Towards#a#definition#of#the#Internet#of# Things#(IoT)#

Transcription

1 TowardsadefinitionoftheInternetof Things(IoT) Revision1 Published27MAY2015 IEEEInternetInitiative iot.ieee.org

2 TowardsaDefinitionoftheInternetofThings(IoT) WhattheInternetofThingsis ThisdocumentgivesanallIinclusivedefinitionofIoTthatrangesfromsmalllocalizedsystems constrainedtoaspecificlocationtoalargeglobalsystemthatisdistributedandcomposedof complexsystems.thedocumentalsoprovidesanoverviewoftheiot sbasicarchitectural requirements. TelecomItaliaS.p.A. Authoredby:RobertoMinerva,AbyiBiru,DomenicoRotondi ManythankstoDanielW.Engels,PhD. ThisworkwascarriedoutunderaninternshipprograminTelecomItaliaofthespecializing masterinfuturebroadbandnetworksofpolitecnicoditorino. 2

3 TableofContents 1. GoalsandPurposeofthisDocument 6 2.StateoftheArt Introduction Historical Background [The authors thank Prof. Daniel Engels for this chapter.] Standards IEEE ETSI OneM2M ITU IETF NIST OASIS W3C Recap Research Projects CASAGRASProject BerkeleyUniversity(CyberPhysicalSystems) IoTIAProject CERPIIoTProject IERCDefinition ETPEPoSSProject InternetConnectedObjectsforReconfigurableEcosystems(iCore) OtherInternetofThingsdefinitions Recap National Initiatives UKFutureInternetStrategyGroup DigitalLifestyleMalaysia(DLM) InternetofThingsStrategicResearchAgenda(IoTISRA) Recap White Papers FromtheInternetofComputerstotheInternetofThings (Matternetal.,2010) FutureInternet (SocietyforBrainIntegrity,Sweden,2010) TheInternetofThings:Networkedobjectsandsmartdevices (Hammersmith Group,2010) TheInternetofThings (Chuietal.,2010/McKinsey&Company) TheSoftwareFabricfortheInternetofThings (Rellermeyeretal,2008) TheInternetofThings:InaConnectedWorldofSmartObjects (Accenture& BankinterFoundationofInnovation,2011) China sinitiativefortheinternetofthingsandopportunitiesforjapanese Business, (Inoueetal.,2011/NormuraResearchInstitute(NRI)) Recap Books Architecting*the*Internet*of*Things(Uckelmannetal.editors,2011.) The*Internet*of*Things:*20th*Tyrrhenian*Workshop*on*Digital*Communications*(Giusto etal.,editors,2010) Internet*of*Things:*Legal*Perspectives(Weberetal.,2010) 38 3

4 2.7.46LoWPAN:*The*Wireless*Embedded*Internet*(Shelbyetal,2011) Internet*of*Things:*Global*Technological*and*Societal*Trends*from*Smart* Environments*and*Spaces*to*Green*ICT(Vermesanetal,editors,2011) Recap Industrial Activities SAPDefinition CISCO(Bradley, InternetofEverything, 2013) HP Recap Summary 40 3.ArchitecturalView Introduction Description of Architectural Components Addressing IPforThings ElectronicProductCode(EPC) ChoosingbetweenEPCandIPv Programmability Virtualization Web of Things IoT-aware Process Modeling Concept (IAPMC) Recap 59 4.InteractionParadigms Some Major Interaction Paradigms Protocol Usage in the Context of IoT MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) SensorML ADefinitionofInternetofThings Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks Features and Definition of Internet of Things 72 Glossary 76 References 80 4

5 ListofFigures Figure1.TechnologicalandsocialaspectsrelatedtoIoT... 7 Figure2.ThreeItierarchitectureofIoT Figure3.IoTmarketsandstakeholders Figure4.ETSIarchitecturalmodelforM2Mcommunication Figure5.FunctionalrolesintheM2Mecosystem Figure6.oneM2Mlayeredmodel Figure7.Verticalandhorizontalpipestandardizationscenarios Figure8.ITUdefinitionofIoT Figure9.ChrisGreer spictorialrepresentationofiot Figure10.CASAGRASprojectarchitecturalmodel Figure11.IoTIAarchitecturalmodelcomponentsinteraction Figure12.Devices,resourcesandservices Figure13.PictorialrepresentationofIoTbyIERCproject Figure14.OverlapsoftheInternetofThingswithotherfieldsofresearch Figure15.Cisco spictorialrepresentationofioe Figure16.HP spictorialrepresentationofiot Figure17.Contikioperatingsystempartitioning Figure18.EPCnumberformat Figure19.EPCglobalnetworkarchitecture Figure20.Client ServerandPeerItoIPeerinteractionparadigms Figure21.TheClientIServerinteractionparadigm Figure22.Messagepassingmodel Figure23.AMessagePassingMPSystem Figure24.Architectureoftelemetrydeliverysystem Figure25.FeaturesandscopeofanIoTsystem ListofTables Table1.Comparisonofdifferentoperatingsystems Table2.ComparisonofIPv6andEPC Table3.CoverageofIoTCharacteristicsbyexistingBPM Table4.ComparisonbetweenMQTTandHTTP Table5.COAPmethodsandtheirdescription

6 1. GoalsandPurposeofthisDocument InternetofThings,IoT,isanapplicationdomainthatintegratesdifferenttechnologicaland socialfields,andthesearesummarizedinfigure1.despitethediversityofresearchoniot,its definitionremainsfuzzy.we dliketoaddressthischallenge,becausehavingasounddefinition thataddressesalltheiot sfeaturescanfacilitateabetterunderstandingofthesubject,leadto furtherresearchandadvanceourunderstandingofthisemergingconcept. ThisdocumentaimstogiveanallIinclusivedefinitionofIoTthatrangesfromsmalllocalized systemstoalargeglobalsystemthatisdistributedandmadeofcomplexsystems.the documentalsoprovidesanoverviewoftheiot sbasicarchitecturalrequirements. Thisdocumentdirectlyreferstothesourcesanditextractsintegralpartsoforiginaldocuments inordertopreservetheideasandresultsoforiginalworks.webelievethatthisworkwillbe enhancedthroughcontributionsbypeopleworkingintheareaofiot.thus,wewelcome commentsonorcontributionstoanysectionofthedocument. ThisdocumentwillbesharedviatheIEEEIoTInitiativeWebportalasalivingdocument,possibly asaniotwiki.weshouldpointoutthatchapter5willbetheauthors majorcontributionto thiswork,asitoffersadefinitionofiotinferredfromtheprecedingchapters.butitwillalsobe thechaptermostinneedoffuturerevisionbecauseiotismorphingsoquickly.wehave providedafew,simplecriteriatoapplyinordertoverifyifaspecificsystemisaniotrelated system.andwehaveintroducedthenotionofadefinitionthatcanbescaledtoencompass smallwirelesssensornetworksaswellaslargecomplexsystems. Generallyspeaking,theIoTcoversmanyareas(seeFigure1)rangingfromenabling technologiesandcomponentstoseveralmechanismstoeffectivelyintegratetheselowilevel components.softwareisthenadiscriminantfactorforiotsystems.iotoperatingsystemsare designedtorunonsmalliscalecomponentsinthemostefficientwaypossible,whileatthesame timeprovidingbasicfunctionalitiestosimplifyandsupporttheglobaliotsysteminitsobjectives andpurposes.middleware,programmability intermsofapplicationprogramminginterfaces (APIs) anddatamanagementseemtobekeyfactorsforbuildingasuccessfulsystemintheiot realm.managementcapabilitiesareneededinordertoproperlyhandlesystemsthatcan potentiallygrowuptomillionsofdifferentcomponents.inthiscontext,selfimanagementand selfioptimizationofeachindividualcomponentand/orsubsystemmaybestrongrequirements. Inotherwords,autonomicsbehaviorscouldbecomethenorminlargeandcomplexIoTsystems. DatasecurityandprivacywillplayanimportantroleinIoTdeployments.BecauseIoTsystems willproduceanddealwithpersonallyidentifiableinformation,datasecurityandprivacywillbe criticalfromtheverybeginning.servicesandapplicationswillbebuiltontopofthispowerful andsecureplatformtosatisfybusinessneeds.somanyapplicationsareenvisionedaswellas genericandreusableservices.thisoutcomewillrequirenew,viablebusinessmodelsforiotand itsrelatedecosystemsofstakeholders.finally,iotcanhaveanimpactonpeopleandthesociety theylivein,andsoitmustbeconceivedandconductedwithintheconstraintsandregulationsof eachcountry. 6

