Kingdom of Bahrain Aviation Emission Management Plan for Sustainable Aviation Growth

Transcription

1 Kingdom of Bahrain Aviation Emission Management Plan for Sustainable Aviation Growth Kingdom of Bahrain s Action Plan developed in response to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 2010 Assembly Resolution A37-19 April 2015

2 Civil Aviation Affairs P.O. Box 586 Kingdom of Bahrain Tel: Courier address: Building 586, Road 2409, Muharraq 224 Kingdom of Bahrain Contacts Mr. Ali Ahmed Mohammed Director of Air Navigation / Mrs. Ebtesam Al Shamlan Director of Air Transport Mr. Khalid Alsada Head of Aeronautical Information Operations, Aeronautical Information Management Ministry of Transportation, All rights reserved. This document and the information contained herein is the property of Ministry of Transportation, Bahrain. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information retrieval system) or otherwise disclosed to any party outside Ministry of Transportation, without the prior consent of the Chairman of the Environment Committee in Civil Aviation Affairs. Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 2

3 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 3 Executive Summary Introduction Geography Aviation in Kingdom of Bahrain Air Traffic Services History Air Traffic Today Air Traffic Development Modernization Efforts Bahrain Civil Aviation Role of Civil Aviation Bahrain Civil Aviation Affairs Organizational Structure Contact Information Bahrain Aviation Structure Registered Operators Airport Airiness Traffic Statistics Traffic Statistics and Trends Aircraft Movements Passenger Movements Cargo & Mail Movements FIR Movements Scope of Action Plan Definition of domestic and international Methodology Determining Revenue Tonne Kilometres (RTK) Treatment of Biofuels Establishing the Baseline Time Horizon and Intermediate Years Estimation of historical activity data and emissions inventory Determine the Rate of Efficiency and Trend Line from Historic Data Forecasts for air transport activity in the baseline scenario Projection for Fuel Consumption and Efficiency Mitigation Measures APPENDIX A Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 3

4 Executive Summary This report presents the Kingdom of Bahrain s aviation emission management plan for sustainable aviation growth. This report is an action plan developed in response to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 2010 Assembly Resolution A The report summarizes the development of aviation environment and aviation infrastructure in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The report also presents the traffic movement data for past decade and related statistics. ICAO specific definitions for domestic and international traffic has been used and applied for the collection of fuel consumption and traffic data. Aggregate methodology is used to determine the amount of fuel burnt. This information on fuel uplifts by aircraft type is obtained by the air carriers. For the purposes of this Action Plan, fuel consumption is reported in litres, using conversion factors. A Baseline is developed, using ICAO methodology, for the level of fuel consumption and traffic (RTK) that can be expected across a time horizon given the continuance of trends observed in the past. The evolution and trend for International fuel uplift in Bahrain shows that there has been a steady decrease in the fuel uplift with minor peaks in 2004 and Whereas the aircraft movement in the past decade has steadily increased highlight the various measures taken by stakeholders to reduce the fuel consumption. This report uses ICAO regional forecasts until 2025 (Circular 313) to develop forecasts for the Kingdom of Bahrain. ICAO Circular 313 projects 6.7% growth in RTK for Middle East region. The annual future RTK values ( 000) for the Kingdom of Bahrain are calculated as 43,27,653 for year 2025 and 59,85,144 for year Fuel efficiency is projected as for year 2025 and for year The projected fuel burn is 1.71 GL for 2025 and 2.34 GL for The accuracy of trend extrapolation over time depends on whether steady-state conditions prevail over the time being forecast. There are other factors that may have an impact over this time period. The slowdown in the economy and high fuel prices during had a strong negative impact on fuel efficiency. Several initiatives are implemented while others are underway in the Kingdom of Bahrain both by the public and private institutions to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation. Notable among them are efficient ATM planning by BCAA which includes implementation of RVSM, Airspace redesign, development of rapid taxiway exits, improved terminal area procedures and installation of surface movement radar. Implementation of best practices in fuel savings (single engine taxi, best aircraft for route etc.) and improvement in aircraft-related technology (avionics upgrade, new-fuel efficient engine and retrofitting) by airlines is expected to have major savings in fuel and reduce environmental impact of aviation. BCAA commitment to perform research and development in the area of aviation emission management is evident by it collaborations with international aviation emissions experts in this area. BCAA has a well-placed infrastructure and a dedicated team of focal points for implementing state action plan headed by Mr. Ali Ahmed Mohammed, Director of Air Navigation. Kingdom of Bahrain remains committed to sustained aviation growth while providing the leadership in managing the aviation emissions to the gulf region. Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 4

