CHAPTER 7 Review K/U Knowledge/Understanding T/I Thinking/Investigation C Communication A Application

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 7 Review K/U Knowledge/Understanding T/I Thinking/Investigation C Communication A Application Knowledge For each question, select the best answer from the four alternatives. 1. A scientific theory is (a) an educated guess (b) an explanatory model that is backed by a very large body of data (c) one of many possible explanations about a phenomenon (d) complete and perfectly accurate (7.1) K/U 2. Most mutations are (a) neutral (b) harmful (c) beneficial (d) mixed (harmful to some and beneficial to others) (7.1) K/U 3. Which human activity is a response to an evolutionary change? (7.1) K/U (a) the domestication of animals (b) the development of annual flu shots (c) artificial selection (d) cloning 4. Which species have been shown to change through mutation over relatively short periods of time? (7.1) K/U (a) mammals (b) bacteria (c) birds (d) moulds and mushrooms 5. Why are bacteria that exhibit resistance to antibiotics becoming more widespread? (7.1) K/U (a) Antibiotics kill viruses, not bacteria. (b) Less-resistant strains of bacteria replicate more slowly than more-resistant strains. (c) More-resistant strains of bacteria have longer lifespans than less-resistant strains. (d) Less-resistant strains of bacteria are being killed off by antibiotics. 6. In the 1700s, which of the following scientists claimed that life may have evolved from a single source? (7.2) K/U (a) Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (b) Carl Linnaeus (c) Erasmus Darwin (d) Chevalier de Lamarck 7. African bush babies hunt at night. They have very large eyes. For Chevalier de Lamarck, the excellent night vision of bush babies would support which of his principles of evolutionary change? (7.2) K/U (a) effect of exercise (b) predator advantage (c) use and disuse (d) inheritance of acquired characteristics 8. Most fossils form (a) underwater (b) in amber (c) in caves (d) in permafrost (7.2) K/U 9. In Patagonia, while on a five-year voyage of discovery, Charles Darwin found fossils of extinct armadillos and sloths. What observations did he make about armadillos and sloths that would later support his theory of evolution? (7.3) K/U (a) The extinct animals were larger than modern species of these animals in Africa. (b) Modern and extinct animals that resembled each other seemed to share similar geographical distributions. (c) There are no modern-day armadillos and sloths in South America. (d) The fossils of the extinct armadillos and sloths were mixed in with marine fossils. 10. In 1838, the Reverend Thomas Malthus claimed that the size of animal populations is limited by the (a) availability of shelter (b) availability of oxygen (c) age at which the animals became sexually mature (d) availability of food (7.4) K/U 11. Which of the following statements is incorrect? (7.2, 7.4, 7.5) K/U (a) Lamarck proposed that individuals could pass on traits that they acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. (b) Lyell revolutionized geology by suggesting that geological change is slow and gradual. (c) Cuvier s studies on fossils revealed that complex fossils are found only in the oldest rocks. (d) Darwin s theory of natural selection explains that the environment favours some individuals over others. 318 Chapter 7 The Theory of Evolution NEL

2 12. Gene duplication (a) provides a source of new genes (b) is usually a harmful mutation (c) produces pseudogenes (d) none the above (7.6) K/U Match the term on the left with the most appropriate description on the right. 13. (a) homologous (i) features that no longer features serve the function they do in similar species (b) vestigial features (ii) features that serve the same function in different organisms but are different in structure (c) analogous features (iii) similar structures of organisms that have different functions (d) anatomical oddity (iv) features that serve an unusual purpose or have a structure that is difficult to explain (7.4) K/U 14. (a) genome (i) all the alleles currently present in a particular species or population (b) gene pool (ii) genes inherited from a common ancestor (c) homologous genes (iii) genes mutated to the point at which they no longer serve a useful purpose (d) pseudogenes (iv) the full set of genes that an organism inherits from its parents (7.6) K/U 15. Match Darwin s inferences, on the left, with his observations, on the right. (a) Some individuals (i) Populations will inherit produce more characteristics offspring than can that are of benefit survive to adulthood. and increase their chance of reproductive success. (b) Individuals of all (ii) Individuals of all species compete species show variability. for resources. (iii) Resources for any species are limited. (iv) Populations do not continue to grow forever. (v) Some variability is heritable. (7.5) K/U NEL Write a short answer to answer each question. 