7 Figure1.TechnologicalandsocialaspectsrelatedtoIoT 2.StateoftheArt 2.1Introduction ThischapterwilladdressstateoftheartdefinitionsandarchitecturalmodelsforIoTofferedby standardizationorganizations,iotprojects,academia,nationalinitiatives,whitepapers,books andrelatedindustries.whilewehavetriedtobethorough,oureffortcannotbesaidtobe exhaustive,giventheproliferationofinterestinthesubject. DifferentdefinitionsandarchitecturalmodelsforIoTreflectdifferentperspectivesandsupport differentbusinessinterests.analyzingthesedifferentdefinitionsandarchitecturescanhelp illuminatetheirstrengthsandweaknesses.still,asstatedearlier,weseeaneedtohavea commonandnonibiaseddefinitionthateffectivelyencompassestheexpansivenatureofthe subject.webelievethefollowingreviewofdifferentdefinitionsandarchitecturalmodelswill serveusincomposingthatmoreuniversaldefinition. 2.2HistoricalBackground*[The*authors*thank*Prof.*Daniel*Engels*for*this*chapter.]* RadioIfrequencyidentification,orRFID,maybeacrucialtechnologyforIoT.TherootsofRFID technologycanbetracedbacktoworldwarii.thegermans,japanese,americansandbritish allusedradar discoveredin1935byscottishphysicistsirrobertalexanderwatsoniwatt to warnofapproachingenemyplaneswhiletheywerestillmilesaway.buttherewasnowayto 7

8 identifywhichplanesbelongedtotheenemyandwhichwereacountry sownpilotsreturning fromamission. TheGermansdiscoveredthatifpilotsrolledtheirplanesastheyreturnedtobase,itwould changetheradiosignalreflectedbacktoradarsystems.thiscrudemethodalertedtheradar crewonthegroundthattheseweregermanplanesandnotalliedaircraft.essentially,thiswas thefirstpassiverfidsystem. UnderWatsonIWatt,whoheadedasecretproject,theBritishdevelopedthefirstactive identifyfriendorfoe (IFF)system.WhenaBritishplanereceivedBritishradarsignals,itwould broadcastasignalbackthatidentifiedtheaircraftasfriendly.rfidworksonthissamebasic concept.asignalissenttoatransponder,whichwakesupandeitherreflectsbackasignal (passivesystem)orbroadcastsasignal(activesystem). AdvancesinradarandradioIfrequency(RF)communicationssystemscontinuedthroughthe 1950sand1960s.ScientistsandacademicsintheUnitedStates(U.S.),EuropeandJapan exploredhowrfenergycouldbeusedtoidentifyobjectsremotely.companiesbegan commercializingantiitheftsystemsthatusedradiowavestodeterminewhetheranitemhad beenpaidforornot.electronicarticlesurveillancetags,forinstance,whicharestillusedin packagingtoday,havea1ibittag.thebitiseitheronoroff.ifsomeonepaysfortheitem,thebit isturnedoff,andapersoncanleavethestore.butifthepersondoesn'tpayandtriestowalk outofthestore,automatedreadersatthedoordetectthetagandsoundanalarm. MarioW.CardulloclaimstohavereceivedthefirstU.S.patentforanactiveRFIDtagwith rewritablememoryonjanuary23,1973.thatsameyear,charleswalton,acalifornia entrepreneur,receivedapatentforapassivetransponderusedtounlockadoorwithoutakey. Inthelatterapplication,acardwithanembeddedtranspondercommunicatedasignaltoa readernearthedoor.whenthereaderdetectedavalididentitynumberstoredwithintherfid tag,thereaderunlockedthedoor.waltonlicensedthetechnologytoschlage,alockmaker,and othercompanies. TheU.S.governmentwasalsoworkingonRFIDsystems.Inthe1970s,LosAlamosNational LaboratorywasaskedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy(U.S.DOE)todevelopasystemfor trackingnuclearmaterials.agroupofscientistsdevisedtheconceptofputtingatransponderin atruckandreadersatthegatesofsecurefacilities.thegateantennawouldwakeupthe transponderinthetruck,whichwouldrespondwithanidand,potentially,otherdata,suchas thedriver'sid.thissystemwascommercializedinthemidi1980swhenthelosalamosscientists whoworkedontheprojectlefttoformacompanytodevelopautomatedtollpaymentsystems. Thesesystemshavebecomewidelyusedonroads,bridgesandtunnelsaroundtheworld. AttherequestoftheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,LosAlamosalsodevelopedapassiveRFID tagtotrackcowsanddosesofhormonesandmedicinesthey dreceived.itwasdifficultto ensurethateachcowgottherightdosageandwasn'tgiventwodosesaccidentally.losalamos cameupwithapassiverfidsystemthatuseduhfradiowaves.thedevicedrewenergyfrom thereaderandsimplyreflectedbackamodulatedsignaltothereaderusingatechniqueknown asbackscatter. Later,companiesdevelopedalowIfrequency(125kHz)system,featuringsmallertransponders. Atransponderencapsulatedinglasscouldbeinjectedunderacow sskin.thissystemisstill 8

