Prentice Hall Literature, The Penguin Edition, The British Tradition 2007 Correlated to: Virginia English Standards of Learning (Grade 12)

Transcription

1 Prentice Hall Literature, The Penguin Edition, The British Tradition 2007 Virginia English Standards of Learning (Grade 12) Grade Twelve The twelfth-grade student will use organizational skills, audience awareness, appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and both verbal and nonverbal presentation skills to plan and deliver an effective 5 to 10 minute oral presentation. The student will analyze British literature and literature of other cultures, with attention to the many classic works which may be studied. Writing will include the production of informational and expository papers, which are organized logically and contain clear and accurate ideas. The student will also produce a welldocumented major research paper, using a standard method of documentation. The student will demonstrate advanced knowledge of grammatical conventions through writing, editing, and speaking. Oral Language 12.1 The student will make a 5 to 10 minute formal oral presentation. a) Choose the purpose of the presentation: to defend a position, to entertain an audience, or to explain information. b) Use a well-structured narrative or logical argument. SE/TE: Proposal for multimedia presentation, 187; Presentation, multimedia, 677, 987; Tour, multimedia, 1273; Script, multimedia presentation of poem, 1293; Writing Workshops: Multimedia Report, ; Communications Workshops: Delivering Persuasive Speech, 1004; also see: Debate, 279, 341, 457, 921, 1053, 1115, 1154, 1283, R40; Prewriting: discussion group, 407; Publishing/presenting: panel discussion, 835 SE/TE: Communications Workshops: Delivering Persuasive Speech, 1004; Criticism, 121, R23, R31; Letter to an editor, 279; Recommendation, about proposal, 896; Proposal, program for elderly,

2 c) Use details, illustrations, statistics, comparisons, and analogies to support purposes. d) Use visual aids or technology to support presentation. e) Use grammatically correct language, including vocabulary appropriate to the topic, audience, and purpose. SE/TE: Proposal for multimedia presentation, 187; Presentation, multimedia, 677, 987; Tour, multimedia, 1273; Script, multimedia presentation of poem, 1293; Writing Workshops: Multimedia Report, ; Communications Workshops: Delivering Persuasive Speech, 1004; also see: Debate, 279, 341, 457, 921, 1053, 1115, 1154, 1283, R40; Prewriting: discussion group, 407; Publishing/presenting: panel discussion, 835 SE/TE: Visual tools, 220; Special-effects plan, 535; Videotaped news, 881; Tour, multimedia, 1273; Writing Workshops: Multimedia Report, ; Proposal for multimedia presentation, 187; Presentation, multimedia, 677, 987; Tour, multimedia, 1273; Script, multimedia presentation of poem, 1293 SE/TE: Communications Workshops: Delivering Autobiographical Presentations, 220, Analyzing Advertising, 416, Analyzing Persuasive Techniques, 646, Critiquing Persuasive Devices, 846, Delivering Persuasive Speech, 1004, Analyzing Bias in News Media, 1340; also see: Developing style: strong verbs and adjectives, vivid word choice, 215, 408, logical fallacies, avoiding, 411, personal to universal, 641, active versus passive voice, 841, plagiarism, avoiding, 997, R27, R33, keeping tone consistent,