5 1. Introduction 1.1. Geography Bahrain Island is uniquely located at the heart of the Arabian Gulf of which sea is defined by Gulf States from the western coast and Iran is over from the eastern coast. Kingdom of Bahrain is formed from archipelagos with Bahrain Island, the largest land mass, at 55 km (34 mi) long by 18 km (11 mi) wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to the Kingdom of Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway while Iran lies 200 km (124 mi) to the north across the Arabian Gulf. The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain. The population in 2010 stood at 1,234,511 including 666,172 non-nationals. Historically, Kingdom of Bahrain has acted as a gateway between the East and the West, providing a natural transit destination for early trade routes and a strategic hub for the Northern Gulf. Air services, which commenced in 1927, have played a very important role in shaping the development of the country's infrastructure and economy Aviation in Kingdom of Bahrain The first scheduled commercial flight arrived in Kingdom of Bahrain in October 1932 en-route from London to Delhi. The aircraft only carried 24 passengers, and had taken several days of flying to reach Bahrain, with frequent refuelling stops and overnight stays in hotels for the passengers. Nonetheless, with the commencement of these regular services, Bahrain became established as the Gulf's first international airport. Prior to the commencement of scheduled services, Imperial Airways, the forerunner of British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and later British Airways had operated several flights through the Gulf in the late 1920's. According to records, the first Imperial Airways flight to Bahrain occurred in August 1932, when a local pearl merchant chartered an aircraft from Baghdad - Iraq to Bahrain. Even for this relatively short flight, an overnight stop in Basra was required. The Handley Page HP 42 became the standard long-haul aircraft for Imperial Airways and was used on the route between the UK and India after the airline began scheduled services via Basrah - Iraq, Bahrain and Sharjah United Arab Emirates, with Kuwait added soon after as an optional calling point. By 1936 the operation had become a twice-weekly regularly scheduled flight. In 1937, a passenger terminal, known as "Bahrein Marine Airport", (the spelling of Bahrain had yet to be standardized) was established to accommodate the rise of the commercial flying boat long haul aircraft. Bahrain saw the start of regular service by the famous Short's Empire seaplanes. Flying-boat services to Bahrain continued into the early 1950s. At their height, what by then had become BOAC was operating several services a week through Bahrain. These included weekly services to Karachi, Singapore, Hong Kong and three times a week to Sydney. By 1950 BOAC was already looking to return to more traditional forms of air transport which offered a greater passenger payload. This saw the return of commercial passenger flights to Muharraq using Argonauts, a four engine aircraft, which could carry up to 60 passengers. Services were steadily built-up to the point where there were three Argonaut services a week from Europe terminating in Bahrain. Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 5

6 The year 1950 was made even more significant for Bahrain s commercial aviation history as it was the year Gulf Aviation Company was formed - the forerunner of Gulf Air. The airline was created with just one aircraft, a second-hand Anson Mark ll, which was used initially on services to Dhahran Saudi Arabia. But within two years the fleet had expanded to four De Havilland aircrafts and four DC-3s for use on a steadily growing network in the Gulf. By this time Bahrain was firmly established as an international staging post. It was easily the most modern and advanced airport in the Gulf with a good runway, control tower, lighting, communication facilities and even restaurants. It began to attract other carriers such as Middle East Airlines, Air India, Air Ceylon and Iran Airways - all mostly operating Dakotas. In 1954, Bahrain's position as the major airport in the region was further enhanced with the establishment of a new Flight Information Region based in Bahrain to cover the navigation of aircrafts in transit through Gulf airspace. This saw the installation of modern navigational and communications equipment. Soon after this, Bahrain entered the jet age with the arrival of the Comet and then the Boeing 707. These aircrafts reduced the number of stops the airlines had to make on long-haul routes. With many intermediary stops withdrawn, the advent of the jet age again focused attention on Bahrain as a major stopover point between Europe and the Far East. To cater for this growing transit traffic a new passenger terminal was opened at the airport in December Aviation growth grew exponentially throughout the decade, and was further catalysed by the advent of the Boeing 747 jumbo jet which could carry 400 passengers. Determined to retain its position as a leading regional airport and transit hub, Bahrain executed a further expansion plan for its commercial aviation service sector which was completed in December 1971 with the opening of new passenger facilities and an apron area that could accommodate four B747 aircrafts. This investment quickly paid dividends with Qantas, BA, Air India and Singapore Airlines all using Bahrain International Airport as a major transit stop with their B747 aircrafts. Unfortunately for Bahrain, all the carriers wanted to make their transit stops at around the same time. Even with the new expanded airport facilities, it quickly became obvious that further expansion would be needed to accommodate these "jumbo peaks." A further expansion phase of the airport was completed in 1976, just five years after the opening of the new passenger terminal. The year 1976 also marked another significant first for Bahrain International Airport with the inauguration of supersonic flights which saw the start-up of regular British Airways Concorde service between London and Bahrain. During that time, Gulf Air was progressively expanding its network of services and in 1976 received its first Lockheed Tri-Star aircraft. This marked Gulf Air's transformation from a local regional airline with all the significance that implied for its home hub of Bahrain International Airport Air Traffic Services History Since 1950 s Bahrain island nation has been responsible for a large airspace region of gulf, providing air traffic services with VHF radios located in Bahrain and relayed from remote stations in Muscat. The outer reaches of the FIR were covered by HF equipment located in Bahrain. As illustrated in Figure 1, Bahrain airspace has undergone major changes since Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 6