9 usedincowsaroundtheworldtoday.lowifrequencytransponderswerealsoputincardsand usedtocontrolaccesstobuildings. Overtime,companiescommercialized125kHzsystemsandthenmoveduptheradiospectrum toahighfrequencyband(13.56mhz),whichwasunregulatedandunusedinmostpartsofthe world.highfrequencyrfofferedgreaterrangeandfasterdatatransferrates.companies, particularlythoseineurope,beganusingittotrackreusablecontainersandotherassets.today, 13.56MHzRFIDsystemsareusedforaccesscontrol,paymentsystems(e.g.,MobileSpeedpass) andcontactlesssmartcards.they realsousedinantiitheftdevicesincars.areaderinthe steeringcolumnreadsthepassiverfidtagintheplastichousingaroundthekey.ifitdoesn tget theidnumberitisprogrammedtolookfor,thecarwon'tstart. Intheearly1990s,IBMengineersdevelopedandpatentedanultraIhighfrequency(UHF)RFID system.uhfofferedlongerreadrange(upto20feetundergoodconditions)andfasterdata transfer.ibmdidsomeearlypilotswithwalimart,butnevercommercializedthistechnology. WhenitranintofinancialtroubleinthemidI1990s,IBMsolditspatentstoIntermec,abarcode systemsprovider.intermecrfidsystemshavebeeninstalledinnumerousdifferent applications,fromwarehousetrackingtofarming.butthetechnologywasexpensiveatthetime duetothelowvolumeofsalesandthelackofopen,internationalstandards. UHFRFIDgotaboostin1999,whentheUniformCodeCouncil,EANInternational,Procter& GambleandGilletteputupfundingtoestablishtheAutoIIDCenterattheMassachusetts InstituteofTechnology(MIT).Twoprofessorsthere,DavidBrockandSanjaySarma,hadbeen researchingthepossibilityofputtinglowicostrfidtagsonallproductstotrackthemthrough thesupplychain.theirideawastoputonlyaserialnumberonthetagtokeepthepricedown, asasimplemicrochipthatstoredverylittleinformationwouldbelessexpensivetoproduce thanamorecomplexchipwithmorememory.dataassociatedwiththeserialnumberonthe tagwouldbestoredinadatabasethatwouldbeaccessibleovertheinternet. SarmaandBrockessentiallychangedthewaypeoplethoughtaboutRFIDinthesupplychain. Previously,tagswereamobiledatabasethatcarriedinformationabouttheproductorcontainer theywereonwiththemastheytraveled.sarmaandbrockturnedrfidintoanetworking technologybylinkingobjectstotheinternetthroughthetag(roberti, HistoryofRFID, 2005). Forbusinesses,thiswasanimportantchange,becausenowamanufacturercouldautomatically letabusinesspartnerknowwhenashipmentwasleavingthedockatamanufacturingfacilityor warehouse,andaretailercouldautomaticallyletthemanufacturerknowwhenthegoods arrived. Between1999and2003,theAutoIIDCentergainedthesupportofmorethan100largeendI usercompanies,plustheu.s.departmentofdefenseandmanykeyrfidvendors.itopened researchlabsinaustralia,theunitedkingdom,switzerland,japanandchina.itdevelopedtwo airinterfaceprotocols(class1andclass0),theelectronicproductcode(epc)numbering scheme(sarmaetal., RFIDSystems, 2003),andanetworkarchitectureforlookingupdata associatedonanrfidtagontheinternet(brock, ElectronicProductCode, 2001).The technologywaslicensedtotheuniformcodecouncilin2003,andtheuniformcodecouncil createdepcglobal,asajointventurewitheaninternational,tocommercializeepctechnology. TheAutoIIDCentercloseditsdoorsinOctober2003,anditsresearchresponsibilitieswere passedontoautoiidlabs. 9

10 TheAutoIIDCenterusedtheterm"InternetofThings"beginninginabout2000andheavily promotedtheconceptsandideasofaconnectedworldwiththeepcsystemasthebasisofhow thingsareconnectedtotheinternet.thoughkevinashton(thentheexecutivedirectorofthe AutoIIDCenter)claimstohavecoinedtheterm"InternetofThings,"accordingtoProf.Daniel Engels,thetermwasusedina1997publicationbytheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion (ITU)(Thiesseetal., OverviewofEPC, 2006). 2.3Standards Thoughmanyorganizationsworkonthestandardizationprocess,wefocushereonthosethat workoniotandprovideadefinitionforit.accordingly,weconsiderediotdefinitionsfromthe EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI),ITU,IEEE,theInternetEngineering TaskForce(IETF),theNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST),theOrganization fortheadvancementofstructuredinformationstandards(oasis)andtheworldwideweb Consortium(W3C).Thislistmaybeexpandedinthefuture IEEE IEEEisaglobal,professionalengineeringorganizationwhosemissionistofostertechnological innovationandexcellenceforthebenefitofhumanity. InitsspecialreportonInternetofThingsissuedinMarch2014(IEEE, InternetofThings, 2014), IEEEdescribedthephrase InternetofThings as: A*network*of*items each*embedded*with*sensors which*are*connected*to*the*internet. * Thisstatementiswrittenasadescriptionofthe InternetofThings, notasanofficialdefinition oftheconcept.butwecanseethatthedescriptionaddressesjustthephysicalaspectofiot. TheIEEEStandardsAssociation(IEEEISA),agloballyrecognizedstandardsIsettingbodywithin IEEE,developsconsensusstandardsthroughanopenprocessthatengagesindustryandbrings togetherabroadstakeholdercommunity.ieeestandardssetspecificationsandbestpractices basedoncurrentscientificandtechnologicalknowledge. TheIEEEISAhasaportfolioofover900activestandardsandmorethan500standardsunder development.initsresearchintoiot,ithasidentifiedover140existingstandardsandprojects thatarerelevanttotheiot.(seehttp://standards.ieee.org/innovate/iot/forthelistsof standardsandprojects.) OneprojectthatdirectlyrelatestoIoTisIEEEP2413 ( ThescopeofIEEEP2413istodefineanarchitecturalframework,addressingdescriptionsof variousiotdomains,definitionsofiotdomainabstractions,andidentificationofcommonalities betweendifferentiotdomains. ThegoalsfortheIEEEP2413workinggroupthatisdevelopingthisstandardareto: acceleratethegrowthoftheiotmarketbyenablingcrossidomaininteractionand platformunificationthroughincreasedsystemcompatibility,interoperabilityand functionalexchangeability. defineaniotarchitectureframeworkthatcoversthearchitecturalneedsofthevarious IoTapplicationdomains. 10

11 increasethetransparencyofsystemarchitecturestosupportsystembenchmarking, safetyandsecurityassessments. reduceindustryfragmentationandcreateacriticalmassofmultiistakeholderactivities aroundtheworld. leveragetheexistingbodyofwork. IEEEP2413iscurrentlyconsideringthearchitectureofIoTasthreeItiered,withthelayers explainedinfigure2. Figure2.ThreeItierarchitectureofIoT IEEEP2413alsocurrentlypositstheextentofanIoTmarketandthestakeholdersofIoT,as representedinfigure3,below: 11

12 Figure3.IoTmarketsandstakeholders 2.3.2ETSI ETSIproducesgloballyapplicablestandardsforinformationandcommunicationstechnologies (ICT),includingfixed,mobile,radio,converged,broadcastandInternettechnologies.Itis officiallyrecognizedbytheeuropeanunion(eu)asaeuropeanstandardsorganization(eso). ThoughETSIdoesn tmentiontheword InternetofThings initsdocument,itdiscussesa similarconceptunderthelabelof machinetomachine(m2m)communication (ETSI, MachineItoMachine, 2010).Accordingly,ETSIdefinesM2Mcommunicationas: * MachineOtoOMachine*(M2M)*communications*is*the*communication*between*two*or*more* entities*that*do*not*necessarily*need*any*direct*human*intervention.*m2m*services*intend*to* automate*decision*and*communication*processes. * ETSIalsodealswiththearchitecturalviewoftheM2Mcommunication,wherethelogical entitiescomprisingthearchitecturearealsorepresentedinfigure4anddefinedasfollows: M2MDevice:AdevicethatrunsM2Mapplication(s)usingM2Mservicecapabilities.M2M devicesconnecttonetworkdomaininthefollowingtwoways: DirectConnectivity:M2Mdevicesconnecttothenetworkdomainviatheaccessnetwork. TheM2Mdeviceperformstheproceduressuchasregistration,authentication,authorization, 12

