ESC Lecture 2: Composition and Morphology of Continental Crust
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1 ESC 1022 Lecture 2: Composition and Morphology of Continental Crust The Continental Crust What is it? What size is it? What shape is it? What is it made of? What age is it? Surface Features of the Earth's Crust Two types of crust: high areas (continental crust) and low areas (oceanic crust). The boundary between them does not follow the coastlines (much of the continental crust is below sea level). The oceanic crust is mainly flat, but also has linear or curved ridges and trenches. The continental crust is mainly flat, but also has linear or curved mountain ranges and rift zones. Mountains on the continents are wider than similar features in the oceans. Mountains are often at the edges of continents, but also occur in the centre of continents. Mountain ranges vary in elevation, some are high and wide, others low and narrow. Surface Elevation Not every piece of continental crust is above sea level. 31% of all continental crust is covered by ocean. Continental Block Area (10 6 km 2 ) Eurasia North America Africa South America Antarctica Australia India Arabia New Zealand % below sea level
2 Central America Rockall Seychelles Agulhas Jan Mayen Total The Base of the Crust Mountains have a lot of mass and a gravitational pull But not as much pull as they should if the base of the crust was flat...
3 Mountain ranges have less mass than expected because they have a deep root of low-density crust that displaces DENSE mantle. Why do high mountains have deep roots? Principle of ISOSTASY Over long time scales the upper mantle behaves like a fluid and the crust floats on top of it. Treat the crust as floating blocks of different thickness. Thick crust has a higher elevation and a deeper root than thin crust. Denser crust (oceanic) floats at a lower level than less dense crust (continental). More realistically: Continental crust is km thick. Average thickness = km. Topography at the base of the continental crust is much more dramatic than at the Earth's surface... Each extra km of mountain at the surface must be balanced by an extra 6 km of root. Surface Geology Cratons - (a) Shields, (b) Stable platforms Mountain belts
4 Average chemical composition? "Granitic" or "felsic". Common minerals: quartz plagioclase feldspar alkali feldspar (K-feldspar) Rich in silicon (Si), potassium (K) and sodium (Na). But geophysical evidence (seismic velocity) indicates that lower crust is denser than upper crust. Lower continental crust is more "mafic". Richer in magnesium, iron, calcium. Why does composition change with depth? What is the average composition of continental crust? Continental Crust Oceanic Crust SiO Al 2 O FeO MgO
5 CaO Na 2 O K 2 O Continental crust is more "felsic" (has more silicates) than oceanic crust. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust. Continental crust is weaker than oceanic crust. Age of the Continental Crust? Compare the ages of exposed continental basement rocks (ignoring platform sediments). This graph under-estimates the amount of old crust: Older rocks are likely to occur deeper in the crust. Ages can be reset by later thermal events. But it is clear that: The continental crust has a long and complex history... Unlike oceanic crust which is only million years old. To summarise: Continental Crust Oceanic Crust 1/3 of Earth surface 2/3 of Earth surface Higher elevation (126 m above sea level) Thicker (15-70 km) (average = km) Wider mountain belts Felsic composition "granitic rocks" quartz, plagioclase, alkali-feldspar (rich in Si, K, Na) Lower elevation (3.7 km below sea level) Thinner (6 km thick) Narrower mountain belts Mafic composition "Basaltic rocks" pyroxene, plagioclase (rich in Mg, Fe, Ca)
6 Less dense (2800 kg/m 3 ) Easier to deform (viscosity = Pa.s) Older ( million years) More dense (3000 kg/m 3 ) Harder to deform (Viscosity = Pa.s) Younger (0-210 million years) Home Lecture 3
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