Chapter 8: Structure determination
|
|
|
- Kenneth Norman
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 8: Structure determination 8.1. Simple chemical tests 8.2. Functional group test match up 8.3 1H NMR spectroscopy 8.4 Fragmentation in the mass spectrometer C NMR spectroscopy 8.6 Molecular true or false 8.7 Thin layer chromatography 8.8 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Answers Structure Determination 8.
2 8.1. Simple chemical tests H 2 O NaOH(aq) CuSO 4 (aq) NaHCO 3 (aq) conc. K 2 Cr 2 O 7 Tollens' Br 2 (aq) Blue litmus AgNO 3 /H + H 2 SO 4 Ag(NH 3 ) + 2 paper On the shelf above is a selection of reagents that can be used in simple tests to identify particular functional groups. Identify the regent(s) that can be used to distinguish between the pairs of organic compounds shown below. Structure Determination 8.1.
3 8.2. Functional group test match up Match up the reagents with the functional groups they test for and the observation for a positive test. Reagent Functional group Observation Water Carboxylic acid Effervescence NaHCO 3 (aq) Acid chloride Orange to green Tollens' reagent Ester Blue solution to orange ppt CuSO 4 /NaOH 1 o or 2 o alcohol Silver ppt K 2 Cr 2 O 7 /H + Aldehyde Misty fumes Structure Determination 8.2.
4 8.3. 1H NMR spectra 1H NMR spectroscopy tells us about the environment of the hydrogen atoms in organic molecules. 1. Outline how you would prepare a sample of an organic substance for analysis in an NMR spectrometer. (5 marks) 2. The axes below show the 1H NMR spectrum for 2-aminopropane. Label the features of the spectrum shown by the arrows and boxes. (4 marks) 3. On the structure of 2-aminopropane, indicate which proton(s) give rise to the peak labelled a. (1 mark) Structure Determination 8.3.
5 8.4. Fragmentation in the mass spectrometer 1. The table below shows the m/z values of fragmentation ions formed from fragmentation of an ester, methyl butanoate in a mass spectrometer. Complete the table to show the structural formula of the ions that correspond to the m/z given. m/z A 15 B 29 C 31 D 43 E 59 Fragment ion 2. α cleavage is the primary mode of fragmentation of compounds containing carbonyl groups in the mass spectrometer. This is when the R groups attached to the carbonyl group break off. Which 2 peaks from those labelled A to G are formed as a result of α cleavage? 3. Write an equation to show how fragment F is formed from the molecular ion. F 71 G 87 Structure Determination 8.4.
6 C NMR spectroscopy Sort the molecules below into the number of peaks that would be displayed in its 13C NMR spectrum (1 mark each). Structure Determination 8.5.
7 8.6. Molecular true or false Look at the structure of molecule A and indicate whether the statements 1 to 10 are true or false (1 mark each). 1. It has a major fragment in its mass spectrum at m/z = It decolourises bromine water. 3. There are 5 distinct peaks in its 13C NMR spectrum. 4. There are only 2 unique proton environments in the molecule. 5. One of the peaks in the 1H NMR spectrum will disappear when a little D 2 O (deuterated water) is added to the tube and it is reanalysed. 6. Its molecular ion appears at m/z = 121 in the mass spectrum. 7. When reacted with Tollens reagent, a silver mirror forms. 8. The molecule will turn blue litmus paper red. 9. Its IR spectrum will contain a broad peak at cm A sample of A will be immiscible with water. Structure Determination 8.6.
8 8.7. Thin layer chromatography Thin layer chromatography can be used to separate mixtures. Look at the chromatogram shown below. Silica gel tlc plate Solvent: CH 2 Br 2 1. Fill in the features indicated by arrows on the chromatogram. (3 marks) 2. Label the stationary phase and mobile phase on the diagram. (2 marks) 3. Calculate Rf for the sample shown, show your working. (3 marks) 4. Not all samples are visible after a chromatogram has been run. Give 2 ways in which the sample can be visualised on the silica gel plate. (2 marks) Structure Determination 8.7.
9 8.8. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 1. How does the liquid stationary phase separate organic compounds? (1 mark) 2. What is the mobile phase when in GC-MS? (1 mark) 3. What kind of mixtures is GC-MS useful for separating? (1 mark) 4. A mixture of ethyl ethanoate, propyl ethanoate, ethanol and hexane is analysed by GC-MS. Suggest the order in which the substances would be eluted and indicate what the output from the GC-MS would be. (7 marks) Structure Determination 8.8.