16. Describe the physical characteristics of the Galapagos Islands. How were they formed? What is the predominant environment on these islands? (7.3) K/U 17. What unusual behaviours of animals have been observed on remote islands? What is a possible explanation for these unusual behaviours? (7.4) K/U 18. New scientific theories, particularly those that challenge current beliefs, will be closely examined before they become widely accepted. All scientific theories should meet what three criteria? (7.5) K/U Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If you think the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. 19. The work of animal and plant breeders is similar to running uncontrolled experiments. (7.2) K 20. Lamarck believed that adult giraffes that stretched their necks to reach food would produce offspring with slightly longer necks. This is an example of his principle of use and disuse. (7.2) K 21. The youngest sedimentary rocks contain fossils of less complex organisms than the fossils found in older deposits. (7.2) K 22. Scientists who study fossil organisms to learn about prehistoric life are called paleontologists. (7.2) K 23. Darwin observed that there were many native species of amphibians in the entire Galapagos Islands. (7.3) K 24. After his visit to the Galapagos, Darwin concluded that all the species that lived there must have arrived by air or water. (7.3) K 25. On many remote islands, such as Hawaii, species introduced by humans are struggling. (7.4) K 26. Charles Darwin concluded that closely related species had homologous features because they live in the same habitat. (7.4) K 27. Radioisotopes are molecules that undergo radioactive creation. (7.6) K/U Understanding Write a short answer to each question. 28. What is artificial selection, and why is it called artificial? (7.1) K 29. Describe the results of the 100 year corn seed experiment and explain their significance. (7.1) K 30. Scientists in the 1700s who believed in the immutability or perfection of animal species were puzzled by anatomical features that seemed to serve no purpose. Why were they puzzled? Provide one example of such a feature. (7.2) K Chapter 7 Review 319

3 31. What is amber, and how are fossils of insects created in amber? (7.2) K 32. Why is it rare to find fossils that include soft body parts, such as organs? (7.2) K/U T/I 33. Scientists have long been interested in fossils as a way to learn about prehistoric life on Earth. Which of the following statements are true? If you think a statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. (7.2) K/U (a) There are many fossils of living species. (b) Fossils are often found in unexpected locations, such as fossilized fish on the top of mountains. (c) Dinosaur footprints are not considered fossils. (d) Fossils have been found very deep in the Earth, sometimes at a depth of more than 1 km. 34. When Darwin reached the Galapagos, he gathered thousands of specimens and filled notebooks with detailed observations. (7.3) K/U (a) Species he observed there bore a striking resemblance to species on what continent? (b) Did Darwin think his finch specimens represented varieties of a single species or of different species? (c) Did Darwin find any native species of large land mammals? (d) Did Darwin find any native species of amphibians? 35. An examination of Hawaiian native species supports Darwin s hypothesis. Identify which of the following statements are true. If you think a statement is false, rewrite it to make it true. (7.4) K/U (a) There are many species of unique plants, birds, and insects in Hawaii. (b) In contrast to the Galapagos, there are no native terrestrial reptiles. This observation makes sense because Hawaii is much more remote. (c) Bats, rats, and lemurs are the only native mammals. (d) Over 270 native Hawaiian species have gone extinct since the arrival of Europeans in Assume a classmate of yours says, I don t think the pattern of native species on islands proves anything about how they were introduced. I bet goats or cats, for example, simply cannot survive on these islands. How would you counter that argument? (7.3) K/U 37. You have probably experienced goosebumps when you were cold or scared. (7.4) K/U (a) How might goosebumps have helped humans in the past? (b) Do goosebumps serve a purpose for humans now? 38. Alfred Russell Wallace and Charles Darwin proposed virtually identical theories of how species evolved. Describe differences in their approach to publication, their ages, and the geographical areas where they worked. (7.5) K/U 39. Copy and complete Table 1. The left column displays ideas from different theories. Identify the theory with which each idea is associated by putting a single X in each row. (7.2, 7.5) K/U Table 1 Theories of Evolution Earth has changed by the same processes in the past as in the present. Species, themselves, do not change over time. Over thousands of generations, an unlimited variety of species may be created. Floods and other events cause extinctions. These species are replaced by a new set of species. Fitness refers to an organism s ability to achieve reproductive success. Natural laws are constant and eternal. Catastrophism Uniformitarianism Natural selection 40. Consider the organisms shown in Figure 3 on page 305. Describe the adaptations exhibited by each organism (7.5) K/U A 41. What evidence has been uncovered that platypuses descended from an ancestor that relied on digestive enzymes to break down food in its stomach? (7.5) K/U 320 Chapter 7 The Theory of Evolution NEL

