The Solar System. A basic tour of the Solar System in which we live.

Transcription

1 The Solar System A basic tour of the Solar System in which we live.

2 Touring the Solar System The Sun The Planets and Their Moons Other Objects

3 The Sun The center of our Solar System Energy from the Sun is the basis for all energy in the system Most massive part Its gravity holds system together An average star

4 Diameter 862,000 miles 1,391,000 kms Mass 333,000 times Earth Revolution Rate 2.5 billion years Rotation Rate 24 d 16 h Surface Gravity 28 times Earth Sun Data

5 Sun Data Temperature 5,800 K 10,440 F Composition by mass 73 % hydrogen 25 % helium 2 % oxygen, carbon, neon, iron We are made from star stuff!

6 Hydrogen is the simplest matter in the universe. Two atoms are fused together to form helium. Releases energy in tremendous amounts. Other elements created as fusion continues. Solar Furnace

7 Sun Spot Cycle 11 year cycle disrupt some electronics What are they? Cooler areas of the surface appear dark due to surrounding high temperatures would shine if alone in space Sun Spots

8 Solar Eclipse Solar eclipse occurs when Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun The Moon s shadow falls on the Earth s surface.

9 Solar Eclipse Full solar eclipse lasts about 7 and half minutes. Next eclipse in North America August 21, 2017

10 Solar Eclipse Images Sun s corona visible. Diamond Ring

11 Other Solar Phenomena Solar Prominence An arch of flame above surface Solar Flare Explosive emission of energy equals a million atomic bombs Solar Wind stream of particles from the Sun

12 The Planets and Their Moons

13 Mercury Planet nearest the Sun 1st orbit Rapid Revolution Rate quickest around the Sun Name Roman god of speed due to its rapid revolution

14 Mercury Data Revolution Rate 88 E.D. (Earth Days) Rotation Rate 59 E.D. Distance from Sun 0.39 A.U. Diameter 3,024 miles Inclination?, think it is 0 degrees

15 Mercury Data Mass (compared to Earth) 0.06 Density 5.4 Surface Gravity 0.38 Escape Velocity 2.7 m/s Moons - none

16 Mercury Facts No atmosphere Lots of impact craters resembles the Moon Second smallest planet Temperature extremes 1,260 F daylight 180 F nightside Mercury in transit.

17 Mercury or Moon: Which one is which below?

18 Venus Second in order from the Sun 2nd orbit Earth s twin? size and other features Name Roman goddess of love most features of planet have feminine names

19 Venus Data Revolution Rate 224 E.D. Rotation Rate 243 E.D. Distance from Sun 0.72 A.U. Diameter 7,503 miles Inclination 177 degrees

20 Venus Data Mass 0.82 Density 5.3 Surface Gravity 0.91 Escape Velocity 6.5 m/s Moons - none

21 Venus Facts Dense atmosphere Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect Pressure 90 times Earth s Sulfuric Acid rain Temperature 1,314 F on surface Geology active volcanoes produces atmosphere Sif Mons Volcano

22 Venus Flyby Animation

23 Earth and the Moon

24 Earth Third in order from the Sun 3rd orbit Life only known place where life exists Name prehistoric origin

25 Earth Data Revolution Rate 365¼ days 1 year Rotation Rate 23.9 hours 1 day Distance from the Sun 1.00 Astronomical Unit 1.00 A.U. = 93,000,000 miles Diameter 7,908 miles Inclination 23½ degrees

26 Earth Data Mass 1.00 (all other bodies compared to Earth) Density 5.5 Surface Gravity 1.00 (see mass) Escape Velocity 6.9 m/s Moons - 1

27 Earth Facts Only place we know that has life Water planet about 70 % of surface covered with water Atmosphere 75 % nitrogen 23 % oxygen remaining 2 % a mix of gases

28 The Moon Earth s nearest neighbor 237,240 miles Only other place visited by humans Affects Earth s Systems tides in oceans

29 Revolution Rate 29½ days Rotation Rate 29½ days Distance from the Sun nearly same as Earth s Diameter 2,155 miles Inclination 5 degrees Moon Data

30 Moon Data Mass 0.01 Density 3.3 Surface Gravity 1/6 or 0.16 Escape Velocity 1.5 m/s

31 Moon Creation Current theory suggests that our Moon was formed when an object about the size of Mars struck the Earth early in its existence. Material from this impact coalesced into the Moon over millions of years.