7 The Bahrain FIR encompasses airspace over the northern part of the Arabian Gulf, over the territories of the State of Bahrain and the State of Qatar and over a part of eastern Saudi Arabian territory. It borders in the northwest the Kuwait FIR, in the north the Tehran FIR, in the east the Emirates FIR, in the south the Muscat FIR and in the west the Jeddah FIR. Figure 1: Air Traffic Services History in Bahrain The Bahrain FIR is a complex airspace. Three important areas can be identified: The airspace west of the Emirates FIR and the Muscat FIR (southern area) The airspace west of the Bahrain territory (western area) The airspace over the Arabian Gulf area 1.4. Air Traffic Today Nearly 50 precent of all flights within Bahrain FIR are intra-middle-east flights. 40%of the Abu Dhabi ACC departures are bound for Bahrain FIR. Other main air traffic flows are coming from or going to Europe, USA, Asia/Pacific/India and Africa. Due to the current political situation in Iraq, some long haul air traffic avoids the Baghdad FIR and uses the airspace over Saudi Arabia or Turkey/Iran instead. However, with the process of normalization in Iraq a shift of the present traffic from the western area to the northern part of the Gulf area has to be anticipated. Due to the political situation, military air traffic is far above international average. A total of about 200,000 commercial movements were controlled by Bahrain ACC in 2005 (forecast for 2006 is about 218,000; Abu Dhabi ACC counts movements). In 2003, Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 7

8 military movements added up to approximately 79,000 flights in addition to civilian flights. Military air traffic accounts for about 30% of the overall traffic Air Traffic Development Due to the rapid industrial growth within the Asia/Pacific region a considerable increase of the air traffic streams between Asia/Pacific/India, Middle East and Europe can be anticipated. This would strengthen the role of Bahrain FIR as international gateway. In parallel to this development, the Gulf States undertake very strong efforts to build up an aviation infrastructure of world class quality and to expand their operational capacities and capabilities (airlines, airports, maintenance and repair) accordingly. The demand for Air Navigation Service Provision with regard to quality of service and capacity will heavily grow within the Gulf Region. The forecasted traffic for the Gulf region averages between 5 8% per year, doubling traffic volumes of Bahrain FIR until The expected growth within the Emirates FIR presently is 9% and taken as the basis for the strategic plan of the UAE CAA. This matches with the extension and construction of airports in the Emirates, where the new Dubai World Central International Airport will feature a 6 runway environment and finally an overall capacity of 120 million passengers. Meanwhile a second runway for extension of the present airport is built. Also Abu Dhabi will get a second runway and it is expected that Sharja will follow suit. Along with airline expansions the passenger forecast until 2015 shows a high of 8% growth versus a pessimistic 2%. Taking into account the general growth expectations of Europe and the Pacific, an average growth of 5% will be a realistic figure. Traffic forecast for the FIR Bahrain indicates for 2010 an increase from 292,000 this year to an optimistic figure of 438,000 and a conservative estimate of 318,000. The most likely increase can be assumed to be around 5%, which anyway causes a doubling of traffic until Modernization Efforts Owing to the following advantages, Kingdom of Bahrain has been constantly modifying and restructuring of its airspace on a regular basis in order to cope with the traffic build ups within the designated airspace of the kingdom, such advantages are: - Catchment area of 3.2 million - Builds over 250 million people to different GCC states within two hours of flying time - Nearly 26 km by road from Bahrain to the Eastern Province in Saudi Arabia - 30 minutes to/from Doha International Airport by air - 45 minutes to/from Kuwait International Airport and Riyadh International Airport by air Modernization of the airport's facilities started in the early eighties as a prelude to the major expansion and refurbishment programme that was completed in March The new US$ 100 million terminal was inaugurated in For over 60 years Bahrain International Airport was the ideal hub for operations in the fastgrowing gulf and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) markets. It has the widest range and highest frequency of regional services with connections to major international destinations in Europe, Asia, Africa, The Far East and North America. BIA has been the regional hub for DHL's Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 8

9 distribution for more than 35 years. A number of international cargo carriers operate in BIA too including British Airways and Lufthansa cargo and many more competitive advantages. On the 19 of January 2014, Airport Modernization Program Design Deal Signed in line with Ministry of Transportation's mission to enhancing the quality of land, sea, and air transport in the Kingdom of Bahrain, the Ministry has announced the signing of a key contract with the globally renowned engineering and design firm Aéroport de Paris Ingérierie (ADPi). As per the BD13 million agreement, Aéroport de Paris Ingérierie (ADPi) will serve as design and engineering consultant for the Airport Modernization Program. To keep pace with the aviation growth, the Ministry of Transportation and Bahrain Airport Company have developed a comprehensive development project, known as the Airport Modernization Program, to elevate the Bahrain International Airport infrastructure and services. When completed, it is expected to increase the airport s capacity to 13.5 million passengers a year. Bahrain Airport Company is the authority responsible for managing Bahrain International Airport and increase its contribution to the local economy in line with the national plans. In its operational role, the company is also the client representative for the Ministry of Transport in developing and executing projects that are set to elevate the airport s operations and infrastructure. 2. Bahrain Civil Aviation 2.1. Role of Civil Aviation As technological modernisation in aviation industry grows rapidly in the region, associated concerns of keeping up with the paces have heavily occupied the minds of the authority of Bahrain and found that the best way in order to foster the aviation business, promote and enhance safety aspects and move swiftly forward with the global implementation will only be achieved if the airport is privatized by a third party. Accordingly, Bahrain Airport Company (BAC) was invited to become the business partner in running the airport operations and so it became the official operator of the Bahrain International Airport. The Bahrain Civil Aviation Affairs (BCAA) is acting as the Kingdom of Bahrain s aviation regulator which oversees all aspects of aviation that is handled by BAC and other local stakeholders. The BCAA regulates and issues air transport and navigation, airworthiness, and other technical directives that apply to all Civil Aviation activities. As part of its regulatory role, the BCAA also serves as the governing body for setting laws and regulations related to aviation issues and are responsible for ensuring that all stakeholders comply and commit to all regulations and meet obligations. The BCAA also assumes responsibility for the issuing of licenses /permits and certification for various activities including aircraft registration, personnel licenses, aircraft operations, and airline schedules. The BCAA is also responsible for providing air navigation and meteorological services including weather reports and forecasts as well as meteorological information. Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 9

