Unit 2 Western Europe: Its Land and Early History
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1 Unit 2 Western Europe: Its Land and Early History Western Europe s peninsulas and waters shape its cultural history as the Greek and Roman civilizations flourish and spread along the Mediterranean Sea. The Roman aqueduct in Nimes, France
2 Western Europe: Its Land and Early History SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 A Land of Varied Riches Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Time of Change: The Middle Ages
3 Section 1 A Land of Varied Riches Europe is a continent with varied geographic features, abundant natural resources, and a climate that can support agriculture.
4 1 A Land of Varied Riches The Geography of Europe Waterways Water surrounds Europe to north, south, west - southern coast borders warm waters of the Mediterranean Sea Rhine, Danube are important; just two of Europe s many rivers - longest river is Russia s 2,200-mile Volga Boats, barges carry people, goods inland Continued...
5 1 continued The Geography of Europe Landforms Several peninsulas land surrounded by water on three sides Scandinavian Peninsula contains Norway, Sweden - shores are lined with fjords long, narrow, deep inlets of the sea Iberian Peninsula in Western Europe includes Spain, Portugal - separated from continent by Pyrenees mountain range Mountain ranges: Alps; Ural Mountains divide Europe from Asia Continued...
6 1 continued The Geography of Europe The Great European Plain Extends from the French coast to the Urals; rich farmland Plain large, flat area, usually with few trees Ancient trading centers attracted many people Today, area has large cities like Paris, Berlin, Warsaw, Moscow
7 1 Climate Varied Temperatures Gulf Stream brings warm air, water to region In mountains, far north, cold winds blow from Arctic Circle - average temperatures are below zero in January Alps, Pyrenees protect Mediterranean countries from cold winds - in southern Europe, January is mild, summers are hot, dry In most of Europe, average July temperature is degrees F
8 1 Natural Resources Coal, Iron Ore, and Rich Soil Variety of resources - coal in Germany s Ruhr Valley makes it a major industrial center - large iron ore deposits in Russia, Ukraine Europe has rich soil, plentiful rainfall Few parts of continent too cold or hot, dry to support agriculture Europe is a world leader in crop production
9 Section 2 Ancient Greece The ancient Greeks develop a complex society, with remarkable achievements in the arts, sciences, and government.
10 2 Ancient Greece The Land and Early History of Greece Surrounded by Water Travel is hard for early settlers on mountainous Greek Peninsula - rocky land has poor soil, but settlers grow olives, grapes Ancient Greeks depend on surrounding seas for fishing, trade The Formation of City-States As population grows, people create city-states -include polis central city and surrounding villages Each has own laws, government, but share language, religion Continued...
11 2 continued The Land and Early History of Greece The Growth of Colonies In 700s B.C., Greeks sail out, settle Aegean Sea islands, coastline Some settle as far away as Spain, North Africa Settlers trade wheat, timber, iron ore with each other, city-states Individual Forms of Government Some city-states are oligarchies a few powerful, rich people rule Some ruled by tyrant controls government against people s wishes Some develop early democracies citizens take part in government
12 2 Athens and Sparta Rival City-States Athens is one of largest, most important ancient city-states By late 500s B.C., Athens develops democratic government - free, adult male citizens debate, vote on laws - women, slaves, foreigners cannot participate Sparta was oligarchy, ruled by two kings Both city-states have powerful armies
13 2 Learning and the Arts Post-Victory Achievements In 480 B.C., Persia tries to conquer Greek Peninsula - several city-states including Athens, Sparta stop the invasion After victory, Greeks make leaps in arts, learning Literature Greeks create myths, write plays, poems to honor gods, goddesses Aeschylus, Euripides write tragedies serious plays, end unhappily Aristophanes plays poke fun at citizens, generals, politicians Continued...
14 2 continued Learning and the Arts Philosophy Ancient Greece is birthplace of important ancient thinkers Socrates is important fifth-century B.C. philosopher -a philosopher studies, thinks about why the world is the way it is - Socrates examines friendship, knowledge, justice Socrates student Plato studies behavior, politics, math, astronomy Continued...
15 2 continued Learning and the Arts The Spread of Greek Culture Constant war between city-states weakens them by 300s B.C. - in 338 B.C., King Philip II of Macedonia conquers area - after Philip s death, his son, Alexander, takes control Alexander the Great, taught by Aristotle, is great military leader His empire spreads Greek culture through Mediterranean to India - after Alexander s death, generals divide the empire
16 Section 3 Ancient Rome The ancient Romans make important contributions to government, law, and engineering.
17 3 Ancient Rome The Beginnings of Ancient Rome The Formation of the Roman Republic Tiber River villages in Italy unite to form Rome around 750 B.C. Kings rule Rome for 200 years In 509 B.C., Rome becomes a republic power belongs to citizens - citizens govern themselves through elected representatives The Senate Powerful Roman Senate is assembly of elected representatives - each year selects two leaders consuls to head government, military Continued...