10 8. Answers 8.1 Simple chemical tests A and B NaHCO 3 (aq) C and D Water and blue litmus paper E and F K 2 Cr 2 O 7 and H 2 SO 4 G and H AgNO 3 /H + I and J Br 2 (aq) K and L Tollens and CuSO 4 /NaOH One mark for each correct reagent. This starter provides a good opportunity to discuss what the results of these tests would be. 8.2 Functional group test match up Reagent Functional group Observation Water Carboxylic acid Effervescence NaHCO 3 (aq) Acid chloride Orange to green Tollens' reagent Ester Blue solution to orange ppt CuSO 4 /NaOH 1 o or 2 o alcohol Silver ppt K 2 Cr 2 O 7 /H + Aldehyde Misty fumes 10 marks, 1 mark for each line Structure Determination answers.
11 8. Answers 8.3 1H NMR spectroscopy Dissolve between 10-20mg /a small quantity of the substance (2 marks, QoL for dissolve, plus quantity) In a small volume/1-2cm 3 of CDCl 3 (one mark for suitable deuterated solvent) Add one drop of TMS reference solution (one mark for TMS) Transfer to a clean, dry NMR tube using a Pasteur pipette (one mark for NMR tube) Total = 5 Structure Determination answers.
12 8. Answers 8.4 Fragmentation in the mass spectrometer m/z Fragment ion A 15 B 29 C 31 D 43 E 59 F 71 G 87 (6 marks) 2. C and D (1 mark for both) 3. Structure Determination answers.
13 8. Answers C NMR spectroscopy 8.6 Molecular true or false 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F 8.7 Thin layer chromatography 1 and 2 as above total = 5 marks 3. Measurement from origin to centre of spot (1 mark), measurement of origin to solvent front (1 mark) division of measurement 1 by measurement 2 (1 mark) 4. UV light (1 mark) and staining/names stain such as DNP/DCPIP (1 mark) 8.8. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry 1. (relative) solubility (1 mark) 2. The gas stream (1 mark) Structure Determination answers.
14 8. Answers 3. Mixtures of volatile organic compounds (1 mark, QoL for volatile) 4. Ethanol first Hexane last Each substance appears as a single peak m/z for each ethyl ethanoate (88), propyl ethanoate (102), ethanol (46), hexane (96) (1 mark each) Structure Determination answers.
13C NMR Spectroscopy
13 C NMR Spectroscopy Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is the most powerful tool available for structural determination. A nucleus with an odd number of protons, an odd number
Assessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391)
NCEA Level 3 Chemistry (91391) 2013 page 1 of 8 Assessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391) Evidence Statement Q Evidence Achievement Achievement
Suggested solutions for Chapter 3
s for Chapter PRBLEM Assuming that the molecular ion is the base peak (00% abundance) what peaks would appear in the mass spectrum of each of these molecules: (a) C5Br (b) C60 (c) C64Br In cases (a) and
EXPERIMENT Aspirin: Synthesis and NMR Analysis
EXPERIMENT Aspirin: Synthesis and NMR Analysis Introduction: When salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydride in the presence of an acid catalyst, acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin, is produced according
Laboratory 22: Properties of Alcohols
Introduction Alcohols represent and important class of organic molecules. In this experiment you will study the physical and chemical properties of alcohols. Solubility in water, and organic solvents,
Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds
Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds Introduction The identification and characterization of the structures of unknown substances are an important part of organic chemistry. Although it is often
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 m/z
Mass spectrum for the ionization of acetone MS of Acetone + Relative Abundance CH 3 H 3 C O + M 15 (loss of methyl) + O H 3 C CH 3 43 58 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 m/z It is difficult to identify the ions
F322: Chains, Energy and Resources 2.2.4 Alcohols
F322: hains, Energy and Resources 2.2.4 Alcohols 167 marks 1. This question is about the six alcohols below. butan-2-ol 2-methylpentan-3-ol propan-1-ol ethane-1,2-diol 2-methylpropan-2-ol propan-2-ol Which
Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility
Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility Deductions based upon interpretation of simple solubility tests can be extremely useful in organic structure determination. Both solubility and
Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography
Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography Chromatography is a common technique for separating chemical substances. The prefix chroma, which suggests color, comes from the fact that some of the
Thin Layer Chromatography.
