Readi-to-mix Concrete
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1 Q. Bags of readi-to-mix concrete contain three ingredients. Readi-to-mix Concrete contains cement crushed rock sand Complete each sentence by choosing the correct words from the box. clay limestone salt slaked lime water Cement is made by heating... and... in a rotary kiln. To make concrete, the contents of the bag of readi-to-mix concrete must be mixed with.... (Total 3 marks) Page of 4
2 Q. Limestone and the products of limestone have many uses. (a) Limestone is quarried. Photograph Lonny Kalfus / Getty Images Quarrying limestone has impacts that cause environmental problems. Tick ( ) two impacts that cause environmental problems. Impact of quarrying Tick ( ) Puts off tourists Causes dust pollution Increases jobs Increases traffic (b) Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO 3. When it is heated calcium carbonate produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. The word equation for this reaction is: calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide (i) Complete the sentence. The reaction when calcium carbonate is heated is called thermal... () 00 g of calcium carbonate was heated and produced 56 g of calcium oxide. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced g () Page of 4
3 (c) The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle. Complete the names of the calcium compounds formed in the flow chart. (Total 6 marks) Q3. Limestone has been called the Earth s most useful rock. (a) Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO 3. (i) Complete the table to show the number of atoms of each element in the formula of calcium carbonate. Calcium has been done for you. Element Number of atoms in the formula CaCO 3 Calcium, Ca Carbon, C Oxygen, O Page 3 of 4
4 The diagram below represents a carbon atom. Use words from the box to label the parts of this atom. bond electron molecule nucleus (b) At a cement works, limestone is mixed with clay and heated in a kiln. Use the information in the diagram to answer these questions. (i) Name the fuel that is used to heat the limestone and clay. () Page 4 of 4
5 Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO 3. Draw a ring around the correct gas in the box to complete the sentence. The gas formed when calcium carbonate decomposes is argon. carbon dioxide. nitrogen. () (c) The cement works starts to burn a different fuel. Local residents are concerned because more children are suffering asthma attacks. Residents have also noticed that parked cars are becoming dirty because of smoke particles from the chimney. The table shows the possible medical risk from smoke particles. Particle size in mm Larger than 0.4 Medical effect No medical risks known 0.3 and smaller Causes asthma attacks 0. and smaller May cause cancer (i) Give two reasons why local residents are concerned about the cement works burning a different fuel Page 5 of 4
6 The company operating the cement works stated that smoke particles from the chimney had not changed since it started burning the different fuel. If you were a local resident, what evidence would you like to see to help you decide if the company s statement is true or not? (Total 0 marks) Q4. Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 (a) The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle. Write the name of the correct calcium compound in each empty box to complete the flow chart. (3) Page 6 of 4
7 (b) Limestone is heated with clay to make cement. Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar. A student investigated the strength of six mortar mixtures. Each mortar mixture contained 00cm 3 cement but each contained a different volume of sand. To do the investigation the student: added and stirred water into each mortar mixture put each mixture into the same sized moulds left each mixture to set hard dropped a metal ball from increasing height_s until the mortar cracked recorded the results in a table. Volume of sand in cm 3 Volume of cement in cm 3 Height the metal ball was dropped from to crack the mortar in cm (i) What happens to the strength of the mortar as the volume of sand increases?... () Page 7 of 4
8 The student was worried about an anomalous result. Which result was anomalous? Volume of sand =... cm 3 Explain why you have chosen this result (c) The student repeated the investigation but used six concrete mixtures. From the results the student concluded correctly that concrete was stronger than mortar. Suggest one reason why concrete is stronger than mortar () (Total 7 marks) Q5. Sea water contains magnesium ions. Magnesium oxide can be obtained from sea water using the following process. (a) State the chemical name for limestone.... () (b) Write a word equation for the action of heat on limestone.... Page 8 of 4