10 2.2. Bahrain Civil Aviation Affairs Organizational Structure The Bahrain Civil Aviation Affairs is divided into six directorates: I. Air Navigation Directorate Responsible for providing air traffic services, aeronautical telecommunication services, and aeronautical information services to all aircrafts operating within its jurisdiction. II. Aeronautical Licensing Directorate Responsible for the safety oversight of national air operators, aircraft maintenance organization and their related training organizations in order to ensure compliance with the ICAO standards and recommended practices. III. Air Transport Directorate Responsible for bilateral/multilateral agreements, permission for airline operations, airline schedule approval, travel, cargo and other aviation agencies, aviation studies and movement statistics and international affairs oi compliance with ICAO standards and recommended practices. IV. Meteorological Directorate Responsible for the supply of meteorological advice and information, both historical and of forecast nature, the provision of reliable, homogenous climatologically records, also responsible for official correspondence with WMO and ICAO for providing whatever is concerning with aviation weather information. V. Aviation Safety Directorate Responsible for ensuring that the acceptance level of safety is maintained by the main operator and other stake holders, and perform regular audits on the aforementioned agencies to ensure that the local regulations as well as international are continuously being adhered to at all times and in line with ICAO standards and recommended practices. VI. Aviation Security Directorate- Responsible for ensuring that the security parameters are implemented to all airport users and to affect regular audits to the main operator and other stakeholders within the airport parameters to ensure the security level is maintained on national and international levels. The environmental committee sits under Directorate of Air Transport. Figure 2 illustrates the Civil Aviation Affairs organizational structure. Figure 2: Civil Aviation Affairs organizational structure. Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 10

11 2.3. Contact Information The contact information for the focal points within the Kingdom of Bahrain for action plan is given below. Please note that the first point of contact entered is the individual responsible for submitting the action plan to ICAO. Name of the Authority 1 Mr Ali Ahmed Mohammed Point of Contact Director of Air Navigation Street Address P.O. Box 586, Civil Aviation Affairs Country Kingdom of Bahrain Telephone Number / 05 Fax Number aliahmed@caa.gov.bh Name of the Authority 2 Mrs Ebtesam Al Shamlan Point of Contact Director of Air Transport Street Address P.O. Box 586, Civil Aviation Affairs Country Kingdom of Bahrain Telephone Number Fax Number ebtesam.alshamalan@mot.gov.bh Name of the Authority 3 Mr Khalid Alsada Point of Contact Head of Aeronautical Information Operations Aeronautical Information Management - Air Navigation Street Address P.O. Box 586, Civil Aviation Affairs Country Kingdom of Bahrain Telephone Number /1192 Fax Number kalsada@caa.gov.bh Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 11

12 3. Bahrain Aviation Structure 3.1. Registered Operators As of June 2014 there were fifty two (52) aircraft and two (2) helicopters registered in the state of Bahrain. The major operators in Bahrain are 1. Bahrain Royal Flight 2. Gulf Air 3. DHL Aviation 4. Mena Aerospace 5. TAG Aviation Only Gulf Air and DHL Aviation conduct schedule and non-scheduled revenue flights in and out of Bahrain Airport Bahrain has three airports. Bahrain International Airport (BIA) is the only international and civilian airport. The other two airports Bahrain Sakhir and Bahrain Isa airbases are national airport and for military use only. Figure 3: Bahrain Airports. Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 12

13 BIA was the first airport to open in the Arabian Gulf. The first chartered flight landed in Bahrain in 1927, followed by regular commercial flights between UK and India from the 1930s. Since then, BIA has served as a midpoint linking the East and the West, utilising Bahrain s strategic location in close proximity to key markets in the Middle East. Today, BIA caters to 42 airlines flying to 51 destinations world-wide. Established over a land area totalling 5.6 km2, the airport accommodates approximately 8 million passengers a year. BIA offer 84 common check-in counters including Economy, First Class, Special Handling Lounges and Transfer Desks, 57 remote stands, and 7 air bridge Contract Stands. A number of key international cargo carriers operate from BIA, including DHL which has made BIA its regional hub for its operations in the Middle East for more than 35 years. In 2012, 310,910 tons were handled. The airport is managed by Bahrain Airport Company (BAC), who is also responsible for elevating the airport s operations, infrastructure and services Airiness Gulf Air is the major carrier of passengers in Bahrain and has 61% of passenger share. Other airlines that carries significant passenger share are Emirates and Qatar airways. This is a trend by and large in the past decade. Figure 4: Top 10 Airline in terms of passenger share in Bahrain 2013 passenger data Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 13