3 12.2 The student will evaluate formal presentations. a) Critique relationships among purpose, audience, and content of presentations. SE/TE: Communications Workshops: Analyzing Persuasive Techniques, 646, Critiquing Persuasive Devices, 846; also see: Listening and Speaking, 32, 65, 89, 122, 136, 158, 187, 203, 247, 255, 265, 279, 290, 326, 360, 380, 397, 447, 457, 468, 489, 500, 519, 535, 553, 571, 585, 603, 625, 677, 687, 699, 720, 759, 773, 787, 803, 821, 833, 881, 896, 921, 939, 959, 977, 987, 1035, 1053, 1069, 1087, 1111, 1115, 1129, 1141, 1154, 1181, 1199, 1223, 1249, 1261, 1273, 1283, 1293, 1311, 1323 b) Critique effectiveness of presentations. SE/TE: Communications Workshops: Analyzing Advertising, 416, Analyzing Persuasive Techniques, 646, Critiquing Persuasive Devices, 846 Reading Analysis 12.3 The student will read and analyze the development of British literature and literature of other cultures. a) Recognize major literary forms and their elements. SE/TE: Comparing Literary Works & Connecting Literary Elements, 30, 63, 87, 120, 134, 156, 185, 201, 245, 253, 263, 277, 288, 324, 358, 378, 395, 445, 455, 466, 487, 498, 517, 533, 551, 569, 583, 601, 623, 675, 685, 697, 719, 757, 771, 785, 801, 819, 831, 879, 894, 919, 937, 957, 975, 985, 1033, 1051, 1067, 1085, 1098, 1113, 1127, 1139, 1152, 1179, 1197, 1221, 1247, 1259, 1271, 1281, 1291, 1309, 1321; also see: From the Translator's Desk: Seamus Heaney on Giving Shape to Poetry, 66; Burton Raffel on Shaping a Narrative, 213; From the Scholar's Desk: Frank Kermode on Persuasion, 409, Richard Rodriguez on Reflective Writing, 639, Elizabeth McCracken on the Writing Process, 839; From the Author's Desk: James Berry on Research-Based Writing, 995, Anita Desai on Writing Vivid Descriptions,

4 (Continued) a) Recognize major literary forms and their elements. b) Recognize the characteristics of major chronological eras. c) Relate literary works and authors to major themes and issues of their eras. (Continued) Reading Kit; Reader s Notebook; Unit Resources Binder, Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; TECH: Reader s Notebook Adapt/English Learner s Version Audio CD; Listening to Literature Audio CD; Spanish/English Summaries Audio CD; Student & Teacher Express CD-ROMs SE/TE: Writing About Literature: Analyzing Literary Periods, , , Comparing and Contrasting Literary Themes, , Comparing and Contrasting Literary Trends, , Evaluating Literary Trends, , SE/TE: Writing About Literature: Analyzing Literary Periods, , , Comparing and Contrasting Literary Themes, , Comparing and Contrasting Literary Trends, , Evaluating Literary Trends, , ; Using historical and cultural context, ; also see: Analyzing cultural differences, 1143, 1145, 1146, 1147,

5 12.4 The student will read and analyze a variety of informational materials, including electronic resources. a) Identify formats common to new publications and information resources. b) Recognize and apply specialized informational vocabulary. SE/TE: Reading Informational Materials: Maps, 90 93, Newspaper Articles, , Online Search Engines, , Guidebooks, , Web Sites, , Mission Statements, ; also see: Writing Workshops: Research paper, , Multimedia Report, ; Research and Technology, 32, 65, 89, 122, 136, 158, 187, 203, 247, 255, 265, 279, 290, 326, 360, 380, 397, 447, 457, 468, 489, 500, 519, 535, 553, 571, 585, 603, 625, 677, 687, 699, 720, 759, 773, 787, 803, 821, 833, 881, 896, 921, 939, 959, 977, 987, 1035, 1053, 1069, 1087, 1111, 1115, 1129, 1141, 1154, 1181, 1199, 1223, 1249, 1261, 1273, 1283, 1293, 1311, 1323 SE/TE: Academic words, high-frequency, 218, 414, 644, 844, 1002, 1338; From The Scholar's Desk, 224, 300, 409, 420, 604, 639, 650, 688, 839; Political science terms, 552, 1086; Medieval words, 880; also see: Vocabulary Lesson (Build Language Skills), 31, 64, 88, 121, 135, 157, 186, 202, 246, 254, 264, 278, 289, 325, 359, 379, 396, 446, 456, 467, 488, 499, 518, 534, 552, 570, 584, 602, 624, 676, 686, 698, 720, 758, 772, 786, 802, 820, 832, 880, 895, 920, 938, 958, 976, 986, 1034, 1052, 1068, 1086, 1099, 1114, 1128, 1140, 1153, 1180, 1198, 1222, 1248, 1260, 1272, 1282, 1292, 1310, 1322 Daily Language Practice Transparencies; Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; Standardized Test Preparation Workbook; 5

