Why study minerals? Important Point. Definitions to Know 9/1/2009. So, exactly what is a mineral?
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1 Why study minerals? Minerals are the basic building blocks of rocks, which tell us the history of Earth. In order to understand how rocks form and evolve, we must understand the minerals of which they are made. Many minerals contain natural resources important to our everyday lives. Mineral exploration and mining are important and sometimes deadly - global industries. Important Point The study of minerals is a good example of the order and simplicity of nature. Example: For all minerals, there are only four ways in which atoms commonly form chemical bonds! Example: For the most abundant rock-forming minerals, there are only five fundamental geometric arrangements of atoms! So, exactly what is a mineral? Naturally occurring (not man-made) Inorganic (composed of matter that is not primarily dead plant or animal) Solid Definite chemical composition (the ratios between atoms making up the mineral are constant) Crystalline atomic structure (consists of a geometric arrangement of atoms repeated throughout three-dimensional space) Definitions to Know Element Collection of atoms, all with the same number of protons Nucleus Protons (positive charge) Neutrons (neutral charge) Electrons (negative charge) Ion atom with a net electrical charge Cation net positive electrical charge (electron deficiency) Anion net negative electrical charge (electron excess) Valence (Ionic Charge) number of electrons lost or gained when the atom becomes an ion Atomic Number = number of protons in nucleus Mass Number = protons + neutrons in nucleus Isotopes atoms with same number of protons in nucleus, but varying number neutrons in nucleus Atomic Weight (Atomic Mass) = average of mass numbers of all isotopes of an element, weighted in accordance with the most abundant isotopes 1
2 THE PERIODIC TABLE (FIGURE 2.4) Periodic Table Period elements which occupy the same row Group elements which occupy the same column Alkali Elements occupy group 1A Alkaline Earth Elements occupy group 11A Halogens occupy group VIIA Noble Gasses occupy group VIIIA Transition Elements occupy central part of table (groups IIIB to 11B) Four Common Chemical Bond Types in Minerals Ionic Covalent Metallic van der Waals Ionic Bond - transfer of electrons Covalent Bond sharing of electrons 2
3 Metallic Bond sea of electrons Van der Waals Bond Weak attraction between dipolar nucleii Crystal - atoms are arranged in a simple geometric pattern which is repeated throughout space Unit Cell -The smallest identifiable arrangement of atoms within a mineral Silicate Mineral Group All contain Si 4+ and O 2- Si:O = 1:4 1 Si O 2- = (SiO 4 ) 4- Blue = Si Orange = O Why is Si smaller than O? Si and O arranged into the Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron 3
4 Silicate Mineral Classification Independent Tetrahedra Si-O tetrahedra are not bonded to other tetrahedra Classified on the basis of arrangement of Si-O tetrahedra & number of oxygens shared among tetrahedra. Independent tetrahedra (olivine) Single Chain of tetrahedra (pyroxene) Double Chain of tetrahedra (amphibole) Sheet of tetrahedra (mica) Framework of tetrahedra (feldspar, quartz) Single Chain Silicates each tetrahedron shares two oxygen with adjacent tetrahedra Double Chain Silicates two single chains are cross-linked by sharing of an additional oxygen Sheet Silicates Each tetrahedron shares three oxygens with adjacent tatrehedra Framework Silicates each tetrahedron shares four oxygen with adjacent tetrahedra 4
5 Important Points The color of a mineral is a function of its chemical composition. In general: High Si, K, Na results in light color High Fe, Mg, Ca results in dark color Independent tetrahedra exhibit the lowest amount of oxygen sharing among tetrahedra (no oxygens shared) Framework silicates exhibit the greatest amount of oxygen sharing among tetrahedra (four oxygens shared) Non-Silicate Mineral Groups: use other atoms, ions or ionic groups as building blocks Oxides all contain O 2- (hematite/iron ore, magnetite/iron ore, corundum/industrial abrasive, ice) Sulfides all contain S 2- (galena/lead ore, sphalerite/zinc ore, pyrite/ fools gold ) Sulfates all contain (SO 4 ) 2- (gypsum/plaster) Non-Silicate Mineral Groups Native Elements elements found in the native state (gold, copper, diamond, sulfur, graphite, silver, platinum) Halides all contain halogen ions, such as Cl - and F -. Halogen elements are group VII on the Periodic Table of the Elements (halite/common table salt, fluorite/steel hardener) Carbonates all contain (CO 3 ) 2- (calcite/cement) Mineral Formulas to Know (see lecture notes) Tennessee Copper Basin Quartz SiO 2 Calcite CaCO 3 Halite NaCl Ice H 2 O Diamond C Graphite C Pyrite FeS 2 Magnetite Fe 3 O 4 Hematite Fe 2 O 3 5
6 Copper Hill Acid Plant, 1912 Copper Basin Erosion, 1912 Current Copper Basin Landscape Physical Properties of Minerals Crystal Form Cleavage Fracture Hardness Specific Gravity Color Streak Luster Special Properties Crystal Form external expression of a mineral s internal arrangement of atoms Cleavage the tendency of a mineral to break along a flat surface, which represents planes of weak atomic bonding Muscovite 1 direction cleavage Halite 3 directions cleavage; angle between cleavage planes = 90 o 6
7 Fracture The manner in which a mineral breaks other than along cleavage planes Hardness The resistance of a mineral to scratching Obsidian (volcanic glass) exhibits conchoidal fracture Quartz has an irregular fracture Color reflection of the chemical composition of a mineral Streak the color of a mineral when ground into a fine powder High concentrations of Ca, Fe, Mg = dark color High concentrations of Si, K, Na = light color Hematite = Fe 2 O 3 Magnetite = Fe 3 O 4 Luster the manner in which a mineral reflects light 7
8 Special Properties Magnetism many Fe-bearing minerals are somewhat magnetic. Magnetite is well known for its magnetism. Reaction with HCl Some carbonate minerals will react, especially calcite Taste Halite Fluorescence emission of light generated by excitation of ultraviolet light Fluorescence 8
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