this, carbhydrates frm grains remain ppular amng prducers fr their lw cst, ready availability, and easy prcessing. Mst cmmercial pet fds feature tw r mre grain ingredients and exceed 40% in ttal dietary carbhydrate! ORIJEN is made with ptates, tmates, carrts, kelp, spinach, black currants, cranberries and apples. Unlike hlistic pet fds that rarely cntain mre than five percent fruit and vegetables, ORIJEN cntains 25% f these health-prmting fds! Fruits and vegetables supply natural prtectr nutrients like B-vitamins, essential minerals and valuable enzymes that enhance immunity and digestive mtility. "? Dgs and cats have the instinctive ability t select and cnsume grasses and plants that enhance their life-frce and btanicals bridge the gap between gd nutritin and ttal physical well-being. A tnic herb is a plant used by the bdy t heal, strengthen r balance itself. Tnic herbs supprt the functin f different rgans, which, in turn, imprve verall health f the bdy. Animals naturally seek ut and cnsume the plants that their bdies need. Btanicals serve as tnics that strengthen rgans, glands and tissues in

10 specific parts f the bdy such as strengthening the heart r aiding digestin. Btanicals assist in the healing prcess by helping the bdy t eliminate txins, thrugh physilgical prcesses like the emptying f the bwels r bladder r cleansing f the liver. The native btanicals featured in ORIJEN are selected by hlistic veterinarians fr their brad supprtive rle as natural antixidants in prmting the daily health f cats and dgs, and their efficacy in helping slve cmmn health prblems f allergic dermatitis, inflammatry bwel disease and chrnic hepatitis.

11 * 0 # # 1 T answer this questin, it is imprtant t understand the histry f cmmercial pet fd. The histry f cmmercial pet fd is shrt when cmpared t the length f time that dgs have been cmpanin animals. Dry dg and cat fds became ppular after Wrld War II. Mst cmmercial pet fds are simply heavily prcessed peple fd - made fr shelf life and ecnmy rather than fr the health f the dg r cat. 9 Befre cmmercial dg fds were available, dgs ate whatever fd was available in their envirnment. Farm dgs, ate meat scraps, milk, eggs and fd fund scavenging, and city dgs depended n scraps frm the wners table, and cheap cuts f raw meat frm the butcher. In 1860, the first prcessed dg fd was intrduced by James Spratt, f Cincinnati, Ohi wh develped a biscuit made f wheat, beet rt, vegetables and beef bld. Other cmpanies quickly jumped n the bandwagn, and mre baked dg prducts were n the market. The depressin in the 1930 s prmpted dg wners t lk fr less expensive methds t feed their pets. Less meat was fed, and mre grains and cereal prducts were intrduced in hme < % marketers f dg fds were claiming their prducts were superir, as they were able t utilize waste prducts such as grain hulls, sweepings and meat unusable fr human cnsumptin. While fresh meat and vegetables were superir, pet fd prducers argued that dgs and cats culd be fed at lwer cst with by prducts. The sales f dry pet fds increased cnsiderably after Wrld War II. Mill peratrs and grain dealers were finding a gd surce fr their byprducts in the dg industry. Cnvenience was the first selling pint fr prepared and packaged dg fds. Pet fd cmpanies began labeling their dg fds as cmplete, with n additinal fds r supplements being necessary. Pet fd cmpanies advised that table scraps culd actually be dangerus t the dg s < %, pet fd marketing expanded t celebrities in televisin cmmercials, making dg kibble int varius shapes and using clrs t make fds lk pleasing t cnsumers. Pet fds mved frm animal feed stres t the grcery shps, with bright labels and appealing pictures. The marketing strategies wrked as pet fd sales surpassed baby fd sales. Aisle and shelf space fr pet fds expanded as mre pet fd prducers came n bard.