14 4. Traffic Statistics 4.1. Traffic Statistics and Trends The number of aircraft movements through Bahrain International Airport (BIA) was 90,837 in 2013 which is a 14% decline over However there was 4% increase in FIR movement from 632,164 in 2013 as compared to 606,526 FIR movements in The main aircraft type handled via BIA was A320 with 39,804 movements followed by A321 with 9,063 and A332 with 7,062 movements. YEAR TABLE 1: Traffic Movement Statistics for Kingdom of Bahrain. TOTAL PASSENGER MOVEMENTS TOTAL AIRCRAFT MOVEMENTS TOTAL CARGO & MAIL TOTAL F.I.R MOVEMENTS ,930,585 60, , , ,991,623 60, , , ,147,105 61, , , ,296,979 69, , , ,144,290 72, , , ,581,503 73, , , ,696,025 80, , , ,320,039 87, , , ,758, , , , ,053, , , , ,898, , , , ,793, , , , ,479, , , , ,371,651 90, , , Aircraft Movements After a decade of continued growth in Aircraft movements there has been a stabilizing effect in the Gulf region. This is reflected in 2013 aircraft movement data which dropped from 105,931 to 90,837. Figure 5: Aircraft Movement data for Kingdom of Bahrain. Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 14

15 4.3. Passenger Movements Passenger flights continued to comprise 80% of the total movement, whereas cargo, private and other flights comprised 10%, 1% and 9% respectively. Figure 6: Passenger movement trend at Bahrain International Airport Cargo & Mail Movements Total Cargo handled at Bahrain International Airport in 2013 registered 306,277 tonnes which is 15% less than DHL Middle East BSC continued to carry the highest volume of cargo in 2013 with a 56% market share, with Gulf Air registered 13%. Figure 7: Cargo and mail handled at Bahrain International Airport Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 15

16 4.5. FIR Movements Flight Information Region (FIR) movement in Bahrain airspace has been steadily increasing. 600,000 FIR movements in 2013 confirm the strategic importance of Bahrain s geographic location in the Middle East. Figure 8: FIR Movements in Bahrain airspace in Scope of Action Plan 5.1. Definition of domestic and international ICAO, specific definitions, based on flight stages, has been used and applied for the collection of fuel consumption and traffic data. As per the ICAO, a flight stage is defined as the operation of an aircraft from take-off to its next landing and was classified as either international or domestic based on the following: International: A flight stage with one or both terminals in the territory of a State, other than the State in which the air carrier has its principal place of business. Domestic: A flight stage not classifiable as international. Domestic flight stages include all flight stages flown between points within the domestic boundaries of a State by an air carrier whose principal place of business is in that State. Flight stages between a State and territories belonging to it, as well as any flight stages between two such territories, are classified as domestic Methodology The amount of CO2 that is emitted from the combustion of fuels is calculated by multiplying the amount of fuel burned by appropriate emission factor. For the case of CO2 emissions from the combustion of conventional aviation fuel, we have used the emission factor of the ICAO Carbon Emissions Calculator methodology (3.157 kg CO2/kg fuel). Aggregate methodology is used to determine the amount of fuel burnt. This information on fuel uplifts by aircraft type is obtained by the air carriers. For the purposes of this Action Plan, fuel consumption is reported in litres, using conversion factors. Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 16

17 5.3. Determining Revenue Tonne Kilometres (RTK) RTK is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the number of tonnes of revenue load (i.e. one for which remuneration is received) carried on each flight stage, by the corresponding stage distance. Revenue Tonne Kilometres are part of routine statistics compiled by air carriers in State of Bahrain. Air Carrier reports are used as the source of reporting traffic data and RTK by the air carriers Treatment of Biofuels No Biofuel use was reported by registered airline operators in Bahrain. 6. Establishing the Baseline Baseline, in the context of this action plan is the level of fuel consumption and traffic (RTK) that can be expected across a time horizon given the continuance of trends observed in the past, due to the absence of additional measures. Figure 8 illustrates the steps for establishment of a baseline. This report uses ICAO Method 1 as Bahrain has access to a time series of historical fuel consumption Figure 9: Steps for the establishment of a baseline 6.1. Time Horizon and Intermediate Years The data used for establishing baseline if from The time horizon is set to 2030 with 2025 as intermediate years Estimation of historical activity data and emissions inventory Table 2 presents the international fuel uplift data for in litres. The CO2 emission is computed and presented in metric tonnes. As can be seen from Figure 10, which shows the evolution and trend for International fuel uplift, there has been a steady decrease in the fuel uplift with minor peaks in 2004 and Whereas the aircraft movement in the past decade has steadily increased highlight the various measures taken by stakeholders to reduce the fuel consumption. Table 3 presents that baseline data with Revenue Tonnes per Kilometres (RTK). Data was collected and reported by Airlines to Bahrain CAA for year 2010 till Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 17