32 Moon Facts Only other place visited by humans Apollo Space Program No atmosphere Same side faces Earth Rotation and Revolution Same Phases of Moon Due to place in orbit compared to Earth and Sun Buzz Aldrin step down

33 Apollo Moon Program Jack Scmitt near large boulder on Moon.

34 July 20, 1969

35 Lunar Eclipse

36

37 Lunacy, Lunatic Interesting Notes these words are derived from Luna, the Latin word for Moon believed the Moon affected human mind Historically eclipses foretold bad events basis for calendars Literature werewolves, Man in the Moon

38 Mars Fourth planet from the Sun 4th orbit Sister planet may have once had water Name Roman god of war red color in telescope

39 Mars Data Revolution Rate 686 E.D. Rotation Rate 24½ hours Distance from the Sun 1.5 A.U. Diameter 4,210 miles Inclination 25 degrees

40 Mass 0.11 Density 3.9 Surface Gravity 0.38 Escape Velocity 3.1 m/s Moons - 2 Mars Data

41 Mars Facts Red color when viewed iron oxides in soil rust Atmosphere is thin 95 % carbon dioxide May have had liquid water in past lost into space Polar caps water ice

42 More Mars Facts Two moons Names Deimos - demigod of terror, panic Phobos - demigod of fear, flight One is slowly falling to the planet in next couple of centuries, Mars will only have one Deimos Phobos

43 Olympus Mons Largest known volcano in the solar system Outer edge would enclose Kentucky No longer active Named after the home of the gods

44 Valles Marineris Name Latin for Valley of the Mariners Series of canyons Makes Grand Canyon of Earth seem like a ditch Traverses a ¼ of the way around the planet Creation Volcanic activity

45 Life on Mars

46 Martians? Face on Mars Discovered by Pathfinder Mission Satellite Trick of light Tabloids ran photo as evidence of extraterrestrials

47 Martian Canals Giovanni Schiparelli canale War of the Worlds scare radio show based on book by H.G. Wells caused panic on eastern seaboard of U.S. Martians?

48 Life on Mars It is possible life may have existed on Mars in the past simple organisms that died out once water was gone More than likely it is there today transported there from Earth on our robot probes

49 Jupiter Largest planet in system Fifth planet from Sun 5th orbit out Almost big enough to be a star Name Roman name for the king of the gods due to its size

50 Revolution Rate 11.9 E.Y. (Earth Years) Rotation Rate 9.9 hours Distance from the Sun 5.2 A.U. Diameter 88,536 miles Inclination 3.1 degrees Jupiter Data

51 Jupiter Data Mass 318 Density 1.3 Surface Gravity 2.5 Escape Velocity 37.2 m/s Moons - 16

52 Atmosphere Mainly hydrogen with some helium Clouds are separated into bands Rapidly move around Red Spot Storm in atmosphere Large family of moons some are stable most are captured asteroids Jupiter Facts

53 Jupiter Facts Faint thin ring system Backyard telescope see two dark bands on 100 magnification Strong gravity disturbs the asteroids and other nearby objects Galileo discovered the 4 main moons

54 Named after Galileo Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Visiblity would be visible at night if Jupiter gone can be seen with binoculars Unique features Galilean Moons

55 Ganymede Largest moon in solar system diameter of 3,267 miles bigger than Mercury and Pluto would be a planet if orbited the Sun Impact craters

56 Callisto 3rd largest moon in solar system diameter of 2,988 miles slightly smaller than Mercury, still dwarfs Pluto Impact craters

57 Europa Icy moon rocky moon that is covered with water ice believed to have oceans that are frozen surface cracked Life? If there is water, could there be life?

58 Io Volcanic activity discovered that this moon was volcanically active thought moons were dead bodies that were not very interesting or worth studying has an atmosphere produced by volcanoes

59 Io Volcano

60 Saturn Sixth planet from Sun 6th orbit Second largest planet Impressive rings discovered by Galileo when he got tired of looking at Jupiter Name Roman god of agriculture Why named?

61 Revolution Rate 29.5 E.Y. Rotation Rate 10.7 hours Distance from the Sun 9.5 A.U. Diameter (minus rings) 74,735 miles Inclination 26.7 degrees Saturn Data

62 Saturn Data Mass 95 Density 0.7 Surface Gravity 1.07 Escape Velocity 22.3 m/s Moons - 19

63 Complex ring system tiny rock and ice particles discovered by Galileo thought the rings resembled handles on cup people began to believe he was crazy Atmosphere hydrogen and helium lines of clouds Saturn Facts

64 Saturn s Rings Formation current theory suggests moons destroyed by impacts or gravity Complexity moons mixed in with ring particles forms divisions seen in rings Cycle rings disappear every 11 years