6 c) Evaluate a product based on analysis of the accompanying warranty and instruction manual. d) Evaluate the quality of informational and technical materials. SE/TE: for related information see: Technical directions, 398; Reading technical directions, 960 SE/TE: Comparison of historical sources, 89; Analysis of sources, 977; Communications Workshops: Analyzing Advertising, 416, Analyzing Bias in News Media, 1340; Elaborating: clarifying media references, 1332; Reading Informational Materials: Online Search Engines, , Web Sites, ; Sources, primary/secondary, 89, 189, 193, 201, 397, 625, , 921, 977, 993, 1001, R26, R27, R28, R The student will read and critique a variety of poetry. a) Explain how the choice of words in a poem creates tone and voice. SE/TE: Voice, poetic, 1231, 1233, 1234, 1236, 1241, 1243, 1247; also see: Poetic sound devices, 220, , 729, 731, 732, 734, 737, 738, 740, 742, 744, 747, 750, 755, 757; Metaphysical poetry, 435, 441, 443, 445, R14; Pre-Romantic poetry, 573, 576, 577, 578, 583; Poetic vision, 679, 685; Romantic poem, 761, 763, 766, 770, 771; Speaker, poetic, 865, 867, 870, 871, 873, 876, 879; Reading Kit; Reader s Notebook; Unit Resources Binder, Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; TECH: Reader s Notebook Adapt/English Learner s Version Audio CD; Listening to Literature Audio CD; Spanish/English Summaries Audio CD; Student & Teacher Express CD-ROMs 6

7 b) Explain how the sound of a poem (rhyme, rhythm, onomatopoeia, repetition, alliteration, assonance, and parallelism) supports the subject and mood. c) Explain how imagery and figures of speech (personification, simile, metaphor) appeal to the reader s senses and experience. SE/TE: Poetic sound devices, 220, , 729, 731, 732, 734, 737, 738, 740, 742, 744, 747, 750, 755, 757 Reading Kit; Reader s Notebook; Unit Resources Binder, Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; TECH: Reader s Notebook Adapt/English Learner s Version Audio CD; Listening to Literature Audio CD; Spanish/English Summaries Audio CD; Student & Teacher Express CD-ROMs SE/TE: Poetic vision, 679, 685; also see: Metaphysical poetry, 435, 441, 443, 445, R14; Pre-Romantic poetry, 573, 576, 577, 578, 583; Romantic poem, 761, 763, 766, 770, 771; Speaker, poetic, 865, 867, 870, 871, 873, 876, 879; Voice, poetic, 1231, 1233, 1234, 1236, 1241, 1243, 1247 Reading Kit; Reader s Notebook; Unit Resources Binder, Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; TECH: Reader s Notebook Adapt/English Learner s Version Audio CD; Listening to Literature Audio CD; Spanish/English Summaries Audio CD; Student & Teacher Express CD-ROMs 7

8 d) Compare and contrast traditional and contemporary works of poets from many cultures. SE/TE: From the Translator's Desk: Seamus Heaney Comments on Beowulf, 66, Burton Raffel Introduces Beowulf, 36; Dramatic poetry, ; Recital, sonnet, 265; Ballad, 500; Performance, town crier, 519; Monologue, 603, 959; Contest, Victorian poetry, 987; Soliloquy, 1224; Recitation, poetic, 1293; also see: Anglo-Saxon lyrics, 17, 20, 21, 23, 26, 29, 30; Epic, 34 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 473, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485, 487, 537, 544, 549, 551, R12, R15; Ballad, 188, 189, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, R10; Sonnet, 239, 244, 245, 257, 262, 263, 473, 477, 480, 481, 482, 485, 487, , R18; Writing About Literature: Analyzing Literary Periods, , ; Using historical and cultural context, ; Analyzing cultural differences, 1143, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1152; Connecting to historical context, 17, 19, 25, 30; Literature In Context, 55, 84, 154, 192, 334, 351, 388, 548, 599, 618, 817, 952, 1079, 1150, The student will read and critique dramatic selections from a variety of authors. a) Describe the conflict, plot, climax, and setting. SE/TE: Drama, , 296, 297, 305, 309, 311, 312, 317, 318, 321, 324, 380, 383, 384, 386, 387, 389, 391, 395, R12; Elizabethan drama, 296, 297, 305, 309, 311, 312, 317, 318, 321, 324 Reading Kit; Reader s Notebook; Unit Resources Binder, Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; TECH: Reader s Notebook Adapt/English Learner s Version Audio CD; Listening to Literature Audio CD; Spanish/English Summaries Audio CD; Student & Teacher Express CD-ROMs 8