Thin Layer Chromatography. Thin layer chromatography, or TLC, is a method for analyzing mixtures by separating the compounds in the mixture. TLC can be used to help determine the number of components in
Name Lab #3: Solubility of Organic Compounds Objectives: Introduction: soluble insoluble partially soluble miscible immiscible
Lab #3: Solubility of rganic Compounds bjectives: - Understanding the relative solubility of organic compounds in various solvents. - Exploration of the effect of polar groups on a nonpolar hydrocarbon
CHE334 Identification of an Unknown Compound By NMR/IR/MS
CHE334 Identification of an Unknown Compound By NMR/IR/MS Purpose The object of this experiment is to determine the structure of an unknown compound using IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and Mass spectroscopy. Infrared
Organic Chemistry Tenth Edition
Organic Chemistry Tenth Edition T. W. Graham Solomons Craig B. Fryhle Welcome to CHM 22 Organic Chemisty II Chapters 2 (IR), 9, 3-20. Chapter 2 and Chapter 9 Spectroscopy (interaction of molecule with
Fractional Distillation and Gas Chromatography
Fractional Distillation and Gas Chromatography Background Distillation The previous lab used distillation to separate a mixture of hexane and toluene based on a difference in boiling points. Hexane boils
Experiment 5: Column Chromatography
Experiment 5: Column Chromatography Separation of Ferrocene & Acetylferrocene by Column Chromatography Reading: Mohrig, Hammond & Schatz Ch. 18 pgs 235-253 watch the technique video on the course website!
The Four Questions to Ask While Interpreting Spectra. 1. How many different environments are there?
1 H NMR Spectroscopy (#1c) The technique of 1 H NMR spectroscopy is central to organic chemistry and other fields involving analysis of organic chemicals, such as forensics and environmental science. It
Chem 1100 Chapter Three Study Guide Answers Outline I. Molar Mass and Moles A. Calculations of Molar Masses
Chem 1100 Chapter Three Study Guide Answers Outline I. Molar Mass and Moles A. Calculations of Molar Masses B. Calculations of moles C. Calculations of number of atoms from moles/molar masses 1. Avagadro
Paper Chromatography: Separation and Identification of Five Metal Cations
Paper Chromatography: Separation and Identification of Five Metal Cations Objectives Known and unknown solutions of the metal ions Ag +, Fe 3+, Co 2+, Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ will be analyzed using paper chromatography.
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS: IR SPECTROSCOPY AND 13C NMR. The peak at 1720 indicates a C=O bond (carbonyl). One possibility is acetone:
HMEWRK PRBLEMS: IR SPECTRSCPY AND 13C NMR 1. You find a bottle on the shelf only labeled C 3 H 6. You take an IR spectrum of the compound and find major peaks at 2950, 1720, and 1400 cm -1. Draw a molecule
Pesticide Analysis by Mass Spectrometry
Pesticide Analysis by Mass Spectrometry Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to introduce concepts of mass spectrometry (MS) as they pertain to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organochlorine
CHM220 Addition lab. Experiment: Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkenes*
CM220 Addition lab Experiment: Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkenes* Purpose: To investigate the physical properties, solubility, and density of some hydrocarbon. To compare the chemical reactivity
Chemistry 321, Experiment 8: Quantitation of caffeine from a beverage using gas chromatography
Chemistry 321, Experiment 8: Quantitation of caffeine from a beverage using gas chromatography INTRODUCTION The analysis of soft drinks for caffeine was able to be performed using UV-Vis. The complex sample
Infrared Spectroscopy 紅 外 線 光 譜 儀
Infrared Spectroscopy 紅 外 線 光 譜 儀 Introduction Spectroscopy is an analytical technique which helps determine structure. It destroys little or no sample (nondestructive method). The amount of light absorbed
For example: (Example is from page 50 of the Thinkbook)
SOLVING COMBINED SPECTROSCOPY PROBLEMS: Lecture Supplement: page 50-53 in Thinkbook CFQ s and PP s: page 216 241 in Thinkbook Introduction: The structure of an unknown molecule can be determined using
Paper 1 (7404/1): Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Mark scheme
AQA Qualifications AS Chemistry Paper (7404/): Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Mark scheme 7404 Specimen paper Version 0.6 MARK SCHEME AS Chemistry Specimen paper Section A 0. s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6
Unit title: Chemical Laboratory Techniques
Unit title: Chemical Laboratory Techniques Unit code: H/601/0355 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 Aim This unit gives learners the opportunity to practise and become proficient in a range of practical skills
RECITATION NOTES FOR EXPERIMENT # 5 A&B THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
RECITATION NOTES FOR EXPERIMENT # 5 A&B THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY Have your lab textbook available for quick reference to specific pages, indicated in red. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatography
How to Quickly Solve Spectrometry Problems