4 42. How might the bill of this Galapagos finch provide selective advantage (Figure 1)? (7.5) K/U Figure 1 Galapagos large-billed ground fi nch 43. Explain how the half-lives of radioisotopes can be used to date rocks. (7.6) K/U Analysis and Application 44. Plant breeders have bred many plants to make it easier to transport them from one location to another. That is one reason you now see fruits and vegetables from around the world in your grocery store. What sorts of traits do you think the plant breeders look for to allow transportation of food across great distances? (7.1) K/U C A 45. The sickle-cell mutation gives carriers resistance to malaria. However, this mutation can also result in sickle-cell anemia a serious enough condition that some sports organizations have recently approved mandatory testing for sickle-cell carrier status of student athletes. Explain what you can learn from this example about gene mutations. (7.1) T/I A 46. Why might artificial selection make a species more vulnerable to disease? (7.1) A T/I 47. The World Health Organization and other health agencies develop a new flu vaccine every year. Why is this necessary? (7.1) T/I A 48. Mutations that provide a selective advantage tend to become more prevalent in populations over time. Explain how this occurs. (7.1) T/I A 49. What could you learn by studying paths of fossilized footprints of an animal? (7.2) K/U A 50. Some fossils are buried very deep in the Earth. What are some of the ways in which you think these fossils are found? (7.2) T/I A 51. There is some truth in the theory of catastrophism, even though Cuvier s conclusions have been disproven. Explain. (7.2) T/I A 52. Biologists now have many more tools or methods to study the relationships between species than they had in Darwin s day. List the tools or methods Darwin might have used as well as some new methods in use today. (7.2) T/I A 53. What can fossilized fecal remains tell us about the past? (7.2) K/U 54. Flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) are the only cormorants that do not fly. They live only in the Galapagos Islands. (7.3) K/U T/I A (a) Why did these cormorants lose the ability to fly? (b) How do the flightless cormorants illustrate Charles Darwin s theory of evolution? 55. The frigate bird has webbed feet but never enters the water. (7.4) T/I A (a) What type of feature is this? (b) Suggest an evolutionary explanation to account for this feature. (c) Speculate on how the frigate bird s feet may evolve over time. Explain your reasoning. 56. Some animals produce only a few young at a time, while others produce hundreds, if not thousands, of eggs at a time. What do you see as the advantages of each approach? (7.4) K/U T/I 57. Figure 2 shows embryos of a chicken and a human. Describe two homologous features that these embryos share. (7.4) K/U (a) (b) Figure 2 Embryos of (a) a chicken and (b) a human NEL Chapter 7 Review 321

5 58. Figure 3 shows the forelimbs of different organisms. (7.4) T/I A (a) Are these homologous or analogous features? (b) Explain your answer. 65. Some animals have evolved protective coloration. Examine the moth in Figure 4. (7.5) T/I A (a) Is this an example of camouflage? (b) What do you think this pattern represents? (c) Why does natural selection favour the evolution of this pattern? (a) human (b) horse (c) whale Figure What is the study of biogeography? How would studying biogeography provide further evidence to test Darwin s theory of evolution? (7.4) T/I 60. After millions of years of isolation, native bird species in New Zealand evolved into a wide array of unique species. Bats were the only native terrestrial mammals, so birds were able to move into ecological niches filled by mammals on other continents. Provide three possible reasons why many of these bird species were driven to extinction or nearextinction when humans arrived on the island around 1200 years ago. (7.4) T/I A 61. What evidence suggests that whales have descended from a land mammal? Do you find this evidence convincing? Why or why not? (7.4) T/I A 62. What are dew claws and how does evolution account for them? (7.4) T/I 63. In early developmental stages, the embryos of all vertebrates, including humans, chickens, and fish, possess a short, bony tail. Human embryos also have gill slits. Use the theory of evolution to account for these observations. (7.4) T/I 64. Darwin s theory of evolution can help scientists predict ways in which species will need to change in response to climate change. Why? (7.5) T/I A Figure Rock pocket mice live in Arizona desert and occur in two colours (Figure 5). Their desert surroundings include regions of dark lava rock and of light rubble. (7.5) T/I A (a) Prior to taking these photos, the two mice were switched. How might this change affect their survival? (b) Do you think the colours of pocket mice will continue to evolve? Explain. Figure Plate tectonics can be used to explain why organisms on different continents share homologous features. Explain and provide examples. (7.6) K/U A 68. Why does a high incidence of mutation occur in all species with large populations? (7.6) T/I A 69. How can gene duplication be considered a long-term beneficial form of mutation that can lead to selective advantage? (7.6) T/I A 322 Chapter 7 The Theory of Evolution NEL