18 3 continued The Beginnings of Ancient Rome Patricians Early Senate is made up mainly of patricians members of rich, landowning families - as the only citizens allowed to be judges, they control the law Plebeians Plebeian ordinary, working male citizen: farmer, craftsperson - can vote, but cannot hold public office until 287 B.C. - in 287 B.C., plebeians gain equality with patricians
19 3 The Expansion of the Roman World Controlling the Mediterranean By 200s B.C., Rome rules Italian Peninsula, central Mediterranean Carthage city-state rules North Africa, southern Spain - controls western Mediterranean, but defeated by Rome As population grows, Rome s army, territories expand Roman culture, language spreads into Spain, Greece By 100 B.C., Rome rules most of Mediterranean area
20 3 From Republic to Empire The End of the Roman Republic Julius Caesar Roman general, governor of Gaul - Senate fears he is too powerful, orders him to resign In 45 B.C, Caesar wins the battle to control Republic - returns to Rome, becomes dictator, ends the Republic Continued...
21 3 continued From Republic to Empire The Beginning of the Roman Empire Senators kill Caesar in 44 B.C.; civil war erupts In 27 B.C., Octavian (Caesar s adopted son) begins Roman Empire - an empire is ruled by a single, powerful leader As emperor, Octavian took the name Augustus Continued...
22 3 continued From Republic to Empire The Augustan Age Augustus rules Empire for over 40 years, continues its expansion - borders extend north to Rhine, Danube rivers Architects, engineers build new buildings, lighthouses Trade of olive oil, wine, pottery, marble, grain increases Literature includes Virgil s long poem the Aeneid Pax Romana (Roman Peace) 200 years of peace, cultural growth
23 3 The Rise of Christianity A New Religion Christianity spreads from Middle East after Augustus dies, A.D. 14 At first, mostly popular in eastern half of the Empire - spreads along transportation network through Empire by 200 A.D. Most leaders tolerate Empire s different religions - but Christians are persecuted, punished, killed for their beliefs
24 3 The First Christian Emperor Constantine s Vision Constantine becomes emperor in A.D. 306 Before a battle in 312, he has a vision of a cross in the sky - promises if he wins the battle, he will become a Christian - wins battle, keeps promise Christianity becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire
25 Section 4 Time of Change: The Middle Ages The Middle Ages are a time of great change in Western Europe.
26 4 Time of Change: The Middle Ages Western Europe in Collapse The Beginning of the Medieval Era Roman Empire collapses in 400s People flee to countryside to escape invaders from north, east No central government to maintain roads, buildings, water systems Towns, cities shrink, are abandoned; travel is unsafe, less common Medieval era (Middle Ages) between fall of Rome, modern world - people turn to military, Roman Catholic Church for leadership
27 4 Charlemagne and the Christian Church A New Roman Emperor Charlemagne (Charles the Great) Germanic king, military leader - in late 700s, brings order to former Empire s northwest Pope in Rome allies with Charlemagne to strengthen Catholic Church In 800, Pope crowns Charlemagne new Holy Roman Emperor - education improves, government strengthens, Catholicism spreads After Charlemagne s death, Western Europe again lacks strong leader
28 4 The Role of the Church The Center of the Community Churches are center of Western European medieval communities - hold services, build orphanages, host feasts and festivals Monks and Nuns Some people choose to dedicate their lives to God, the Church Monks men who pray, study, copy holy books - their communities monasteries become centers of learning Nuns women who serve Church, pray, sew, teach girls, care for poor
29 4 Two Medieval Systems The Feudal System Most land belongs to powerful nobles lords, kings, church officials Feudalism nobles system of political ties through land - powerful noble gives land to less-powerful noble - lesser noble vassal vows to serve; provides knights, soldiers, arms The land granted is called a fief - at center is manor castle, farmland, villages, church Continued...
30 4 continued Two Medieval Systems Manorialism Peasants live, farm manor land, but don t own their own land Manorialism peasants give labor, some of their food to lord - in exchange, lord protects them Serfs are peasants who belong to the fief they live on - not slaves, but not free to leave without permission
31 4 Medieval Ways of Life Castle Life Large manor houses (castles) built for protection not comfort - cold, damp, dark, with thick stone walls, few windows - Smoky from fires; no indoor plumbing; infested with lice, pests Peasant Life Small homes outside castle walls have dirt floors, straw roofs - peasant families often keep farm animals in the home Work for lord two to three days a week; farm own plots rest of week
32 4 The Growth of Medieval Towns Shift from Farms to Towns By mid-1000s, farming methods increase supplies, shorten harvest Fewer farmers are needed, so people move back to towns - towns become trade centers; more people own property, businesses Guilds Tradespeople, craftspeople form guilds business associations - protect workers rights, set wages and prices, settle disputes Guild membership often required in order to seek elected office
33 4 The Late Middle Ages Governments Challenge the Church As towns grow, citizens start local governments, elect leaders Pope claims authority over all Christian lands - kings, other leaders disagree The Magna Carta English nobles rebel against King John - force him to sign Magna Carta (Great Charter) in limits king s power, gives nobles larger role in government
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