12 Then came specialty diets, frmulated fr specific diseases r disrders in pets. These diets prtrayed nutritin as cmplex, and cnsumers relied n veterinarian s advice abut nutritin, rather than trusting their wn judgment. Shpping expanded frm supermarkets t the veterinarian s < % premium and super premium dg fds arrived and prducers claimed they were mre nutritinal, ffering different frmulas fr puppy diets, maintenance diets, perfrmance diets and senir dg diets. Althugh advertised as premium these fds still used ld standards f high carbhydrate and < %, cnsumers became mre educated n nutritin fr their wn diets and began reading pet fd labels and questining sme f the ingredients such as chemical preservatives. Many pet fd cmpanies eliminated chemical preservatives, and are nw using vitamin C and vitamin E fr preserving fat in dg fd. This takes us t tday where pet fds are labeled as natural, either by ffering rganic fds r nvel meats - such as venisn, fish r rabbit. Yet tday s pet fds cntinue t heavily prcess ingredients and rely heavily n grains, grain fillers, fibers and grain byprducts. aware f the amunt f carbhydrate in their pet fds. Histry shws that dried pet fds have always been made with grains which is the primary reasn cnsumers accept grains as part f their pet s diet they ve always been there. When questined as t why grain and carbhydrate are suitable fr their dg r cat, mst cnsumers cme t the realizatin that these ingredients are nt part f the natural canine r feline diet. Despite advances in marketing frm Premium, Super-premium and hlistic diets pet fds really haven t changed ver the last 40 years. They are still lw-prtein, high-carbhydrate fds, made with high percentages f grains. The simple truth is this pet fds are designed primarily t appeal t cnsumers at the lwest cst, rather than enhancing the health f dgs and cats as their fcus. Althugh cnsumers tday are much better educated and increasingly aware f the ingredients in dg fd many are nt

13 Fr carnivres, animal prteins are cnsidered cmplete and plant prteins are cnsidered incmplete, due t their respective amin acid prfiles. Plant prteins are usually missing arginine, taurine, methinine, lysine and tryptphan. Crn, fr example, des nt cntain glycine, lysine r tryptphan. The lack f these essential amin acids reduces the prtein quality f the fd. Meat cntains all the essential amin acids and is cnsidered high quality. The measure fr assessing prtein quality is based n the egg, which is cnsidered t have all essential amin acids in sufficient amunts. : # 3 # : 6 1 Egg whites 100% Muscle meats (Fish, 92 % chicken) Organ meats (kidney, 90 % liver) Milk, cheese 89 % Wheat 64 % Crn 54 % 9 8 Cking r prcessing has a majr impact n verall prtein (and fat) quality. ORIJEN diets have the highest pssible fresh meat inclusins frm chicken, fish, egg. T preserve prtein quality and amin acid integrity, ORIJEN ingredients are lw temperature cked at 90C fr 3 5 minutes substantially lwer temperature and less time than what mst peple wuld ck their dinner. Prtein digestibility is the key quality measure. And in the shrt digestive systems f dgs and cats, plant prteins are far less digestible than meat prteins. It takes mre plant prteins than animal prteins t give the adequate prtein percentages, and even then, essential amin acids will be lacking. Meat prtein is the best chice - it is easily digested and cntains the amin acids essential fr dgs and cats. High temperatures and lng expsure t heat alter amin acid chains and lwers the quality f prtein. High temperatures create bnds between prtein and carbhydrates, which interferes with prtein digestibility (specifically lysine). High temperature cking destrys amin acids methinine and histidine.

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he myth that high prtein diets are harmful t kidneys prbably started because, in the past, patients with kidney disease were cmmnly placed n lw prtein (and thus lw nitrgen) diets. Science has since shwn that fr patients with kidney disease the cncern is rather prtein quality, nt quantity. High quality prtein is digestible and prduces fewer nitrgen by-prducts. Lng term studies feeding 19%, 27% r 56% prtein diets ver fur years t dgs with reduced renal functin shw: Dietary prtein restrictin des NOT prevent the develpment f kidney disease. There is n crrelatin between prgressin f kidney disease and dietary prtein level. Kidney functin is better in dgs fed a diet f 54% prtein than 27% prtein. Puppies need large amunts f quality prtein. In its natural envirnment, the puppy diet will range between 35-45% prteins. Dietary prtein requirements are higher fr grwing puppies than adults. In additin t supplying prtein needed t supprt prtein turnver and cellular metablism, puppies need prtein t build muscles and ther tissues. English setter puppies fed a lw-prtein diet shwed stunted grwth cmpared t puppies fed higher levels f prtein. When the prtein level was increased in the puppies the deficiency was crrected. Lw prtein diets negatively affect the immunlgical respnse f puppies - this is true fr large and small-breeds. Dgs are carnivres. Their digestive systems are designed t handle large amunts f meat and fat it is lgical that they wuld d better n high prtein, meat cncentrated diets that match their natural fds.