6 70. Crossing over mutations can result in gametes that are missing a section as well as gametes that have duplicated genes. Which of these types of gamete is generally more likely to be successful? Why? (7.6) T/I A Evaluation 71. Suppose you are a paleontologist. (7.6) T/I A (a) In what part of the world would you focus your energies when looking for fossils? (b) What type of organisms would you search for? (c) What could you learn from other scientific disciplines to help you in your work? 72. Suppose you are a paleontologist and you find a fossil that appears to be unlike any other fossil ever found. What are some of the things you might do to figure out what it is and where it fits in its ancestral tree? (7.6) T/I A Reflect on Your Learning 73. In what circumstances do you think cloning technologies should be used? For example, it is okay to genetically modify our food? To clone human embryos for research? To clone human beings? Back up your opinions with facts. T/I A 74. Mutation rates for any individual, such as you or the family dog, are relatively low. However, even with low mutation rates for individuals, the number of mutations for the population as a whole can be huge. Why is this? And what is the implication of this difference for evolution of the gene pool? T/I A 75. Lamarck s principles of evolution were correct in some ways and flawed in others. To what extent do you think he was correct? And how was his reasoning flawed? K/U T/I A 76. When Darwin went on his voyage of discovery, he believed in the immutability of species. His observations, both during and after his voyage, caused him to change his views. How hard do you think it would have been for Darwin to move away from beliefs that were prevalent during his day? How do you think he was able to do that? T/I A 77. Island biogeography is a field of study that originally focused on actual islands. Now it is used to study other areas, such as parks surrounded by human habitation and mountains surrounded by deserts. Explain why this makes sense. T/I A 78. Do you think domestication is good or bad for animals? A 79. Comment on the overall influence of domesticated species on humans and on the environment. Do you think that species domestication was a good idea? T/I A 80. Survival of the fittest describes the importance of a particular type of fitness in the evolution of the species. Identify that type of fitness and explain why it is important for evolution. What other types of fitness are important, in your view, for animals? For people? T/I A 81. You have learned about a variety of research disciplines in this chapter. Which one is the most appealing to you? Explain your choice. A 82. What determines whether or not a mutation is beneficial? A Research go to nelson science 83. Why would an acidic bog be a good place to preserve bodies? Research the Tollund Man and write a short report about this mummy, including the mummy s age, where it was found, the cause of death, the presence or absence of soft tissues, and scientists discoveries regarding the dead man s last meal. T/I C A 84. What is the origin and fate of pseudogenes? Write a short report about your findings. T/I C A 85. Research the pros and cons of selective breeding on agricultural crops developed with the goal of helping populations in less-developed countries. T/I C A 86. Besides his studies in the South Pacific, Darwin drew on his observations of dogs to form his theory of evolution. Research the evolution of dogs. For example, how many breeds now exist? What is the role of artificial selection in the evolution of the dog? T/I C A 87. Identify and write a short report about an interesting vestigial feature or anatomical oddity that is not mentioned in this textbook. What do you find interesting about it? T/I C A 88. Select a domesticated plant, and research the history of its domestication. Identify the traits that have been selected for, along with the value that the domesticated species provides to humans today. To what extent has the species been altered by this process of artificial selection? T/I C A 89. Research the effect that urbanization has had on the bamboo forests of China. What impact has this had on the reproductive success of the giant panda? What measures have been taken to reduce this impact? T/I C A NEL Chapter 7 Review 323