13 managementandprovisioningwiththenetworkdomain.them2mdevicemayprovideservice tootherdevicesconnectedtoitthatarehiddenfromthenetworkdomain. GatewayasaNetworkProxy:TheM2Mdeviceconnectstothenetworkdomainviaan M2Mgateway.M2MdevicesconnecttotheM2MgatewayusingM2Mareanetwork.TheM2M gatewayactsasaproxyforthenetworkdomaintowardsthem2mdevicesthatareconnected toit.examplesofprocedurethatareproxiedinclude:authentication,authorization, managementandprovisioning.m2mdevicesmaybeconnectedtothenetworkdomainvia multiplem2mgateways. M2MAreaNetwork:ProvidesconnectivitybetweenM2MdevicesandM2Mgateways. M2MGateway:AgatewaythatrunsM2Mapplication(s)usingM2Mservicecapabilities.The gatewayactsasaproxybetweenm2mdevicesandthenetworkdomain.them2mgateway mayprovideservicetootherdevicesconnectedtoitthatarehiddenfromthenetworkdomain. AccessNetwork:isanetwork,whichallowstheM2Mdeviceandgatewaydomainto communicatewiththecorenetwork. CoreNetwork:provides:! IPconnectivityataminimumandpotentiallyotherconnectivitymeans,! Serviceandnetworkcontrolfunctions,! Interconnection(withothernetworks)and! Roaming. M2MServiceCapabilities:ApplicationsthatruntheservicelogicanduseM2Mservice capabilitiesaccessibleviaanopeninterface. NetworkManagementFunctions:Allthefunctionsrequiredtomanagetheaccessand corenetworks:theseincludeprovisioning,supervision,faultmanagement,etc. M2MManagementFunctions:AllthefunctionsrequiredtomanageM2Mservice capabilitiesinthenetworkdomain.themanagementofthem2mdevicesandgatewaysusesa specificm2mservicecapability(etsi, MachineItoMachine, 2010). 13

14 Figure4.ETSIarchitecturalmodelforM2Mcommunication 2.3.3OneM2M OneM2MisaglobalpartnershipdevelopingstandardsformachineItoImachine(M2M) communicationsenablinglargeiscaleimplementationofiot.onem2mworksinpartnership withvariousstandardizationorganizations,vendorsandserviceproviderslikeetsi,ieee,cisco, TelecomItaliaandothers. OneM2Mdoesn tofferaprecisedefinitionofm2m/iotsystems;insteaditprovidesan exhaustivelistofrequirementsthatam2m/iotsystemfulfills(etsi, onem2mrequirements, 2013).Butitdoesprovideanillustration(seeFigure5,below)ofthefunctionalrolesinanM2M ecosystem. 14

15 Figure5.FunctionalrolesintheM2Mecosystem Thefunctionalentitiesandtheirrequirementsinthisillustrationaredescribedbelow: 1. TheUser(individualorcompany aka,endiuser):! UsesanM2Msolution 2. TheApplicationServiceProvider:! ProvidesanM2Mapplicationservice*! OperatesM2Mapplications 3. TheM2MServiceProvider:! ProvidesM2MservicestoApplicationServiceProviders! OperatesM2Mcommonservices 4. TheNetworkOperator:! ProvidesconnectivityandrelatedservicesforM2MServiceProviders! Operatesanunderlyingnetwork.Suchanunderlyingnetworkcould,e.g.,bea telecomnetwork. Anyoftheabovefunctionalrolesmaycoincidewithanyoftheotherroles.Thesefunctional rolesdonotimplybusinessrolesorreflectarchitecturalassumptions. OneM2MprovidesadetailedstandardforM2M/IoTinrelationtoarchitecture,interfaces, security,communicationprotocolsandthelike.theonem2mhasalayeredmodel,whichis representedbythepicture,figure6,below. 15

16 Figure6.oneM2Mlayeredmodel Applicationlayer:comprisesoneM2Mapplicationsandrelatedbusinessandoperational logic. Commonserviceslayer:consistsofoneM2MservicefunctionsthatenableoneM2M applications(e.g.,management,discoveryandpolicyenforcement). Networkserviceslayer:providestransport,connectivityandservicefunctions. ETSI,acontributortotheoneM2MGlobalInitiative,isworkingtowards horizontalizing the pipes.asshowninfigure7.verticalandhorizontalpipestandardizationscenarios,below, averticalpipescenarioisoneinwhichthereisoneapplication,onenetworkandone(orafew) type(s)ofdevice(s).ontheotherhand,a verticalpipescenario canalsodescribeamodel whereapplicationssharecommoninfrastructure,environmentsandnetworkelements(etsi, onem2mrequirements, 2013) ITU Figure7.Verticalandhorizontalpipestandardizationscenarios TheITUistheUnitedNationsspecializedagencyforinformationandcommunication technologies(icts).itallocatesglobalradiospectrumandsatelliteorbits,developsthetechnical standardsthatensurenetworksandtechnologiesseamlesslyinterconnectandstrivesto improveaccesstoictstounderservedcommunitiesworldwide. 16

17 Inits2005IoTreport,ITUdescribestheIoTasa ubiquitousnetwork, inwhichtheconceptof ubiquitousnetworksisfoundeduponthealliinclusiveuseofnetworksandnetworkeddevices (ITU,SERIESY,2005).Literally,aubiquitousnetworkedenvironmentisoneinwhichnetworks andconnectivityareavailableeverywhereandanytime.earlyformsofubiquitousinformation andcommunicationnetworksareevidentinthewidespreaduseofmobilephones. Theword ubiquitous comesfromthelatinrootofubique,meaningeverywhere.however,it isappliedtotheworldofictsinatleasttwoslightlydifferentways. " InEuropeanusage,ittendstobeinterpretedgeographically,meaningavailablefromall partsoftheglobe,nomatterhowremote.althoughpossible,thankstosatellite technology,thismaynotbeeconomicallyfeasible. " InJapanandtheRepublicofKorea,thewordisusedmoreofteninasocialratherthan geographicalcontext,meaningthataparticularcommunicationservicemaybe universallyavailable.thephrase ubiquitousnetworksociety isdefinedinjapan,for instance,as availableanywhere,anytime,byanythingandanyone. Accordingly,ITUendorsesthedefinitionofIoTasanetworkthatis: Available*anywhere,* anytime,*by*anything*and*anyone. ** Inthiscontext,consumerproductsmightbetrackedusingtinyradio transmittersortaggedwithembeddedhyperlinksandsensors.asillustratedin Figure8.ITUdefinitionofIoT,connectivitywilltakeonanentirelynewdimension.Today,userscanconnectatanytimeand atanylocation.tomorrow sglobalnetworkwillnotonlyconsistofhumansandelectronic devices,butallsortsofinanimatethingsaswell.thesethingswillbeabletocommunicatewith otherthings,e.g.,fridgeswithgrocerystores,laundrymachineswithclothing,implantedtags withmedicalequipmentandvehicleswithstationaryandmovingobjects. Figure8.ITUdefinitionofIoT Additionally,ITUdescribedtheenablingtechnologiesfortherealizationoftheIoT.These technologiesare:rfidfortaggingthings,sensortechnologiesfor feeling things,smart 17