How to Quickly Solve Spectrometry Problems You should be looking for: Mass Spectrometry (MS) Chemical Formula DBE Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) Important Functional Groups o Alcohol O-H o Carboxylic Acid
IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS
IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS Alcohols are organic compounds that which considered as derivatives of water. One of the hydrogen atoms of water molecule (H-O-H) has been replaced by an alkyl or substituted
Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3
Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3 Objectives: To observe the solubility of alcohols relative to their chemical structure, to perform chemical tests to distinguish primary, secondary and
Chemistry B11 Chapter 4 Chemical reactions
Chemistry B11 Chapter 4 Chemical reactions Chemical reactions are classified into five groups: A + B AB Synthesis reactions (Combination) H + O H O AB A + B Decomposition reactions (Analysis) NaCl Na +Cl
IB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review
DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount
Properties of Acids and Bases
Lab 22 Properties of Acids and Bases TN Standard 4.2: The student will investigate the characteristics of acids and bases. Have you ever brushed your teeth and then drank a glass of orange juice? What
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones Structure Deduction using lassification Tests 1 Determination of Structure Determining the structure of an unknown organic compound is an exercise in deductive reasoning.
Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions
Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions A double displacement reaction involves two ionic compounds that are dissolved in water. In a double displacement reaction, it appears as though the ions are
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS Purpose: It is important for chemists to be able to determine the composition of unknown chemicals. This can often be done by way of chemical tests.
Chapter 16: Tests for ions and gases
The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series Hydrogen, although not a metal, is included in the reactivity series because it, like metals, can be displaced from aqueous solution, only this time the
Organic Spectroscopy. UV - Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy. !! 200-800 nm. Methods for structure determination of organic compounds:
Organic Spectroscopy Methods for structure determination of organic compounds: X-ray rystallography rystall structures Mass spectroscopy Molecular formula -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Experiment 6 Qualitative Tests for Alcohols, Alcohol Unknown, IR of Unknown
Experiment 6 Qualitative Tests for Alcohols, Alcohol Unknown, I of Unknown In this experiment you are going to do a series of tests in order to determine whether or not an alcohol is a primary (1 ), secondary
EXPERIMENT Oil of Wintergreen: Synthesis and NMR Analysis
EXPERIMENT il of Wintergreen: Synthesis and NMR Analysis Introduction: When salicylic acid reacts with methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst, methyl salicylate, or oil of wintergreen, is produced
Chapter 1: Moles and equations. Learning outcomes. you should be able to:
Chapter 1: Moles and equations 1 Learning outcomes you should be able to: define and use the terms: relative atomic mass, isotopic mass and formula mass based on the 12 C scale perform calculations, including
LUMEFANTRINE Draft proposal for The International Pharmacopoeia (October 2006)
October 2006 RESTRICTED LUMEFANTRINE Draft proposal for The International Pharmacopoeia (October 2006) DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. This draft is intended for
Chapter 13 Spectroscopy NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis
Chapter 13 Spectroscopy NMR, IR, MS, UV-Vis Main points of the chapter 1. Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance a. Splitting or coupling (what s next to what) b. Chemical shifts (what type is it) c. Integration
SUCRALOSE. White to off-white, practically odourless crystalline powder
SUCRALOSE Prepared at the 41st JECFA (1993), published in FNP 52 Add 2 (1993). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 63rd JECFA (2004). An ADI of 0-15 mg/kg bw was established at the 37th JECFA
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance notes
Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace, the laboratory manual. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance notes Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a spectrometric technique which provides information
Symmetric Stretch: allows molecule to move through space
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Infrared Spectroscopy Before introducing the subject of IR spectroscopy, we must first review some aspects of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is composed
Austin Peay State University Department of Chemistry CHEM 1021 TESTING FOR ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
TESTING FOR ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Caution: Chromic acid is hazardous as are many of the organic substances in today s experiment. Treat all unknowns with extreme care. Many organic substances are flammable.