65 Saturn s Rings View to right is what you can see through a telescope at a magnification of 100 power Yellowish tint Rings tilted so viewable now

66 Saturn s Noteworthy Moons Titan second largest moon in solar system diameter of 3,193 miles bigger than Pluto and Mercury moon because it circles Saturn

67 Mimas Huge impact crater barely below the size needed to destroy the moon Death Star was the inspiration for the Death Star in the Star Wars movies

68 Uranus Seventh planet from the Sun 7th orbit Faint ring system Inclination is weird Name Greek god who personified heaven father of the titans

69 Uranus Data Revolution Rate 84.1 E.Y. Rotation Rate 17.2 hours Distance from the Sun 19.2 A.U. Diameter 31,744 miles Inclination 98 degrees

70 Uranus Data Mass 14 Density 1.2 Surface Gravity 0.92 Escape Velocity 13 m/s Moons - 15

71 Uranus Facts Thin Rings Rings are tilted like planet Inclination May have been struck by asteroid or another object Atmosphere hydrogen very stable

72 Miranda One of smallest moons of Uranus Surface has patches of water ice Half is cratered like the Moon Other half is heavily ridged for some reason

73 Miranda Believed that Miranda may have been destroyed by asteroid impact in the past. But it reformed slowly over time like our Moon.

74 Neptune Eighth planet from the Sun 8th orbit most of the time Surprisingly active atmosphere Name Roman god of water

75 Neptune Data Revolution Rate E.Y. Rotation Rate 16.1 hours Distance from the Sun 30.1 A.U. Diameter 30,690 miles Inclination 29 degrees

76 Neptune Data Mass 17.2 Density 1.6 Surface Gravity 1.18 Escape Velocity 14.9 m/s Moons - 8

77 Neptune Facts Active atmosphere had a giant storm like Jupiter storm has disappeared recently thought it would be similar to Uranus Rings very thin similar to Uranus ring system

78 Triton Voyager 2 75 % rock 25 % water ice discovered active volcanoes has a thin atmosphere has polar ice caps mix of frozen water and ammonia

79 Pluto Name - Roman god of the underworld No longer a planet.

80 Pluto Data Revolution Rate E.Y. Rotation Rate 6.4 days Distance from the Sun 40 A.U. Diameter 1,364 miles Inclination 118 degrees

81 Mass Density 2.1 Surface Gravity 0.09 Escape Velocity 0.62 m/s Moons 3 Charon Nix Hydra Pluto Data

82 Pluto Facts Orbit at times it is inside the orbit of Neptune outside orbit since 1999 suggests it may have been a moon of Neptune Charon discovered in 1978 not much smaller than Pluto

83 Other Objects

84 Asteroids Location most fall in orbit between Mars and Jupiter Size Restrictions less than 1,000 km diameter Composition mostly rock Gaspra

85 Asteroid Facts Ida and Dactyl Pairs most are paired with a smaller companion Produce meteoroids due to collisions produce most meteors Some cross Earth orbit represent a danger Jupiter s Gravity causes them to develop highly elliptical orbits

86 Asteroid Facts Ceres first discovered largest discovered 1/4 size of our Moon Total Number estimated to be 100,000 that are bigger than 1 kilometer 75 % in main belt

87 Comets Orbits highly elliptical pass beyond the orbit of Pluto regular returns (mostly) Make-up basically a dirty snowball

88 Comet Halley Most Famous Returns every 76 years last closest approach was 1986 Historical references images have been found in reference to it in ancient texts, drawings, and stoneware

89 Comet Halley is now proper name. Many probes sent European probe got best view picture of its rock/ icy core solar wind from Sun strikes comet nucleus (called coma) and produces tail

90 Comet Orbit Highly elliptical orbit may come from matter found on edge of our solar system Tail points away from Sun due to solar wind

91 Comet Hale-Bopp Last comet best visible in northern hemisphere showed two tails dust tail ion tail

92 System Formation Current theory suggests that gravity lead to the formation of our Solar System as well as others. Formed when hydrogen atoms in nebula began to compact at one spot due to gravitational attraction.

93 System Formation The vast majority of matter was tied up in the Sun. About 5 billion years ago. The planets formed afterwards from material left over. About 4.5 billion years ago. Jupiter got the biggest portion of what was left behind.

94 The End? About 5 billion years from now, the hydrogen in the Sun will run out. Fusion will stop, resulting in an initial collapse of the Sun. Will then explode in a supernova.

95 Will probably form a red giant. Could have become a black hole, but not massive enough. Too large to become a brown dwarf. Will basically wipe out our solar system. The End?