18 TABLE 2: International fuel uplift and CO2 emission data ( ) Year International fuel (litres) International CO2 emissions (metric tonnes) Figure 10: Evolution and trend for International fuel uplift ( ) Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 18

19 Year Table 3: International fuel uplift, CO2 emission and RTK data ( ) International Fuel Uplift (Giga litres) International Fuel Uplift (kg) International CO2 emissions (kg) Revenue Tonnes Kilometres (RTK) Determine the Rate of Efficiency and Trend Line from Historic Data The Rate of efficiency is an indicator of the efficiency of fuel usage per each tonne of revenue load carried (passengers, freight and mail). The results reveal fuel consumption efficiency of Bahrain registered airline operators. The rate of efficiency improvement over time is gauged using the following metric: (1) Table 4 presents the rate of Efficiency from historic Fuel burn and RTK data. The RTK Growth rate for is computed as -9.30% and the fuel efficiency rate for is computed as -0.40%. Figure 11 exhibits the fuel consumption per RTK exhibits a declining linear trend. The model has a best fit with only 32% of the efficiency changes given the sudden change in the rate of efficiency from 2009 onwards. The ICAO growth rate formula used for calculating average annual growth rate for RTK and fuel efficiency is as follows: = ( ) (2) From the data in the Table 4 (Historic Fuel burn and RTK data) we have: Value for last year (2010) RTK ( 000) = Value for first year (2000) RTK ( 000) = Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 19

20 Number of Years = 10 Therefore RTK Growth Rate (%) = ( / )^(1/10)-1)*100 = -9.30% Similar computation is performed for Fuel Efficiency Rate. TABLE 4: Rate of Efficiency from historic Fuel burn and RTK data Year Fuel Burn (GL) RTK(000) FB_RTK RTK Growth Rate % Fuel Efficiency Rate % FB/RTK of Bahrain y = x R² = FB/RTK Linear (FB/RTK) Figure 11: Trend line for Rate of Efficiency of Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 20

21 6.4. Forecasts for air transport activity in the baseline scenario Forecast model of the ICAO Manual on Air Traffic Forecasting (Doc 8991) is used to arrive at future activity data. ICAO regional forecasts until 2025 (Circular 313) are used to develop forecasts for Bahrain. ICAO Circular 313 projects 6.7% growth in RTK for Middle East region. Using Middle East forecasts of 6.7 per cent RTK growth to 2025, the annual future RTK values for Bahrain are calculated as per Table 5 below. TABLE 5: Bahrain forecasts growth in RTK, Fuel efficiency and Fuel burn projection over 2010 levels during at 6.7%. Year Forecast(RTK_000) Fuel efficiency (FB/RTK) Fuel Burn (GL) CO2 (MT) Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 21

22 6.5. Projection for Fuel Consumption and Efficiency Using the past trend of fuel efficiency metric, future values are obtained by applying a linear extrapolation up to Using the projected data for the fuel efficiency metric and the RTK, fuel consumption is estimated by using equation 2. olume of fuel Fuel efficiency x RTK (3) Figure 12 illustrates the projected values for the baseline fuel consumption and fuel efficiency metric for the period Figure 12: Projected fuel efficiency metric and fuel consumption Fuel efficiency (Fuel Burn over RTK) is projected as for year 2025 and for year The projected fuel burn is project as 1.71 (GL) for 2025 and 2.34 (GL) for The accuracy of trend extrapolation over time depends on whether steady-state conditions prevail over the time being forecast. There are other factors that had an impact over this time period. The slowdown in the economy and high fuel prices during decade had a strong negative impact on traffic in this most travelled international traffic flow. Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 22

23 7. Mitigation Measures This section details about measures to mitigate CO2 emissions considered by aviation stakeholders in Bahrain, reflecting its national capacities and circumstances. To collect information about such measures a Questionnaire (see Appendix A) was developed with the aim to collect information on actions already in course and ones intended to be implemented for the improvement of the civil aviation fuel efficiency. These actions were initiatives from public and private institutions which aim to reduce the airlines operational costs and decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions volume. The feedback was tabulated and presented in the report. 1) Aircraft-related Technology Development a. Aircraft minimum fuel efficiency standards b. Aggressive aircraft fuel efficiency standards, setting standards for the future c. Purchase of new aircraft d. Retrofitting and upgrade improvements on existing aircraft e. Optimizing improvements in aircraft produced in the near to mid-term f. Avionics g. Adoption of revolutionary new designs in aircraft/engines 2) Alternative Fuels a. Development of biofuels b. Development of other fuels with lower lifecycle CO2 emissions c. Standards/requirements for alternative fuel use 3) Improved Air Traffic Management and Infrastructure Use a. More efficient ATM planning, ground operations, terminal operations (departure, approach and arrivals), en-route operations, airspace design and usage, aircraft capabilities b. More efficient use and planning of airport capacities c. Installation of airport infrastructure such as Fixed Electrical Ground Power and Pre- Conditioned Air to allow aircraft APU switch-off d. Construction of additional runways and taxiways if used solely to relieve traffic congestion e. Collaborative research endeavours 4) More efficient operations a. Best practices in operations b. Optimized aircraft maintenance (including jet engine cleaning/washing) c. Selecting aircraft best suited to mission 5) Economic / market-based measures a. Voluntary inclusion of aviation sector in emissions trading scheme b. Incorporation of emissions from international aviation into regional or national emissions trading schemes, in accordance with relevant international instruments c. Establishment of a multilateral emissions trading scheme for aviation which allows trading permits with other sectors, in accordance with relevant international instruments d. Establishment of a framework for linking existing emissions trading schemes and providing for their extension to international aviation, in accordance with relevant international instruments e. Emissions charges or modulation of landing/take-off (LTO) charges, in accordance with relevant international instruments Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 23