18 technologiesformakingthings think andnanotechnologyforshrinkingthings.theseenabling technologiesareexplainedbelow. Taggingthings:RFID Inordertoconnecteverydayobjectsanddevicestolargedatabasesandnetworks andindeed tothenetworkofnetworks(theinternet) asimple,unobtrusiveandcostieffectivesystemof itemidentificationisindispensable.onlythencandataaboutthingsbecollectedandprocessed. RFIDoffersameanstotagthings. RFIDhasanadvantageoverbarcodebecausetraditionalbarcodesidentifyonlyacategoryof product.forinstance,allgillettemach3razorbladeshavethesamebarcode.however,with RFIDtags,eachpackofbladeswouldhaveitsownuniqueidentifierthatcanbetransmittedto suitablylocatedreadersformonitoring.therfidtagcanholdmuchmoredatathanabarcode, andbecomesinsomesenseaminiidatabaseembeddedintheitem.currently,theelectronic ProductCode(EPC)isthedominantstandardfordatacontainedinRFIDtagsforthepurposeof itemileveltracking.rfidalsoallowsdatacapturewithouttheneedforalineofsightbetweena sensorandatag.someapplicationslimitthereadrangeofrfidtagstobetween meters,butthemajorityhavearangeofapproximatelyonemeter.newertagsintheuhfrf bandscouldevenhavearangeof6.0i7.5meters.thismeansthatphysicalmanipulationor accesstoindividualitems(oftenstackedorpiled)isnotneededforidentificationandtracking. Thisisnotthecasewiththebarcode,whichmustbe seen atcloserangebyscannersinorder tobeidentified. Eventually,itwillbefeasibleto tagandtrack virtuallyeveryobjectonearth.anythingfroma medicalinstrumenttoahousekey,fromacattoahumanbeing,hasthepotentialtobecomea nodeoftheinternet. Feelingthings:Sensortechnologies SensorsareoneofthekeybuildingblocksofIoT.Asubiquitoussystems,theycanbedeployed everywhere frommilitarybattlefieldstovineyardsandredwoodsandonthegoldengate Bridge.Theycanalsobeimplantedunderhumanskin,inapurseoronatIshirt.Somecanbeas smallasfourmillimetersinsize,butthedatatheycollectcanbereceivedhundredsofmiles away.theycomplementhumansensesandhavebecomeindispensableinalargenumberof industries,fromhealthcaretoconstruction.sensorshaveakeyadvantageinthattheycan anticipatehumanneedsbasedoninformationcollectedabouttheircontext.theirintelligence, multiplied bynumerousnetworks,allowsthemnotonlytoreportabouttheexternal environment,butalsototakeactionwithouthumanintervention. Withinanintelligentnetworkedsystem,sensorsperformthefunctionsofinputdevices they serveas eyes, collectinginformationabouttheirenvironment.incontrast,actuatorsserveas outputunits theyactas hands, implementingdecisions. Thinkingthings:Smarttechnologies Embeddedintelligenceinthethingsthemselvescanfurtherenhancethepowerofthenetwork bydevolvinginformationprocessingcapabilitiestotheedgesofthenetwork. Smartmaterialsincorporatesensorsandactuators,astheysensestimuliandrespond accordingly.currently,therearethreemainkindsofsmartmaterials. 18

19 " Passive smartmaterialsthatresponddirectlyanduniformlytostimuliwithout processinganyofthesignal; " Active smartmaterialsthatcan,witharemotecontroller,senseasignaland determinehowtorespond;and " Autonomous smartmaterialsthatcarryfullyintegratedcontrollers,sensorsand actuators. Shrinkingthings:nanotechnology Nanotechnologyfocusesonthedesign,characterization,productionandapplicationof structuresanddevicesthroughthemanipulationandcharacterizationofmatteratthe nanoscale.potentialbenefitsincludeincreasedspeedandmemorycapacities,andadecreasein energyconsumptionand,ofcourse,size. ITUITStudyGroup13 ITUITStudyGroup13leadstheworkoftheITUonstandardsfornextIgenerationnetworks (NGN)andfuturenetworks(ITU,SERIESY,2005).IthasdefinedIoTas: A*global*infrastructure*for*the*information*society,*enabling*advanced*services*by* interconnecting*(physical*and*virtual)*things*based*on*existing*and*evolving*interoperable* information*and*communication*technologies. * NOTE*1* *Through*the*exploitation*of*identification,*data*capture,*processing*and* communication*capabilities,*the*iot*makes*full*use*of*things*to*offer*services*to*all*kinds*of* applications,*while*ensuring*that*security*and*privacy*requirements*are*fulfilled.** NOTE*2* *From*a*broader*perspective,*the*IoT*can*be*perceived*as*a*vision*with*technological* and*societal*implications.* 2.3.5IETF TheInternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)isalarge,open,internationalcommunityofnetwork designers,operators,vendorsandresearchersconcernedwiththeevolutionoftheinternet architectureandthesmoothoperationoftheinternet.itisopentoanyinterestedindividual. IETFprovidesitsowndescriptionofIoT,alongwithdefinitionsfor Internet and thing (IETF, InternetofThings, 2010): The*basic*idea*is*that*IoT*will*connect*objects*around*us*(electronic,*electrical,*nonOelectrical)*to* provide*seamless*communication*and*contextual*services*provided*by*them.*development*of* RFID*tags,*sensors,*actuators,*mobile*phones*make*it*possible*to*materialize*IoT*which*interact* and*coooperate*each*other*to*make*the*service*better*and*accessible*anytime,*from*anywhere. * IETF sdefinitionof Internet : The*original* Internet *is*based*on*the*tcp/ip*protocol*suite*but*any*network*based*on*the* TCP/IP*protocol*suite*cannot*belong*to*the*Internet*because*private*networks*and* telecommunication*networks*are*not*part*of*the*internet*even*though*they*are*based*on*the* TCP/IP*protocol*suite.*In*the*viewpoint*of*IoT,*the* Internet *considers*the*tcp/ip*suite*and*nono TCP/IP*suite*at*the*same*time. * 19

