Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
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- Priscilla Ross
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1 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Learning objectives: 1. Understand how metamorphism is related to plate tectonics. 2. Understand how the properties of metamorphic rocks relate to their histories.
2 Where we are Today: Deformed Rocks Next: Metamorphic Rocks One week: Midterm - covers through Deformed/Metamorphic Rocks
3 Today s Plan Sedimentary Rocks-wrap up Metamorphism - Definition - Importance - Agents of metamorphism - Types - Locations (e.g., Plate Tectonics) - Metamorphic Rocks: Minerals, Textures - Protoliths (parent rock)
4
5 Mud Cracks
6 Fossil Mud Cracks
7
8
9 Sedimentary Environments
10 Sedimentary Environments Some Continental Environments: - Glacial - Alluvial fan - River channel (and flood plain) - Lake - Delta
11 Sedimentary Environments Some Continental Environments: - Glacial - Alluvial fan - River channel (and flood plain) - Lake - Delta Some Marine Environments: - Beach (and dunes) - Shallow marine shelf - Reef - Deep marine
12
13 Alluvial Fan
14 Changing sea level
15 Changing sea level Shallow, near-shore: beach (sandstone)
16 Changing sea level Shallow, near-shore: beach (sandstone) Deeper, off-shore: near-shelf (shale)
17 Changing sea level Shallow, near-shore: beach (sandstone) Deeper, off-shore: near-shelf (shale) Deep, far off-short: far-shelf (limestone)
18 Changing sea level Shallow, near-shore: beach (sandstone) Deeper, off-shore: near-shelf (shale) Deep, far off-short: far-shelf (limestone) [show transgression movie]
19 Test your understanding You are at a river and notice the sediment contains both: - well-sorted, round fine sand grains, and - some larger, more angular gravel. How could this happen?
20 Recap Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Lithification Sedimentary Rock Sediment size, shape, sorting indicates transport Sedimentary structures indicate environment, up direction
21 What is it? Metamorphism
22 Metamorphism What is it? - One rock changing into another
23 Metamorphism What is it? - One rock changing into another - Due to heat, pressure, and stress
24
25 Why should I care about metamorphism?
26 Metamorphism of limestones when India collided with Eurasia may have released enough CO 2 to alter the global climate from ice age to tropical.
27 Fluids from hydrothermal systems created most of the ore deposits that we use in our technological society.
28 Most gems are formed by metamorphism!
29 Most gems are formed by metamorphism!
30 Most gems are formed by metamorphism!
31 Michelangelo would have had to use wood!
32 Michelangelo would have had to use wood!
33 Michelangelo would have had to use wood!
34 Michelangelo would have had to use wood!
35
36 Causes of metamorphism
37 Causes of metamorphism Temperature (T) - Changes minerals
38 Causes of metamorphism Temperature (T) - Changes minerals Pressure (P) - Changes minerals
39 Causes of metamorphism Temperature (T) - Changes minerals Pressure (P) - Changes minerals Stress (different from pressure) - Changes texture (shape & size of mineral grains)
40 Causes of metamorphism Temperature (T) - Changes minerals Pressure (P) - Changes minerals Stress (different from pressure) - Changes texture (shape & size of mineral grains) Fluid interaction - Changes minerals
41 Why do new minerals form?
42 Why do new minerals form? Original minerals formed at a certain T&P - Stable at that T&P, and nearby T&P
43 Why do new minerals form? Original minerals formed at a certain T&P - Stable at that T&P, and nearby T&P Changing T&P can make them unstable
44 Example: Graphite - Diamond
45 Bottom of continental crust Example: Graphite - Diamond
46 Types of metamorphism Contact Regional (others in your text) What are the main differences? - Extent of effects - Temperature, Pressure, Stress
47 Types of Metamorphism Consider the geothermal gradient (the deeper you go, the hotter it gets)
48
49
50
51 Regional Metamorphism Types
52 Contact Metamorphism
53 Contact Metamorphism
54 Contact Met.: Maine D.R.Jessey, CSU Pomona
55 Contact Met.: Utah D.R.Jessey, CSU Pomona
56 Types of metamorphism Contact Regional - Associated with mountain-building - Stress new textures foliation
57
58
59 Regional Metamorphism D.R.Jessey, CSU Pomona
60 Regional Metamorphism Associated with mountain-building D.R.Jessey, CSU Pomona
61 Regional Metamorphism Associated with mountain-building Occurs over large region (note scale) D.R.Jessey, CSU Pomona
62 Regional Metamorphism Associated with mountain-building Occurs over large region (note scale) Most of the Cascades! D.R.Jessey, CSU Pomona
63 Regional Metamorphism Associated with mountain-building Occurs over large region (note scale) Most of the Cascades! [Show North Cascades KMZ] D.R.Jessey, CSU Pomona
64 Where does this happen? Continental margins!
65 Metamorphic Textures Some are unfoliated: marble, quartzite - no platy minerals! - Original (sedimentary) texture is obliterated forms interlocking grains - What does that remind you of?
66 marble
67 Metamorphic Textures Why does the texture change, when platy minerals are present?
68 Metamorphic Textures Why does the texture change, when platy minerals are present? Compression deforms sedimentary texture
69 Metamorphic Textures Why does the texture change, when platy minerals are present? Compression deforms sedimentary texture New minerals grow in easy orientation - Only applies when minerals are long or flat! - [show foliation process movie]
70 Metamorphic Textures Compression and heat new crystals grow, oriented; form: slate - phyllite schist gneiss
71 Metamorphic Textures Compression and heat new crystals grow, oriented; form: slate - phyllite schist gneiss
72 Metamorphic Textures Compression and heat new crystals grow, oriented; form: slate - phyllite schist gneiss
73 slaty cleavage: platy minerals grow perpendicular to stress direction
74 gneiss: quartzrich and mica-rich layers form
75 Parent rocks (protolith)
76 Parent rocks (protolith) Limestone marble
77 Parent rocks (protolith) Limestone marble Quartz sandstone quartzite
78 Parent rocks (protolith) Limestone marble Quartz sandstone quartzite Shale slate schist gneiss - each stage represents higher temperature - and new minerals grow: 1. chlorite 2. biotite 3. garnet 4. staurolite 5. kyanite 6. sillimanite
79 Cooperative Quiz
80 Cooperative Quiz The metamorphism occurring adjacent to a pluton is A. precipitation B. contact C. regional D. dynamic
81 A-slate; B-marble; C-schist; D-gneiss
82 Protolith? A-limestone; B-shale; C-sandstone; D-granite
83 A-slate; B-marble; C-schist; D-gneiss
84 Protolith? A-limestone; B-shale; C-sandstone; D-granite
85 A-slate; B-marble; C-schist; D-gneiss
86 A-slate; B-marble; C-schist; D-gneiss
87 Protolith? A-limestone; B-shale; C-sandstone; D-granite
88 Recap Geothermal gradient describes how rock heats up as you dig down Contact metamorphism occurs around igneous plutons Regional metamorphism occurs with mountain building, requires high temperatures Regional metamorphism often creates a fabric in the rocks due to aligned platy minerals Different starting rocks (protoliths) produce different metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic rocks are rocks changed from one form to another by intense heat, intense pressure, and/or the action of hot fluids.
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