24 f. Positive economic stimulation by regulator: research programs, special consideration and government programs/legislation and accelerated depreciation of aircraft g. Accredited offset schemes h. Explore extension of CDM i. Taxation of aviation fuel, in accordance with relevant international instruments 6) Regulatory measures / other a. Airport movement caps / slot management b. Enhancing weather forecasting services c. Requiring transparent carbon reporting d. Conferences / workshops More efficient ATM planning Project Name RNAV 1 Target Date Implemented Project Details A lateral airspace utilisation of airspace concept called RNAV 1 is implemented within Bahrain airspace in whole to an extent that it gave Bahrain the precedence over other neighbouring states of the gulf. Such concept reduces the spacing between routes to nearly 7 NM same direction and 11 NM between opposite direction routes, however, PBN 1 concept is implemented in Project Name Target Date Project Details Ground operation Project Name Target Date Project Details Project Name Target Date Project Details Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) Implemented Bahrain initiated and leads the increase in vertical airspace utilisation using RVSM by reducing the vertical separation to 1000ft above FL 290 and FL410 with special pilot and aircraft certifications such reduction is embraced within Bahrain airspace. Bahrain hosts the Middle-East Regional Monitoring Agency of ICAO which is administering authority of RVSM airspace. Single Engine Taxi Implemented Bahrain has made the physical taxi of aircraft on the movement area not exceeding 5 minutes after landing or just before takeoff. Moreover, Bahrain has implemented single engine taxi procedure which would lead to fuel saving and thus emission reduction. Single engine taxi is a procedure which has to be requested by the pilot-in-command of an aircraft of two engines and more and shall either be made by departing traffic from the time it commences taxi up to and before it enters the active runway and for the arriving traffic after it has cleared the runway until it parks on the designated parking bay. Rapid Exit Taxiways Implemented Rapid Exit taxiways have been installed at the Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 24

25 international airport, where if an aircraft is using runway 12L then it would progressively exit Foxtrot is used or if using runway 30R rapid exit Delta is used to expedite vacating of aircraft on the runway. Terminal operations (departure, approach and arrivals) Project Name Optimization of Terminal Operations Target Date December 2015 Project Details SIDS/STARS concept has been implemented which shall be associated by BARO-VNAV PBN concept. Arrival manager called AMAN has been installed by THALES company and shall come in force soon. Nevertheless, a separation of 3NM between succeeding aircraft on final approach has been adopted in order to fully utilize the airspace and take up as many aircraft as possible. Project Name Target Date December 2015 Project Details En-route operations Optimization Project Name Target Date Project Details Airspace design and usage Project Name Target Date Project Details Continuous Descent Operations (CDO) and Continuous Climb Operation (CCO) BCAA is actively working with operators for CDA and CCO in terminal areas to reduce fuel burn and reduce aviation emission.. In CDA, an aircraft descends continuously from its cruising altitude at an optimum top of descent to the runway. By descending continuously, the aircraft requires almost no engine thrust, thereby saving fuel and reducing emissions. Whereas, a CCO allows the aircraft to reach the initial cruise flight level at optimum air speed with optimal engine thrust settings, thus reducing total fuel burn and emissions for the whole flight. Optimizing En-route Operations Implemented Absolute RNAV 1 environment from FL150 and above (Class A airspace) is implemented in Bahrain airspace. Airspace redesign Implemented Bahrain territorial airspace is redesigned in a manner that it reduces the controller workload by almost 80% of the total number of traffic. The balance 20% is resolved by the controller on the basis of three feeding points into UAE: one route from UAE dedicated to Tehran traffic, one route from UAE dedicated to Bahrain landers and one route from UAE dedicated to Jeddah traffic. Aircraft capabilities Project Name Target Date Required Navigation Performance Implemented Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 25