Santa Monica College Chemistry 11
Types of Reactions Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are as follows: To perform and observe the results of a variety of chemical reactions. To become familiar with the observable signs of chemical
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Introduction: The NMR Spectrum serves as a great resource in determining the structure of an organic compound by revealing the hydrogen and carbon skeleton.
Background Information
1 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS/MS) Background Information Instructions for the Operation of the Varian CP-3800 Gas Chromatograph/ Varian Saturn 2200 GC/MS/MS See the Cary Eclipse Software
Nuclear Structure. particle relative charge relative mass proton +1 1 atomic mass unit neutron 0 1 atomic mass unit electron -1 negligible mass
Protons, neutrons and electrons Nuclear Structure particle relative charge relative mass proton 1 1 atomic mass unit neutron 0 1 atomic mass unit electron -1 negligible mass Protons and neutrons make up
6 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
6 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Water is by far the most common medium in which chemical reactions occur naturally. It is not hard to see this: 70% of our body mass is water and about 70% of the surface
VCE CHEMISTRY 2008 2011: UNIT 3 SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE
VCE CHEMISTRY 2008 2011: UNIT 3 SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE This sample course outline represents one possible teaching and learning sequence for Unit 3. 1 2 calculations including amount of solids, liquids
Molecular Models Experiment #1
Molecular Models Experiment #1 Objective: To become familiar with the 3-dimensional structure of organic molecules, especially the tetrahedral structure of alkyl carbon atoms and the planar structure of
NMR and other Instrumental Techniques in Chemistry and the proposed National Curriculum.
NMR and other Instrumental Techniques in Chemistry and the proposed National Curriculum. Dr. John Jackowski Chair of Science, Head of Chemistry Scotch College Melbourne john.jackowski@scotch.vic.edu.au
Solving Spectroscopy Problems
Solving Spectroscopy Problems The following is a detailed summary on how to solve spectroscopy problems, key terms are highlighted in bold and the definitions are from the illustrated glossary on Dr. Hardinger
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (IR)
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (IR) Theory and Interpretation of IR spectra ASSIGNED READINGS Introduction to technique 25 (p. 833-834 in lab textbook) Uses of the Infrared Spectrum (p. 847-853) Look over pages
Stoichiometry. What is the atomic mass for carbon? For zinc?
Stoichiometry Atomic Mass (atomic weight) Atoms are so small, it is difficult to discuss how much they weigh in grams We use atomic mass units an atomic mass unit (AMU) is one twelfth the mass of the catbon-12
Lab 6: Paper Chromatography. Pages145-154 Pre-lab page 151 No Post lab Chromatogram must be turned in attached to lab report
Lab 6: Paper Chromatography Pages145-154 Pre-lab page 151 No Post lab Chromatogram must be turned in attached to lab report Chromatography Chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate the
Chemistry 51 Chapter 8 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two substances: a solute and a solvent.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two substances: a solute and a solvent. Solute: substance being dissolved; present in lesser amount. Solvent: substance doing the dissolving; present
ph: Measurement and Uses
ph: Measurement and Uses One of the most important properties of aqueous solutions is the concentration of hydrogen ion. The concentration of H + (or H 3 O + ) affects the solubility of inorganic and organic
TOPIC 11: Acids and Bases
TOPIC 11: Acids and Bases ELECTROLYTES are substances that when dissolves in water conduct electricity. They conduct electricity because they will break apart into Ex. NaCl(s)! Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq), and
The Empirical Formula of a Compound
The Empirical Formula of a Compound Lab #5 Introduction A look at the mass relationships in chemistry reveals little order or sense. The ratio of the masses of the elements in a compound, while constant,
Q.1 Carbonyl compounds are formed by oxidation of alcohols;
arbonyl compounds 814 1 ARBYL MPUDS - Aldehydes and Ketones Q.1 arbonyl compounds are formed by oxidation of alcohols; a) Which type of alcohol is oxidised to an aldehyde? b) Which type of alcohol is oxidised
EXPERIMENT 20: Determination of ph of Common Substances
Materials: ph paper and color chart (ph range 3 to 12) or ph meter distilled water white vinegar household ammonia (or baking soda) spot plate test or 3 small test tubes stirring rod solutions / fruits
PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES
DETERMINACIÓN DE ESTRUCTURAS ORGÁNICAS (ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY) PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES Hermenegildo García Gómez Departamento de Química Instituto de Tecnología Química Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
E35 SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
E35 SPECTRSCPIC TECNIQUES IN RGANIC CEMISTRY TE TASK To use mass spectrometry and IR, UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy to identify organic compounds. TE SKILLS By the end of the experiment you should be able
IB Chemistry 1 Mole. One atom of C-12 has a mass of 12 amu. One mole of C-12 has a mass of 12 g. Grams we can use more easily.