9 (c) State the chemical name for slaked lime.... () (d) Write a balanced chemical equation for the addition of water to quicklime.... (e) How can magnesium hydroxide be separated from sea water?... () (f) Suggest and explain how magnesium could be obtained from magnesium oxide (Total 9 marks) Q6. Limestone contains the compound calcium carbonate, CaCO 3. (a) Limestone is used to make cement in a rotary kiln. Use the information in the diagram to name the two main waste gases from this rotary kiln Page 9 of 4
10 (b) Columns used as supports for buildings can be made from materials such as limestone blocks or concrete. From the diagrams, name which you think is the better material for making a column.... Give three advantages for your choice of material (3) (Total 5 marks) Q7. Lime (calcium oxide) is used in agriculture to reduce the acidity of soils. Describe, as fully as you can, the reaction by which lime is made. Name any other product(s) (Total 3 marks) Page 0 of 4
11 Q8. (a) Limestone is a hard rock that is used as a building material. Limestone was used by the Egyptians to make plaster. Reaction calcium carbonate, CaCO 3, was decomposed by heating limestone CaCO 3 CaO + CO Reaction water was added to the solid produced to make slaked lime CaO + H O Ca(OH) Reaction 3 a mixture of slaked lime and water was used as plaster. After the plaster had set it became even harder with age Ca(OH) + CO CaCO 3 + H O (i) Name the solid formed when calcium carbonate decomposed. () Use the reactions to explain how the plaster became even harder with age. (3) Page of 4
12 (b) A gardener wanted to make a step up to his greenhouse door. He decided to use a mixture of cement and sand to make mortar. He experimented using mixtures with different cement to sand ratios. The mortar mixtures were put in the same sized mould. Each mortar mixture was allowed to set hard. He then dropped a metal ball from increasing height_s until the set mortar cracked. He recorded his results in a table. Volume of sand in cm 3 Volume of cement in cm 3 Height the metal ball dropped to crack the set mortar in cm (i) What is the relationship between the volume of sand and the strength of the mortar? () The gardener was not sure about some of his results. Use the results to explain why. (Total 7 marks) Page of 4
13 Q9. Limestone is an important raw material. (a) The main compound in limestone has the formula CaCO 3. Name the elements in this compound (b) Limestone has many uses. Select from the list below two important materials made from limestone. cement diesel oil glass poly(ethene) sodium hydroxide sulphuric acid... and... (c) The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal. (i) Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln... () Page 3 of 4
14 Give two reasons why carbon dioxide is produced in the lime kiln. Reason.... Reason.... (d) (i) Quicklime (calcium oxide) can be converted to slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) by adding water. Write a word equation to represent this reaction () Why do farmers sometimes add slaked lime to acidic soil? () (Total 9 marks) Q0. Limestone is an important raw material. The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal. Page 4 of 4
15 (i) Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln () Give two reasons why carbon dioxide is produced in the lime kiln. Reason Reason (Total 3 marks) Q. Magnesium chloride is a useful salt. The flow diagram shows how it can be made. (i) Describe how calcium hydroxide can be made from limestone Page 5 of 4
16 Write a word equation for the neutralisation of magnesium hydroxide with a suitable acid to form magnesium chloride.... (Total 4 marks) Page 6 of 4
17 M. clay limestone water [3] M. (a) causes dust pollution increases traffic (b) (i) decomposition 44(g) (c) (calcium) hydroxide (calcium) carbonate substances must be in the order shown [6] M3. (a) (i) 3 nucleus electron (b) (i) methane / CH 4 accept natural gas ignore air do not allow other gases carbon dioxide Page 7 of 4