20 IETF sdefinitionof things : In*the*vision*of*IoT,* things *are*very*various*such*as*computers,*sensors,*people,*actuators,* refrigerators,*tvs,*vehicles,*mobile*phones,*clothes,*food,*medicines,*books,*etc.*these*things* are*classified*as*three*scopes:*people,*machine*(for*example,*sensor,*actuator,*etc.)*and* information*(for*example,*clothes,*food,*medicine,*books,*etc.).*these* things *should*be* identified*at*least*by*one*unique*way*of*identification*for*the*capability*of*addressing*and* communicating*with*each*other*and*verifying*their*identities.*in*here,*if*the* thing *is*identified,* we*call*it*the* object. * 2.3.6NIST TheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)ispartoftheU.S.Departmentof CommerceandoneoftheU.S. soldestphysicalsciencelaboratories.nistmeasurements supportthesmallestoftechnologies nanoscaledevicessotinythattensofthousandscanfit ontheendofasinglehumanhair tothelargestandmostcomplexofhumanimadecreations, fromearthquakeiresistantskyscraperstowideibodyjetlinerstoglobalcommunication networks. NISTmainlyconsidersIoTundertheumbrellaof cyberiphysicalsystems anditusesthetwo wordsinterchangeably.nisttoogivesadescriptionofiotratherthanaformaldefinition.two descriptionsofiotbynistarepresentedbelow.onedescriptionistakenfromanistteam identifiedasthe SmartAmerica/GlobalCitiesChallenge andtheotherisfromtheblogger ChrisGreer,aNISTseniorexecutiveforcyberIphysicalsystems. TheSmartAmerica/GlobalCitiesChallengedescriptionofIoT: CyberIphysicalsystems(CPS) sometimesreferredtoastheinternetofthings(iot) involves connectingsmartdevicesandsystemsindiversesectorsliketransportation,energy, manufacturingandhealthcareinfundamentallynewways.smartcities/communitiesare increasinglyadoptingcps/iottechnologiestoenhancetheefficiencyandsustainabilityoftheir operationandimprovethequalityoflife.(nist, GlobalCityTeams, 2014) Greer sdescription: CyberOphysical*systems,*also*called*the*Internet*of*Things,*are*the*next*big*advance*for*our*use* of*the*web.*they*allow*complex*systems*of*feedback*and*control*that*can*help*a*robot* coordinate*with*a*dog*or*human*in*a*searchoandorescue*operation*or*help*health*care*providers* evaluate*the*recovery*of*patients*after*they*leave*the*hospital (Greer, Internet snextbig Idea, 2014).* Insupportofhisdescription,Greerusesthefollowingpicture,Figure9: 20

21 2.3.7OASIS Figure9.ChrisGreer spictorialrepresentationofiot OASISisanonIprofitconsortiumthatdrivesthedevelopment,convergenceandadoptionof openstandardsfortheglobalinformationsociety.oasispromotesindustryconsensusand producesworldwidestandardsforsecurity,iot,cloudcomputing,energy,contenttechnologies, emergencymanagementandotherareas. OASISdescribesIoTas(OASIS, OpenProtocols, 2014): System*where*the*Internet*is*connected*to*the*physical*world*via*ubiquitous*sensors. * OASISdescribestheubiquityofsensorsasexistingin everymobile,everyauto,everydoor, everyroom,everypart,oneverypartslist,everysensorineverydeviceineverybed,chairor braceletineveryhome,office,buildingorhospitalroomineverycityandvillageonearth W3C TheW3Cisaninternationalcommunitywherememberorganizations,afullItimestaffandthe publicworktogethertodevelopwebstandards. W3CaddressestheIoTundertheumbrellaof WebofThings (seesection3.6). Webofthings isrelatedtoiotfromtheapplicationandwebtechnologiesperspective.w3cdefines Webof Things asfollows(w3c, WebofThings, nodate): The*Web*of*Things*is*essentially*about*the*role*of*Web*technologies*to*facilitate*the* development*of*applications*and*services*for*the*internet*of*things,*i.e.,*physical*objects*and* their*virtual*representation.*this*includes*sensors*and*actuators,*as*well*as*physical*objects* tagged*with*a*bar*code*or*nfc.*some*relevant*web*technologies*include*http*for*accessing* RESTful*services,*and*for*naming*objects*as*a*basis*for*linked*data*and*rich*descriptions,*and* JavaScript*APIs*for*virtual*objects*acting*as*proxies*for*realOworld*objects. * 2.3.9Recap Amongthestandardizationbodies,ETSIprovidesanarchitecturalmodelforM2M communicationcenteredontheusageofconnectivityandrelatedmodels.dataarealsoa relevantpartofthearchitecturaldesign.itudescribesenablertechnologiesthatarerequiredto bringiotintoreality.inadditiontoastructuralmodel,etsigivesadetaileddesignand 21

22 descriptionofprotocols,addressingsecurityform2mcommunication.ieee2413providesan architecturalframeworkincludingdescriptionsofvariousiotdomains,definitionsofiotdomain abstractions,andidentificationofcommonalitiesbetweendifferentiotdomains.mostofthe standardizationbodiesemphasizethenetworkandcommunicationaspectofiotbutw3cworks onthestandardizationofthewebinawaythatsupportsiotapplicationsandvirtual representationofiotcomponentsintheinternet.accordingly,mergingthecommunicationi orientedworksdonebyotherstandardizationbodies,likeetsi,withthesoftwareiorientedwork donebyw3cwillallowiottobepractical. Astothedefinitionsgivenbythesegroups,mostaregeneral.TheyareintendedtodescribeIoT ratherthanprovideaformaldefinitionthataddressesallthefeaturesoftheiotconcept.among thesedefinitions,wethinktheonegivenbyituitisthebetterone,asittendstoaddressthe differentfacetsofiot.butituit sdefinitionstilllacksfeaturessuchasthesensingandactuation capabilityandubiquityofthesystem.theeffortwithieeep2413seemsquitepromisingand interesting.anecosystemforiotanditsimpactonstakeholderswillbeidentified.andsome architecturalprinciplesaretobeputforward. Fromageneralperspective,thesegmentationoffunctionsasproposedintheseveral definitions,however,seemstoneglectaspecificpointthatcouldbeofparamountimportance fortheevolutionofiot:theplatformortheinfrastructurelayer.itisatthislayerthatfunctions andservicesshouldberepresented.thenetworklayerjustconveysinformation,whilethe platformdecouplesfromthenetworktheintricaciesandthespecificityoftheapplications.in ourview,therealvalueoftheiotresidesintheplatformsandnotinapplicationsor communicationcapabilities. Basedonthesedefinitions,itwouldappearthatIoTwillbecharacterizedasasetof interworkingnetworksofthingsthatcanbemadesmartiftheycanbeidentified,namedand addressed(smartobjects). Things canbephysicalobjectsortheirdescriptionsordatarelated tothemorevenrelationshipsbetweenobjects.foramajorityofdefinitionsathingwillbea nodeofanetwork.iotsystemsshowscalingcapabilities,fromsmallsystemsbasedonafew sensorsuptolargeandcomplexsystems.underthisperspectivethedifferentiationbetween nodesisemerging:sensor,actuator,gateway,virtualobject.allofthemassumeubiquitous connectivity,whileeachentityperformsdifferentfunctions.anotheremergingaspectisthe possibilityofusingfunctionsofferedatthings interfaces. 2.4ResearchProjects 2.4.1CASAGRASProject CASAGRASstandsfor CoordinationandsupportactionforglobalRFIDIrelatedactivitiesand standardization, aprojectfinancedbytheeufocusedonfoundationalstudiesoninternational questionsaboutrfid,insupportofiot. CASAGRAS definitionofiot(casagras, FinalReport, 2009): A*global*network*infrastructure,*linking*physical*and*virtual*objects*through*the*exploitation*of* data*capture*and*communication*capabilities.*this*infrastructure*includes*existing*and*evolving* Internet*and*network*developments.*It*will*offer*specific*objectOidentification,*sensor*and* connection*capability*as*the*basis*for*the*development*of*independent*cooperative*services*and* 22