The Mole Atomic mass units and atoms are not convenient units to work with. The concept of the mole was invented. This was the number of atoms of carbon-12 that were needed to make 12 g of carbon. 1 mole
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
CHEM 334L Organic Chemistry Laboratory Revision 2.0 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy In this laboratory exercise we will learn how to use the Chemistry Department's Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Chapter 8: Chemical Equations and Reactions
Chapter 8: Chemical Equations and Reactions I. Describing Chemical Reactions A. A chemical reaction is the process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. A chemical
CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate
CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate C8H8O3 Molecular Weight 152.15 1. Description White crystalline powder or colorless crystals. 2. Solubility Slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in
Mark Scheme (Results) January 2012. International GCSE Chemistry (4CH0) Paper 2C
Mark Scheme (Results) January 202 International GCSE Chemistry (4CH0) Paper 2C Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the world s leading learning company. We
Chapter 4. Chemical Composition. Chapter 4 Topics H 2 S. 4.1 Mole Quantities. The Mole Scale. Molar Mass The Mass of 1 Mole
Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Chapter 4 Topics 1. Mole Quantities 2. Moles, Masses, and Particles 3. Determining Empirical Formulas 4. Chemical Composition of Solutions Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Getting the most from this book...4 About this book...5
Contents Getting the most from this book...4 About this book....5 Content Guidance Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table...8 Topic 2 Bonding and structure...14 Topic 2A Bonding....14 Topic 2B
STANDARD ANSWERS AND DEFINITIONS
Evidence for Kekule s model to be wrong: STANDARD ANSWERS AND DEFINITIONS All C-C bond lengths are the same length, between C-C and C=C. Only reacts with Br2 with a halogen carrier Benzene is lower in
Introduction to Biodiesel Chemistry Terms and Background Information
Introduction to Biodiesel Chemistry Terms and Background Information Basic rganic Chemistry rganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with organic compounds. rganic compounds are compounds
Chemistry Diagnostic Questions
Chemistry Diagnostic Questions Answer these 40 multiple choice questions and then check your answers, located at the end of this document. If you correctly answered less than 25 questions, you need to
Instructions Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked.
GCSE CHEMISTRY Higher Tier Chemistry 1H H Specimen 2018 Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For this paper you must have: a ruler a calculator the periodic table (enclosed). Instructions Answer all
Summer Holidays Questions
Summer Holidays Questions Chapter 1 1) Barium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid. The initial concentration of the 1 st solution its 0.1M and the volume is 100ml. The initial concentration of the
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize organic molecules by identifying carbonhydrogen frameworks within
Practical Lesson No 4 TITRATIONS
Practical Lesson No 4 TITRATIONS Reagents: 1. NaOH standard solution 0.1 mol/l 2. H 2 SO 4 solution of unknown concentration 3. Phenolphthalein 4. Na 2 S 2 O 3 standard solution 0.1 mol/l 5. Starch solution
Q.1 Classify the following according to Lewis theory and Brønsted-Lowry theory.