18 (c) (i) any two from: medical risks asthma cancer dirt causes global warming / global dimming / greenhouse effect / acid rain ignore death accept effect on health accept difficulty breathing/ lung disease allow smoke particles allow harmful for the environment any two from: have a test done / scientific evidence independent (evidence) comparison of smoke particles / when different fuels used medical evidence or more / less asthma attacks or cancer or dirt on cars [0] M4. (a) calcium oxide calcium hydroxide calcium carbonate substances must be in the order shown (b) (i) strength of mortar decreases (as volume of sand increases) 400 (cm 3 ) because the height_ the metal ball dropped from should be 4 cm and not 37 cm accept because the other results show that the height_ the metal ball dropped from should have an interval of 6cm Page 8 of 4
19 (c) contains aggregate allow bonding is stronger [7] M5. (a) calcium carbonate not formula (b) calcium carbonate calcium oxide not common names allow correct formulae + carbon dioxide (c) calcium hydroxide not formula (d) CaO + H O Ca(OH) allow if doubled all formulae correct, no extra ones balanced (e) filtration allow centrifugation not decanting not evaporation, crystallisation (f) electrolysis stated or implied molten MgO / magnesium oxide is ionic / Mg + goes to cathode not just heated or add sodium / K / Ca / Li / a more reactive metal displaces Mg / reduces Mg give no marks if reference made to reduction by C or H [9] Page 9 of 4
20 M6. (a) any two from: nitrogen accept formulae N / N carbon dioxide accept formula CO ignore CO water (vapour) / steam accept formula H O (b) any three from: no mark for limestone or concrete on first line mark advantages only limestone abundant / local ignore ideas of speed of production or easier to use natural material or no processing needed relatively easy to cut appearance better concrete raw materials are abundant can be reinforced (by steel rods) / strong(er) / supported (by steel rods) accept can build higher concrete mixture can be poured / moulded / constructed on site less reactive with acid rain / weathering / erosion ignore density / extraction / quarrying / pollution / cost 3 [5] ## from limestone/marble; from calcium carbonate; action of heat/thermal decomposition; (other product is) carbon dioxide any three for mark each [3] - Page 0 of 4
21 M8. (a) (i) calcium oxide / quicklime allow calcium monoxide do not accept calcium dioxide ignore chemical formulae any three from: carbon dioxide / CO (carbon dioxide) reacts (with the calcium hydroxide / slaked lime / plaster) allow reaction 3 identified do not allow incorrect reaction ignore mixes, unless they state the correct product limestone / calcium carbonate / CaCO 3 forms allow marble / chalk water is lost / evaporates it = plaster allow moisture ignore dries 3 (b) (i) as the amount / volume of sand decreases the strength of the mortar increases accept as sand decreases the mortar is stronger / harder to crack allow as sand decreases the mortar increases allow converse ignore references to height_ of metal ball any two from: 400 / 5 th result is anomalous accept two results (36 and 37 / 400 and 500 / 4 th and 5 th ) are almost the same accept result at 400 should be 4 the interval between the others is similar or the interval is about 6/7 allow the other results fit a pattern / are on a straight line he has only one set of results allow he has only done it once ignore reliable [7] Page of 4
22 M9. (a) calcium carbon oxygen correct for mark 3 correct for marks (b) cement glass each for mark (c) (i) allows coal to bum / flushes out CO for mark produced by burning coal produced by decomposition of limestone each for mark (d) (i) calcium oxide + water calcium hydroxide or quicklime + water slaked lime for mark (allow composite equation from these two) to neutralise it / because it is alkaline or basic for mark [9] M0. (i) (hot air) gives faster reaction makes coal burn faster (provides air / oxygen to help to) allow the coal to burn / helps combustion flushes out the waste / gases / carbon dioxide any one for mark decomposition of limestone yields carbon dioxide (owtte) the combustion / burning of coal produces carbon dioxide (owtte) each for mark [3] Page of 4
23 M. (a) (i) heat (the limestone) accept decompose limestone accept heat with coke add water / slake dependent on st mark unless they say add water to the calcium oxide magnesium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + water / H O mark for each side of the equation (if a symbol equation is given then give mark for correct formulae (all) and mark for balancing) [4] Page 3 of 4
24 Page 4 of 4
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