9 b) Compare and contrast ways in which character, scene, dialogue, and staging contribute to the theme and the dramatic effect. c) Identify the most effective elements of selected plays. d) Compare and contrast dramatic elements of plays from American, British, and other cultures. SE/TE: Drama, , 296, 297, 305, 309, 311, 312, 317, 318, 321, 324, 380, 383, 384, 386, 387, 389, 391, 395, R12; Elizabethan drama, 296, 297, 305, 309, 311, 312, 317, 318, 321, 324 Reading Kit; Reader s Notebook; Unit Resources Binder, Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; TECH: Reader s Notebook Adapt/English Learner s Version Audio CD; Listening to Literature Audio CD; Spanish/English Summaries Audio CD; Student & Teacher Express CD-ROMs SE/TE: Drama, , 296, 297, 305, 309, 311, 312, 317, 318, 321, 324, 380, 383, 384, 386, 387, 389, 391, 395, R12; Elizabethan drama, 296, 297, 305, 309, 311, 312, 317, 318, 321, 324 Reading Kit; Reader s Notebook; Unit Resources Binder, Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; TECH: Reader s Notebook Adapt/English Learner s Version Audio CD; Listening to Literature Audio CD; Spanish/English Summaries Audio CD; Student & Teacher Express CD-ROMs SE/TE: Drama, , 296, 297, 305, 309, 311, 312, 317, 318, 321, 324, 380, 383, 384, 386, 387, 389, 391, 395, R12; Elizabethan drama, 296, 297, 305, 309, 311, 312, 317, 318, 321, 324 Reading Kit; Reader s Notebook; Unit Resources Binder, Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; TECH: Reader s Notebook Adapt/English Learner s Version Audio CD; Listening to Literature Audio CD; Spanish/English Summaries Audio CD; Student & Teacher Express CD-ROMs 9

10 Writing 12.7 The student will develop expository and informational writings. a) Generate, gather, and organize ideas for writing. b) Consider audience and purpose when planning for writing. c) Write analytically about literary, informational, and visual materials. SE/TE: Prewriting (including choosing your topic, gathering details, narrowing your topic): 208, 211, 247, 255, 404, 407, 570, 634, 637, 699, 787, 834, 837, 881, 939, 959, 990, 993, 1199, 1249, 1328, 1331 SE/TE: Prewriting (including choosing your topic, gathering details, narrowing your topic): 208, 211, 247, 255, 404, 407, 570, 634, 637, 699, 787, 834, 837, 881, 939, 959, 990, 993, 1199, 1249, 1328, 1331; Shaping writing by focusing thesis statement, 991; Shaping writing developing thesis statement, 994 also see: Revising: for audience, 833, knowledge level of readers, 1035 SE/TE: Writing About Literature: Analyzing Literary Periods, , , Comparing and Contrasting Literary Themes, , Comparing and Contrasting Literary Trends, , Evaluating Literary Trends, , ; Writing Applications: Criticism, 121, R23, R31; Response, critical, 457, 1115, to criticism, 65, 397, 519, 721, 803, 939, 1035, 1053; Questioning, 761, 764, 768, 771, 1183, 1184, 1191, 1193, 1194, 1197; Analyzing cultural differences, 1143, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1152; also see: Literary Analysis (Apply the Skills), 30, 63, 87, 120, 134, 156, 185, 201, 245, 253, 263, 277, 288, 324, 358, 378, 395, 445, 455, 466, 487, 498, 517, 533, 551, 569, 583, 601, 623, 675, 685, 697, 719, 757, 771, 785, 801, 819, 831, 879, 894, 919, 937, 957, 975, 985, 1033, 1051, 1067, 1085, 1098, 1113, 1127, 1139, 1152, 1179, 1197, 1221, 1247, 1259, 1271, 1281, 1291, 1309,