23 applications.*these*will*be*characterized*by*a*high*degree*of*autonomous*data*capture,*event* transfer,*network*connectivity*and*interoperability. ** AswithmanydefinitionsthatseektoencapsulateamultiIfacetedconceptthereisaneedto qualifywhatismeantbyparticularwordsinordertominimizeambiguity.whereadefinition hastoservedisparatenationalitiesandlanguagebarriersthedifficultyofachievingclarityis evenmoredemanding,particularlywherespecifictermsdonothaveanaloguesinother languages.thustoclarifycasagras IoTdefinition,thefollowingtermsareexplained. Globalnetworkinfrastructure describeswhatitis.itisastructurethatissimilarinmany waystothatoftheglobalorworldiwideinternetitself.itallowsmessagesfromcommunicating devicestobecommunicatedtoothercommunicatingdevicesviaanetworkofcomputer connections,packetsofdatacomprisingthemessagebeingsentviaroutingdevicestothefinal destinationandintherightorder.iotwillinvariablyexploitthisinternetinfrastructure,atleast initially.butthecomputernodeswillincreasinglybereplacedbyautonomouscomputer functionalityfacilitatedby smartdevices orembeddedcomputeribasedsystemsthatavoid theneedforhumaninterventionyetservetosatisfyhumanidefinedneeds,betheypersonal, corporateorotherwise. Physicalobjects refertoanytangiblephysicalentityorthing,beitanimateorinanimate,at anylevelofcomplexityandabletobecharacterizedinsomewayforthepurposesofunique identification. Virtualobjects arethoseobjectsthatarerepresentedinmediaspaceandmayexhibita proxyrelationshipwithaphysicalobject.again,theneedisseentoassignidentitytotheobject ifitistobeaccommodatedwithintheiot. Datacapture and autonomousdatacapture referstotheprocessofobtainingdata fromaparticularsourceandintroducingthedataintoacommunicationtoacomputingorother datahandlingsystem.increasingly,thedatacaptureprocesswillexploittheadvantagesof automaticidentificationanddatacapture(aidc)systemswithlessandlesshumanintervention whenimplementingapplicationsorserviceswithintheiot. SpecificobjectIidentification referstothewayinwhichobjectswillbeidentified,either throughnaturalfeatureswherethisisappropriateorbycodesindatacarrierssuchaslinearbar codes,twoidimensionalcodesorrfidtags. Sensor or"sensors refertoaparticularcategoryofdevicesthatcansenseormeasure definedphysical,chemicalorbiologicalquantitiesandgeneratesassociatedquantitativedata. ThisisincontrasttoothersensordefinitionsthatareencounteredinrelationtotheIoTinwhich devicessuchasrfidreadersareconsideredtosensethedatatheyacquire. "Actuation"and"sensorIactuationnetworks"(SANs)areoftencoupledwithsensors andthenotionofsensing,implyingacouplingthatfeaturesinmostcontrolsystems.actuation isthereforeafurtherimportantaspectfortheiot,notonlywithrespecttosensingbutalsowith respecttoparticularhumanitoiobjectapplicationsinwhichadeviceorsystemhastobe activatedoroperated(suchasanaccessbarrierordoor). Connectioncapability and connectivity bothrefertotheabilitytointroduceor interfacebetweenasourceofdataandadevicethatcancarryorhandleit.thegreaterthe 23

24 capabilityorconnectivitythemoreeffectivelydatacanbetransferred.performancefactorsand criteriawillbeassociatedwithsuchcapabilities. TheCASAGRASprojectalsooffersahighIlevelarchitecturalmodelofIoT.TheCASAGRAS architectureconsistsofthreelayers: I. Physical*layersIinwhichthephysicalobjectsorthingsareidentifiedand renderedfunctionalcomponentsoftheinternetofthingsthroughtheuseofobjecti connecteddatacarriertechnologies,includingrfid. II. InterrogatorOGateway*LayerIprovidingeffectivelytheinterfacesbetweenthe objecticonnecteddevicesandbetweentheinterrogatorandtheinformation managementsystems. III. Information*Management,*Application*and*Enterprise*LayerIInterfacing withtheinterrogatorigatewaylayertheinformationmanagementlayerprovides thefunctionalplatformforsupportingapplicationsandservices. TheCASAGRASprojectarchitecturalmodelisdepictedinFigure10. Figure10.CASAGRASprojectarchitecturalmodel 2.4.2BerkeleyUniversity(CyberPhysicalSystems) MostIoTactivitiesintheU.S.areconsideredunderthetopicofcyberIphysicalsystems(CPS). ThoughthetwoconceptsofIoTandCPSaresimilar,there sadifferenceintheapplicationsthat thesystemisusedfor.thisdifferencewillbeaddressedinsection5.1ofthisdocument.the 24

25 BerkeleyUniversityteamdefinescyberIphysicalsystemsas(Lee, CyberPhysicalSystems, 2008): *integrations*of*computation,*networking*and*physical*processes.*embedded*computers*and* networks*monitor*and*control*the*physical*processes,*with*feedback*loops*where*physical* processes*affect*computations*and*vice*versa. * 2.4.3IoTIAProject IoTIAisaEuropeanprojectthataimstodevelopanarchitecturalreferencemodelforIoT. IoTIAdescribesIoTinthefollowingmanner(Bassi,etal., EnablingThingstoTalk, 2013;IoTIA, InternetofThingsArchitecture, 2011): * It*can*be*seen*as*an*umbrella*term*for*interconnected*technologies,*devices,*objects*and* services. ** IoTIAprojectmainlyfocusesondevelopinganarchitecturalreferencemodel,alongwith security,addressingandmanagementandprotocolilevelinteractionofthevariouscomponents ofthearchitecture. TheIoTIAmodelhasthreesubImodels:theDomainModel,InformationModelandFunctional Model.TheIoTarchitectureisincludedintheDomainModelofthethreesubImodels.TheIoTIA DomainModelandtheinteractionbetweenthedifferentcomponentsisrepresentedinthe followingdiagram,figure10: 25

26 Figure11.IoTIAarchitecturalmodelcomponentsinteraction Figure12.Devices,resourcesandservices Figure12depictstherelationshipbetweenservices,resourcesanddevicesandshowsseveral deploymentoptions.networkibasedresourcesarenotshown,astheycanberegardedasbeing hiddenbehindcloudibasedservices.inthisdocument,wemainlyconsiderthearchitectural 26