26 Project Details RNAV 1 requirement are implemented and laid down in SUP 23/13, which requires aircraft to have certain certifications in order to be accepted within a designated airspace of Bahrain FIR. More efficient use and planning of airport capacities Project Name Surface Movement Radar Target Date Dec 2015 Project Details Advanced Surface Movement and Guidance Control System (ASMGCS) will be installed in Bahrain. Installation of airport infrastructure Project Name Target Date Project Details Construction of additional runways and taxiways Project Name Target Date Project Details Collaborative Research Endeavours Project Name Target Date Project Details Fixed Electrical Ground Power and Pre-Conditioned Air to reduce APU use Implemented The Eastern Apron stands at BIA are now equipped with Multi Aircraft Ramp System (MARS) to accommodate 17 aircraft with a pop-up system from (CAVOTEC) for Ground Support Units (GSU). Associated facilities such as fuelling, air-conditioning and docking system are also provided. Rapid Exit Taxiways Implemented Rapid Exits Foxtrot & Delta have been installed to resolve traffic congestion. No additional runway was constructed apart from the emergency runway which was originally constructed to resolve traffic congestion in case the main runway experienced an urgent closure for any reason. Aviation Emission Management Research On Going BCAA has entered into a collaboration with an Air Traffic Research Company Air Intelligence and Design in Australia. The organization is led by internationally recognized aviation emission expert Dr Sameer Alam. Dr Alam has developed aviation emission systems for Air Services Australia and done extensive research on advance ATM concept with Eurocontrol, NASA and ICAO. BCAA will continue working with Air Intelligence & Design to develop and implement emission mitigation measures in Bahrain. Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 26

27 Aircraft-related technology Development Time Horizon Description Anticipated change in fuel consumption and/or CO2 emissions Economic cost and how it will be covered Time Horizon Description Anticipated change in fuel consumption and/or CO2 emissions Economic cost and how it will be covered Time Horizon Description Aircraft minimum fuel efficiency standards Published Monthly Monthly reporting on Fleet Fuel Performance degradation. Trends are monitored and coordinated for corrective action where required. Average Fleet Change/ month (%) A A A330 0 Monitoring fuel consumption has a direct impact on flight operating cost The incremental fuel burn is reduced by: 1- Engine wash 2- Engine change/swap Aircraft minimum fuel efficiency standards Operational/Annually For each flight, a sufficient quantity of fuel is carried with a safe margin for contingencies. The range capability of the aircraft is fully exploited and uneconomic carriage of fuel is minimised. Flights are not to be delayed by requests for unnecessary extra fuel over that provided by the Operational Flight Plan. DHL Aviation is applying a minimum fuel policy as per BCAA requirement. In 2013 DHL Aviation has reduced fuel consumption by 8.64% compared to In relation to emissions this equates to a reduction of Tons. DHL Aviation has contributed a reduction of 0.14 CO2 kg per RTK amongst Global Airlines. Operational Cost Aggressive aircraft fuel efficiency standards, setting standards for the future Operational Rigorous cross departmental monitoring of aircraft fuel efficiency and performance. Purchase of new aircraft Time Horizon 2013 Description DHL Aviation has successfully completed the upgrade process of replacing the entire fleet of B727 to B757. The B757 is more efficient with reduced fuel consumption Time Horizon Description Purchase of new aircraft Ongoing Gulf Air currently operates a fleet with an approx. average fleet Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 27

28 Anticipated change in fuel consumption and/or CO2 emissions Cost Time Horizon Description Anticipated change in fuel consumption and/or CO2 emissions Cost Any barriers to implementation/assistance Required age of 6 years. Once it come to Purchase of new aircraft Gulf Air always look to bringing aircraft with advanced technology and improved fuel efficiency. Gulf Air current order books, among others, contain aircraft such as A320NEO, B787, etc. Bringing new aircraft with latest technological advances will undoubtedly highly improve the fuel efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions. Bringing new aircraft will reduce the operating cost part of which is the fuel cost. This reduction in cost will participate in better revenues. Retrofitting and upgrade improvements on existing aircraft 6-12 Months Full Cabin Retrofit of existing 13 year old GF owned A330s Decrease in weight from seats and Inflight entertainment is calculated above 1Ton of weight. Fuel Savings Annually US$3.2M. And improvement of the cabin from 13 year old seats is expected to generate more sales, less passenger complaints and far less maintenance to old seats and inflight entertainment. BCAA assistance for approval of certification. Retrofitting and upgrade improvements on existing aircraft Time Horizon In place retrofit complete 4Q 2015 Description Fitting Engine Inlet E4X - Weight Saving of 16 kg. (36 lb.) per Cowl - 32 kg (72 lb.) per aircraft Time Horizon Description Anticipated change in fuel consumption and/or CO2 emissions Cost Project Name Target Date Project Details Retrofitting and upgrade improvements on existing aircraft 2015 Q4 Installation of AFIRS STC with FIRST Fuel Management Program Approx Litres less fuel burn per aircraft per year Operational Cost Optimizing improvements in aircraft produced in the near to mid-term. Ongoing Gulf Air considers bringing modern aircraft with advanced technologies and high fuel efficiency as one its main Fleet Strategy Principals. Project Name Avionics Upgrade Target Date 4Q 2017 Project Details RNP1 Upgrade -Allow more efficient use of airspace, use of fuelefficient flight profiles Cost Operational Cost Kingdom of Bahrain State Action Plan 28