11 (Continued) c) Write analytically about literary, informational, and visual materials. (Continued) d) Elaborate ideas clearly and accurately. SE/TE: Elaborating: using reactions to develop situation, 187; including references and citations, 397; citing specific examples, 405, 835; appeals, arguments, 408; including examples in informal outline, 635; incorporating specific details, 638; organizing critical response, 1115; clarifying media references, 1332; also see: Writing Workshops: Persuasive Essay, ; Editorial, on political issue, 821 e) Revise writing for depth of information and technique of presentation. SE/TE: Revising, adding rhetorical devices, 1129, adding support by connecting general to specific, 457, with precise details, 1273, clarifying, connections of ideas, 32, 65, connections with transitions, 1283, time and place, 214, to connect personal and general, 585, to assess emotional content, 1329, for beginning and ending, 835, to check connotations, 991, for contradictions, 635, for logical connections, 405, for purpose, 833, for thoroughness, 209, elaborating, 1053, on critical insights, 89, for precision, 1154, eliminating contradictions, 635, to enhancing subtlety of interpretation, 721, improving persuasive impact, 1311, indicating causeand-effect transition, 896, organizing, for logic, 203, 405, arranging arguments in logical order, 410, to balance specific and general, 603. balancing narrative with reflection, 640, to deepen analysis, 1323, improving media handling, 1334, reviewing format, 840, unified support for, 803, paragraphs, 996, parallelism to create persuasive tone, 279, for persuasive language, 821, placement for emphasis, 687, balancing comparisons, 677, checking for accuracy, 519, to improve delivery, 1334, sentence order, 158, to strengthen transitions, 1334, topic sentence coherence, 996, transitions to make 11

12 (Continued) e) Revise writing for depth of information and technique of presentation. f) Apply grammatical conventions to edit writing for correct use of language, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. (Continued) SE/TE: comparisons, 1261, to sharpen insight, 1181, to strengthen central image, 1141, to strengthen main impression, 1069, to strengthen support, 987, to structure ideas for effect, 773, style, 408, to avoid ambiguity, 1329, for consistency, 1097, consistent, 290, for sentence variety, 991, for transitions, 209, for vague language, 835, for varying sentence length, 405, for word choice, 635, thought shots to elaborate, 489 SE/TE: Grammar and Style Lesson/Spelling, 31, 64, 88, 121, 135, 157, 186, 202, 246, 254, 264, 278, 289, 325, 359, 379, 396, 446, 456, 467, 488, 499, 518, 534, 552, 570, 584, 602, 624, 676, 686, 698, 720, 758, 772, 786, 802, 820, 832, 880, 895, 920, 938, 958, 976, 986, 1034, 1052, 1068, 1086, 1099, 1114, 1128, 1140, 1153, 1180, 1198, 1222, 1248, 1260, 1272, 1282, 1292, 1310, 1322; also see: Capitalization, 246, 986, R46; Editing/Proofreading: Spelling, 843; Punctuation, 64, 88, 157, 202, 832, 920, R6, R46, R47; Commas, 643; Words, commonly confused, 413, Quotations, 1001, Focus on printed material, 1337 Daily Language Practice Transparencies; Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; Standardized Test Preparation Workbook; 12

13 g) Proofread final copy and prepare document for publication or submission. SE/TE: Editing/Proofreading: Spelling, 843; Punctuation, 64, 88, 157, 202, 832, 920, R6, R46, R47; Commas, 643; Words, commonly confused, 413, Quotations, 1001, Focus on printed material, 1337; Publishing/Presenting: Autobiographical presentation, 220, Converting report to magazine article, 1337, Cover letter, 843, Deliver a speech, 413, 1004, Dramatic presentation, 405, Internet publication, 643, Job portfolio, 843, Lectures, 209, Letter to editor, 413, Literary magazine submission, 635, Oral presentation, 991, 1001, 1337, Panel discussion, 835, Poetry reading, 1329, Radio broadcast, 643, Works-cited list, 1001 Daily Language Practice Transparencies; Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; Standardized Test Preparation Workbook; Research 12.8 The student will write documented research papers. a) Identify and understand the ethical issues of research and documentation. SE/TE: Sources, primary/secondary, R27, R28, R33, critical comparison of historical, 89, primary sources, 189, 193, 201, including references and citations, 397, on-line, 625, , R26, annotations for, 921, analyzing, 977, checking available, 993, avoiding plagiarism, 997, works-cited list, 1001; also see: Elaborating: including references and citations, 397; citing specific examples, 405, 835; clarifying media references, 1332; Reading Informational Materials: Maps, 90 93, Newspaper Articles, , Online Search Engines, , Guidebooks, , Web Sites, , Mission Statements,