27 modelofiotia.thecomponentsmakingupthisparticulararchitecturewillbedescribedin detailinalaterchapter CERPIIoTProject TheIoTinitiative(IoTIi),anEUFrameworkProgramme7project,beganinSeptember2010and itbringstogetherkeyactorsfromallrelevantbutcurrentlyfragmentediotcommunitiesin EuropetoworkjointlytowardsacommonvisionoftheIoT.TheClusterofEuropeanResearch ProjectsontheInternetofThings,orCERPIIoT,completelyadoptsthearchitecturalreference modeloftheiotiaproject. TheCERPIIoTdefinitionofIoT(CERPIIoT,"VisionsandChallenges, 2010)startswiththe definitionof thing inthecontextof InternetofThings. IntheCERPIIoTview,a thing could bedefinedasareal/physicalordigital/virtualentitythatexistsandmoveinspaceandtimeand iscapableofbeingidentified.thingsarecommonlyidentifiedeitherbyassignedidentification numbers,namesand/orlocationaddresses. AsforanIoTdefinition,theCERPIIoTprojectstates: Internet*of*Things*(IoT)*is*an*integrated*part*of*Future*Internet*and*could*be*defined*as*a* dynamic*global*network*infrastructure*with*selfoconfiguring*capabilities*based*on*standard*and* interoperable*communication*protocols*where*physical*and*virtual* things *have*identities,* physical*attributes,*and*virtual*personalities*and*use*intelligent*interfaces,*and*are*seamlessly* integrated*into*the*information*network.*in*the*iot,* things *are*expected*to*become*active* participants*in*business,*information*and*social*processes*where*they*are*enabled*to*interact* and*communicate*among*themselves*and*with*the*environment*by*exchanging*data*and* information* sensed *about*the*environment,*while*reacting*autonomously*to*the* real/physical* world *events*and*influencing*it*by*running*processes*that*trigger*actions*and*create*services* with*or*without*direct*human*intervention.*interfaces*in*the*form*of*services*facilitate* interactions*with*these* smart*things *over*the*internet,*query*and*change*their*state*and*any* information*associated*with*them,*taking*into*account*security*and*privacy*issues. * ThisdefinitionofIoThasthreeshortcomings,accordingtotheauthorsofArchitecting*the* Internet*of*Things(Ucklemannetal.,2011): " First,itlistscomponentsthathavebeenmentionedbeforeinrelationtoothervisions suchaspervasiveorubiquitouscomputingandthereforeitisdifficulttodistinguish fromtheseconcepts. " Second,itmisseswiderconsiderationofcurrentdevelopmentsanduserinteractionsin theinternetcommonlyreferredtoasweb2.0.similartotherelationshipbetweenthe WorldWideWeb(WWW)andtheInternet,theadditionofWeb2.0functionalitymay beseenasausericentricextensiontotheinternetofthingsratherthananintegralpart ofit.however,whereasthedevelopmentoftheinternetbeganmorethanthirtyyears beforetherealizationofthewwwintheearly1990s,theinternetofthingsisalready beinginfluencedbyweb2.0functionalityrightfromthebeginning.bothtechnology developmentshavebeenhappeninginparallelratherthanconsecutively. " Third,itdoesnotprovideareasonwhyorhowtheInternetofThingswillbeaselfI sustainableandsuccessfulconceptforthefuture.selfisustainabilityencompasses 27

28 viability,includingadynamicglobalnetworkinfrastructurewithselficonfiguring capabilitiesbasedonstandardsandinteroperablecommunicationprotocolsaswellas opennessforfutureextensions,ideasandtechnologies.economicsuccessmaynever havebeenapartofadefinitionfortheinternetorothertechnicalnetwork infrastructures.nevertheless,weconsideritavalidconsiderationwithinaholistic definitionapproachaseconomicsuccessandadoptionisjustasimportantastechnical sustainabilityinaforwardilookingstatement IERCDefinition IoTEuropeanResearchCluster,IERC,isaEuropeanUnionIfundedprojectaimedataddressing thelargepotentialforiotibasedcapabilitiesineuropeandtocoordinatetheconvergenceof ongoingactivities. TheIERCdefinitionstatesthatIoTis(IERC, InternetofThings, 2014): "A*dynamic*global*network*infrastructure*with*selfOconfiguring*capabilities*based*on*standard* and*interoperable*communication*protocols*where*physical*and*virtual* things *have*identities,* physical*attributes*and*virtual*personalities*and*use*intelligent*interfaces,*and*are*seamlessly* integrated*into*the*information*network."* IERChassupporteditsdefinitionusinganexplanatoryfigure,depictedbelowinFigure13: 2.4.6ETPEPoSSProject Figure13.PictorialrepresentationofIoTbyIERCproject TheEuropeanTechnologyPlatformonSmartSystemsIntegration,ETPEPoSSisanindustryI drivenpolicyinitiative,definingresearchanddevelopment(r&d)andinnovationneedsaswell aspolicyrequirementsrelatedtosmartsystemsintegrationandintegratedmicroiand Nanosystems.EPoSSiscontributingtoEUROPE2020,theEU'sgrowthstrategyforthecoming decade,tobecomeasmart,sustainableandinclusiveeconomy. ETPEPoSSprovidesthreedifferentdefinitionsofIoT,whichtakeintoaccounttheconceptsof functionalityandidentity,seamlessintegrationandsemanticfeaturesofiot(etpeposs, InternetofThingsin2020, 2008). Things*having*identities*and*virtual*personalities*operating*in*smart*spaces*using*intelligent* interfaces*to*connect*and*communicate*within*social,*environmental*and*user*contexts. * Adifferentdefinition,onethatputsthefocusonseamlessintegration,couldbeformulatedas: 28

29 Interconnected*objects*having*an*active*role*in*what*might*be*called*the*Future*Internet. * Finally,ETPEPoSSdefinesIoTwithanodtosemantics(ETPEPoSS, InternetofThingsin2020, 2008): The*semantic*origin*of*the*expression*is*composed*by*two*words*and*concepts:* Internet *and* Thing, *where* Internet *can*be*defined*as* the*worldowide*network*of*interconnected*computer* networks,*based*on*a*standard*communication*protocol,*the*internet*suite*(tcp/ip), *while* Thing *is* an*object*not*precisely*identifiable. *Therefore,*semantically,* Internet*of*Things * means* a*worldowide*network*of*interconnected*objects*uniquely*addressable,*based*on* standard*communication*protocols. * WhilethecurrentInternetisacollectionofratheruniformdevices,howeverheterogeneousin somecapabilities,itisexpectedthattheiotwillexhibitamuchhigherlevelofheterogeneity,as totallydifferentobjectsintermsoffunctionality,technologyandapplicationfieldswillbelongto thesamecommunicationenvironment InternetConnectedObjectsforReconfigurableEcosystems(iCore) icoreisaneuprojectwhichaimstoempowertheiotthroughvirtualobjectsandcognitive technologies. icoredoesn tgiveaformaldefinitionofiotbutwecangrasptheviewoficoreoniotfromthe writingsonthevariousdeliverablesreleasedbytheproject.onesuchdescriptionofiotbythe icoreproject(berkers, VisionoftheFuture, 2013): Our*world*is*getting*more*and*more*connected.*In*the*near*future*not*only*people*will*be* connected*through*the*internet,*but*internet*connectivity*will*also*be*brought*to*billions*of* tangible*objects,*creating*the*internet*of*things*(iot). * 2.4.8OtherInternetofThingsdefinitions TheWebsitePostscapes( rangeofiotdefinitions.herewepresentafewoftheinterestingones. EIFlux:InternetofThings(KellerEasterling) An* Internet*of*things *describes*a*world*embedded*with*so*many*digital*devices*that*the*space* between*them*consists*not*of*dark*circuitry*but*rather*the*space*of*the*city*itself.*the*computer* has*escaped*the*box,*and*ordinary*objects*in*space*are*carriers*of*digital*signals. * TheInternetofPeople:IntegratingIoTtechnologiesisnotatechnicalproblem (MikeKuniavsky) [TheIoT]...is*the*combination*of*distributed*information*processing,*pervasive*wireless* networking*and*automatic*identification,*deployed*inexpensively*and*widely.*the*underlying* technologies*and*the*applications*that*are*traditionally*discussed*don't*matter*much,*because*it* is*this*combination*of*factors*that*deeply*affects*people*and*industries,*and*it*does*it*by* connecting*people's*immediate*experiences*to*the*power*of*digitally*aggregated*and*analyzed* information.*in*other*words,*the*internet*of*things*turns*physical*actions*into*knowledge*in*the* cloud*and*knowledge*in*the*cloud*into*physical*action*in*a*way*that's*never*existed*before. * LinkedInIoTgroupdiscussion,April2010(RickBullotta) 29