15 Prtein is an essential part f the canine diet, necessary t sustain life and maintain the integrity f the internal rgans. Prtein is imprtant fr dgs in all stages f life, and the quality f the prtein is equally imprtant. It is imprtant t insure that a wide spectrum f amin acids is being prvided frm fish, pultry and eggs. Prtein needs cannt be met by feeding grains, starches and vegetables. While plants may lend fiber, sme minerals and vitamins - nly animal based prteins supply a cmplete balance f amin acids needed gd health and lngevity. The belief that senir dgs need less prtein is false. Diets frmulated prduced n this premise are full f fiber, have higher levels f carbhydrates and reduced amunts f prtein and fat. This results in dgs that are less satisfied causing them t appear hungry and beg fr mre fd. These ingredients lead t the lss f cat and skin quality and they d nt lead t any weight lss. Mre recent studies shw tday that it is harmful t restrict prtein in senir dgs and that high quality prteins are needed fr ur lder pets. Higher prtein means less carbhydrate, and reduced carbhydrates are imprtant fr the senir dg s diet Older dgs have a higher prtein requirement than d yunger adult dgs. Older dgs require mre dietary prtein t maintain bdy cnditin and muscle mass than d yung dgs. Older dgs actually require a higher level f prtein t maintain their bdy stres f prtein. If the dg des nt absrb enugh prtein, its bdy ges int negative nitrgen balance. With a negative nitrgen balance, enugh prtein fr metablism is nt prvided frm the diet, and prtein is pulled frm muscle t prvide the bdy the prtein it needs. This leads t muscle wasting, lss f bdy weight, and prtein deficiency. Many cmmercial fds nw sell frmulas designed specifically fr the needs f the senir dg. These are ften diets that ffer lwer prtein, but studies shw that this can cause mre harm than gd. A diet rich in prtein is especially imprtant fr lder dgs. Senir dgs appear less efficient at metablizing prtein, s they require additinal prtein in their diets t help cmpensate. In fact, research has shwn that healthy lder dgs may need as much as 50 percent mre prtein than nrmal yung healthy adult dgs. Current research shws that high prtein diets achieve endurance and stamina. Increasing prtein allws fr glycgenesis, which is the ability t make glucse frm amin acids. Raising prtein values has been fund t be a definite advantage in ther areas as well. (

16 One example is research n the value f prtein. Dgs in intense training were fed fds with prtein levels varying frm 16% t 40%. Dgs fed the lwerprtein fds (16% and 24%) had injuries during training and all f the dgs n the 16% prtein fd were remved frm training due t injuries. Dgs fed 32% and 40% prtein had n injuries during the training prcess. An imprtant gal f canine nutritinists is t prvide the perfrmance dg with a fd that supplies sufficient calries frm ther surces t allw minimal prtein usage fr calric needs. This spares the prtein fr tissue repair, hrmne prductin, and the ther crucial functins f prtein." ( p?article=430) Prtein is imprtant t help reduce the risk f training anemia. One study shwed that endurance dgs fed 19 percent f their calries as prtein suffered significantly mre injuries, had decreased xygen uptake and fewer red bld cells than dgs fed diets cntaining 24, 32 r 40 percent prtein. Dgs fed 40 percent prtein had the highest circulating plasma than any grup thrughut training, shwing that the increase in nutrient needs assciated with exercise cannt be met with a lw-prtein diet. In a study f racing greyhunds, Hill fund that a diet cntaining higher fat and prtein and lwer carbhydrate increased perfrmance. "We cmpared a 32 percent fat, 25 percent prtein and 43 percent carbhydrate diet t ne with 25 percent fat, 21 percent prtein and 54 percent carbhydrate." He says, "These greyhunds ran an average f 0.2 secnds faster - the difference between winning and lsing a race - when fed the diet cntaining higher fat and prtein and lwer carbhydrate. ( "Prtein is bth an energy surce and a surce f amin acids. High-quality animal surce prteins prvide superir digestibility, amin acid balances, and palatability. Exercise increases an athlete's prtein requirement. Exercise places excess demands upn the bdy which result in tissue disruptin and ccasinally tissue damage. These tissues must be remdeled and repaired which can result in an increased prtein demand. This demand can be met by increased prtein ingestin. Prtein can als be used fr an energy surce with an energy yield f 3.5 kcal per gram." The abve references and research n diet and energy needs fr a perfrmance dg indicate that high quality biavailable prteins are key t increased stamina and endurance. Carbhydrates tend t be an area f cntrversy. S far, the abve data has suggested a diet f up t 40% prtein and as much as 50% fat. This wuld leave little rm fr carbhydrates. It is difficult t find unbiased research n the carbhydrate issue. Part f this is due t the fact that mst research is funded by dg fd cmpanies and the dry fds are mstly grains and starches. While a high prtein, high fat diet may be recmmended, ne wuld nt find this in a dry dg fd.

