Chemical Nomenclature
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1 Acids Molecules Ionic Chemical Nomenclature 1. Binary Ionic Compounds - Type I 2. Binary Ionic Compounds - Type II 3. Ionic Compounds & Polyatomic (Complex) Ions 4. Hydrated Ionic Compounds 5. Binary Covalent Compounds 6. Binary Acids 7. Oxy-Acids 1
2 Definitions An IONIC COMPOUND consists of a metal cation bonded to a nonmetal anion. Electrostatic attraction holds them together. A COVALENT COMPOUND consists of two nonmetal atoms sharing valence electrons. A BINARY compound is one that is made of just two elements. There can be one of each element such as in NaCl or KF. There can also be several of each element such as Na 2 O or AlBr 3. Type I Binary Ionic Compounds The metal cations in these compounds have only ONE possible charge. Na + Zn 2+ Al 3+ Ca 2+ sodium zinc aluminum calcium The charges are memorized or predicted using a periodic table! The cations are bonded to nonmetal anions: O 2 - N 3 - F - Br - oxide nitride fluoride bromide Notice that simple anions are always named with the suffix ide 2
3 Predicting Charges on Monatomic Ions KNOW THESE!!!! Cd +2 Compounds formed from ions CATION + ANION ---> COMPOUND Na + + Cl - --> NaCl A neutral compound requires equal number of + and - charges. 3
4 Naming Compounds Binary Ionic Compounds: 1. Cation first, then anion 2. Monatomic cation = name of the element Ca 2+ = calcium ion 3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide Cl = chloride ion CaCl 2 = calcium chloride Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Examples: NaCl KI Al 2 O 3 4
5 Learning Check Complete the names of the following binary compounds: 1. Na 3 N sodium 2. KBr potassium 3. Al 2 O 3 aluminum 4. MgS Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds A binary compound is one made of two different elements. There can be one of each element such as in sodium bromide or potassium iodide. There can also be several of each element such as lithium oxide or aluminum bromide. 5
6 Formulas of Ionic Compounds Formulas of ionic compounds are determined from the charges on the ions atoms ions Na + F : Na + : F : NaF sodium + fluorine sodium fluoride formula Charge balance: = 0 Writing Formulas Formula Unit lowest whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound Points to remember about writing the formula from the name 1. The order in a formula is first the cation, then the anion. 2. You must know the charges associated with each cation and anion. 3. The sum of the positive charge and the sum of the negative charges MUST add up to zero. 4. You MAY NOT adjust the charges of the cations or anions to get a total charge of zero. 5. You MAY adjust the subscripts to get a total charge of zero. 6
7 Example #1 Suppose you must write the formula for sodium chloride. Write down the Na + and Cl - right next to each other, as in this image: Move the positive charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the anion: Move the negative charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the cation: The result of all this moving is: Since subscripts of one are not written, but understood to be present, the final answer is: Example #2 Write the formula for aluminum oxide. Write down the Al 3+ and O 2- right next to each other : Move the positive charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the anion: Move the negative charge (dropping the sign) to the subscript position of the cation: The result of all this moving is: 7
8 Learning Check Write the correct formula for the compounds containing the following ions: 1. Sodium sulfide a) NaS b) Na 2 S c) NaS 2 2. Aluminum chloride a) AlCl 3 b) AlCl c) Al 3 Cl 3. Magnesium nitride a) MgN b) Mg 2 N 3 c) Mg 3 N 2 Solutions 1. Na + S 2- b) Na 2 S 2. Al 3+ Cl - a) AlCl 3 3. Mg 2+ N 3- c) Mg 3 N 2 8
9 Examples: Type I Binary Ionic Compounds Write the formulas: potassium oxide zinc chloride silver sulfide aluminum nitride gallium oxide calcium iodide Write the names: K 3 N AgI ZnBr 2 Al 2 O 3 Ba 3 P 2 LiH Type II Binary Compounds Contain Transition Metals Elements that can have more than one possible charge MUST have a Roman Numeral to indicate the charge on the individual ion. 1+ or or 3+ Cu +, Cu 2+ Fe 2+, Fe 3+ copper(i) ion iron(ii) ion copper (II) ion iron(iii) ion 9
10 Names of Variable Ions These elements REQUIRE Roman Numerals because they can have more than one possible charge: anything except Group 1A, 2A, Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al Or another way to say it is: Transition metals and the metals in groups 4A and 5A (except Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al) require a Roman Numeral. FeCl 3 CuCl SnF 4 PbCl 2 Fe 2 S 3 (Fe 3+ ) iron (III) chloride (Cu + ) copper (I) chloride (Sn 4+ ) tin (IV) fluoride (Pb 2+ ) lead (II) chloride (Fe 3+ ) iron (III) sulfide Learning Check Complete the names of the following binary compounds with variable metal ions: FeBr 2 CuCl SnO 2 Fe 2 O 3 Hg 2 S iron ( ) bromide copper ( ) chloride ( ) 10
11 Examples: Type II Binary Ionic Compounds Write the formulas: iron (II) oxide copper (II) chloride tin (IV) sulfide cupric nitride nickel (III) oxide ferrous iodide cobalt (III) selenide Write the names: Fe 2 O 3 SnS NiBr 2 CuS Pb 3 P 2 CuBr FeCl 3 11
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