14 b) Evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of information. SE/TE: Comparison of historical sources, 89; Analysis of sources, 977; Communications Workshops: Analyzing Advertising, 416, Analyzing Bias in News Media, 1340; Elaborating: clarifying media references, 1332; Reading Informational Materials: Online Search Engines, , Web Sites, ; Sources, primary/secondary, 89, 189, 193, 201, 397, 625, , 921, 977, 993, 1001, R26, R27, R28, R33 c) Synthesize information to support the thesis. SE/TE: Elaborating: using reactions to develop situation, 187; including references and citations, 397; citing specific examples, 405, 835; appeals, arguments, 408; including examples in informal outline, 635; incorporating specific details, 638; organizing critical response, 1115; clarifying media references, 1332; also see: Writing Workshops: Persuasive Essay, ; Editorial, on political issue, 821; Communications Workshops: Delivering Persuasive Speech, 1004 d) Present information in a logical manner. SE/TE: Revising Sentences: sentence order, 158, checking for accuracy, 519, balancing comparisons, 677, to strengthen transitions, 1334; Revising: style, 209, 290, 405, 408, 635, 835, 991, 1097, 1329, parallelism to create persuasive tone, 279, word choice, 214, 408, 640, 840; Drafting: establishing tone, 638; Developing style: active versus passive voice, 841, keeping tone consistent,

15 e) Cite sources of information, using a standard method of documentation, such as that of the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA). f) Edit copies for correct use of language, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. SE/TE: Sources, including references and citations, 397, on-line, 625, , R26, annotations for, 921, analyzing, 977, checking available, 993, -cited list, 1001; also see: Elaborating: including references and citations, 397; citing specific examples, 405, 835; clarifying media references, 1332; Reading Informational Materials: Maps, 90 93, Newspaper Articles, , Online Search Engines, , Guidebooks, , Web Sites, , Mission Statements, SE/TE: Editing/Proofreading: Spelling, 843; Punctuation, 64, 88, 157, 202, 832, 920, R6, R46, R47; Commas, 643; Words, commonly confused, 413, Quotations, 1001, Focus on printed material, 1337; also see: Grammar and Style Lesson/Spelling, 31, 64, 88, 121, 135, 157, 186, 202, 246, 254, 264, 278, 289, 325, 359, 379, 396, 446, 456, 467, 488, 499, 518, 534, 552, 570, 584, 602, 624, 676, 686, 698, 720, 758, 772, 786, 802, 820, 832, 880, 895, 920, 938, 958, 976, 986, 1034, 1052, 1068, 1086, 1099, 1114, 1128, 1140, 1153, 1180, 1198, 1222, 1248, 1260, 1272, 1282, 1292, 1310, 1322; Capitalization, 246, 986, R46; Daily Language Practice Transparencies; Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; Standardized Test Preparation Workbook; 15

16 g) Proofread final copy and prepare document for publication or submission. SE/TE: Editing/Proofreading: Commas, 643, Focus on printed material, 1337, Formatting, 843, Quotations, 1001, R47, Spelling, 843, Words, commonly confused, 413; Publishing/Presenting: Autobiographical presentation, 220, Converting report to magazine article, 1337, Cover letter, 843, Deliver a speech, 413, 1004, Dramatic presentation, 405, Internet publication, 643, Job portfolio, 843, Lectures, 209, Letter to editor, 413, Literary magazine submission, 635, Oral presentation, 991, 1001, 1337, Panel discussion, 835, Poetry reading, 1329, Radio broadcast, 643, Works-cited list, 1001 Daily Language Practice Transparencies; Diagnostic and Benchmark Tests; Standardized Test Preparation Workbook; Reference: 16