17 9 # $7( %)'&2 # ( %$-2 '&1, # 6 0 &')( % '&( + %(.+ 7., &# ( &1 $3, &( %!)# ( 6 %7, / 0, / -)# ( 0 $4 ( %)$, -5 &, 2 ( %%., &0, 4 %'-0 2 '-2 '+ %( $&&$)')$, - '-0 %5 '%B %$-)# ( 7'&4 ( $-)( %)$-( " 9 Dgs and cats lack the digestive enzymes fr starch and have a shrt digestive tract, and carbhydrates are difficult fr them t digest. Starches (carbhydrates) cnvert int glucse (sugar). T much glucse in a dgs system can lead t hypglycemia, hyperactivity and diabetes and - accrding t Dr. Olgivie DVM's studies at Clrad State University - can lead t accelerating tumr and cancer grwth in canines. Grains and starches cntain phytates, which blck mineral absrptin. These include calcium, magnesium, zinc, irn and idine. While carbhydrates can prvide an energy surce (sugars) fat is a much better energy surce fr stamina and endurance. In humans, the pancreas releases amylase, a digestive enzyme t break dwn starch t maltse. Unlike mnivres, dgs d nt have amylase in their saliva t help break dwn starches in the muth. Cnsequently, dgs are nt as efficient at digesting starches, and have a difficult time with a diet high in mst cmplex carbhydrates. Carbhydrates stay in the dgs digestive tract lnger, causing mre energy t be used t try and absrb these fds. The cnsequence f eating a diet high in starches is seen in bulky, thick stls. Feces are mst ften 25% slid material, and 75% water. This can vary with the type f diet fed. A high carbhydrate diet will prduce larger stls and cntain mre water. Odr depends n the amunt f bacteria available fr fermentatin, and s a diet f meat (prtein) prduces far less dr than a diet with grains. Grains take lnger t digest and spend mre time in the digestive system. Carbhydrates that are nt entirely digested in the small intestine cntinue t ferment in the cln. Many texts state that the glucse fund in grains is necessary fr stamina, endurance and perfrmance. Hwever, fat can cnvert t glucse in the liver. This prcess, which is called glucnegenesis, is easily achieved in dgs fed a high rati f prtein (40%) and a higher rati f fat.

18 API Reprt: What's Really in Pet Fd, Case, Linda P. MS, Carey, Daniel P D.V.M. and Hirakawa, Diane A, Ph.D., Canine and Feline Nutritin, Msby Press 1995 Chn, Jeffery: Hw Wild Wlves Became Dmestic Dgs, Biscience, Vl 47, December 1997 Ewer, RF: The Carnivres, Crnell University Press, 1977 Krnfeld, DE Ph.D. Dsc MVSc: Hme Cking Fr Dgs: Pure-Bred Dgs American Kennel Gazette, July, Krnfeld, DS Ph.D. Dsc, MVSc: Prtein Quality and Amin Acid Prfiles f Cmmercial Dg Fds: Jurnal f the American Animal Hspital Assciatin, July/August 1982.Vl 18 Lndale, Thmas D.V.M.: Pet Fds Insidius Cnsequences Mestel, Rsie: Ascent f the Dg: Discver, Octber, Mills, Miltn R MD.: The Cmparative Anatmy f Eating -