Acid-base A4 1 Acid-base theories ACIDS & BASES - IONIC EQUILIBRIA 1. LEWIS acid electron pair acceptor H, AlCl 3 base electron pair donor NH 3, H 2 O, C 2 H 5 OH, OH e.g. H 3 N: -> BF 3 > H 3 N BF 3 see
CHEM 51LB EXP 1 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS: INFRARED AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
CHEM 51LB EXP 1 SPECTRSCPIC METHDS: INFRARED AND NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESNANCE SPECTRSCPY REACTINS: None TECHNIQUES: IR Spectroscopy, NMR Spectroscopy Infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Worked solutions to student book questions Chapter 7 Spectroscopy
Q1. Potassium chloride can be used instead of salt by people suffering from high blood pressure. Suppose, while cooking, someone spilt some potassium chloride in the flame of a gas stove. a What colour
Experiment 5. Chemical Reactions A + X AX AX A + X A + BX AX + B AZ + BX AX + BZ
Experiment 5 Chemical Reactions OBJECTIVES 1. To observe the various criteria that are used to indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred. 2. To convert word equations into balanced inorganic chemical
QUESTION (2012:3) (a) (i) Complete the table below showing the conjugate acids and bases. CO 3 H 2 O OH HCN CN -
QUESTION (2012:3) (i) Complete the table below showing the conjugate acids and bases. Conjugate acid Conjugate base - HCO 3 2 CO 3 H 2 O OH HCN CN - (ii) HPO 4 2 (aq) Write equations for the reactions
Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test
Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test 2. Write the IUPAC names for the following organic molecules: a) acetone: propanone d) acetylene: ethyne b) acetic acid: ethanoic acid e)
2014 Chemistry. Advanced Higher. Finalised Marking Instructions
204 hemistry Advanced igher Finalised Marking Instructions Scottish Qualifications Authority 204 The information in this publication may be reproduced to support SQA qualifications only on a non-commercial
Unit 6 The Mole Concept
Chemistry Form 3 Page 62 Ms. R. Buttigieg Unit 6 The Mole Concept See Chemistry for You Chapter 28 pg. 352-363 See GCSE Chemistry Chapter 5 pg. 70-79 6.1 Relative atomic mass. The relative atomic mass
Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission
2015. M33 Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2015 CHEMISTRY ORDINARY LEVEL TUESDAY, 16 JUNE AFTERNOON 2.00 TO 5.00 400 MARKS Answer eight questions
Chapter 5 Organic Spectrometry
Chapter 5 Organic Spectrometry from Organic Chemistry by Robert C. Neuman, Jr. Professor of Chemistry, emeritus University of California, Riverside orgchembyneuman@yahoo.com
YIELD YIELD REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Balancing Chemical Equations A Chemical Equation: is a representation of a chemical reaction in terms of chemical formulas Example: 1. Word Description of a Chemical Reaction When methane gas (CH 4 ) burns
EXPERIMENT 1 - Determination of the purity and identity of organic compounds by melting point and/or analytical thin layer chromatography
EXPERIMENT 1 - Determination of the purity and identity of organic compounds by melting point and/or analytical thin layer chromatography PART A Melting points and mixed melting points. As discussed in
Q.1 Classify the following according to Lewis theory and Brønsted-Lowry theory.
Acid-base 2816 1 Acid-base theories ACIDS & BASES - IONIC EQUILIBRIA LEWIS acid electron pair acceptor H +, AlCl 3 base electron pair donor NH 3, H 2 O, C 2 H 5 OH, OH e.g. H 3 N: -> BF 3 > H 3 N + BF
Formulas, Equations and Moles
Chapter 3 Formulas, Equations and Moles Interpreting Chemical Equations You can interpret a balanced chemical equation in many ways. On a microscopic level, two molecules of H 2 react with one molecule
4.5 Physical Properties: Solubility
4.5 Physical Properties: Solubility When a solid, liquid or gaseous solute is placed in a solvent and it seems to disappear, mix or become part of the solvent, we say that it dissolved. The solute is said
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H-NMR) Spectroscopy
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H-NMR) Spectroscopy Theory behind NMR: In the late 1940 s, physical chemists originally developed NMR spectroscopy to study different properties of atomic nuclei,
Organic Lab 1 Make-up Experiment. Extraction of Caffeine from Beverages. Introduction
Organic Lab 1 Make-up Experiment Extraction of Caffeine from Beverages Introduction Few compounds consumed by Americans are surrounded by as much controversy as caffeine. One article tells us that caffeine
Word Equations and Balancing Equations. Video Notes
Word Equations and Balancing Equations Video Notes In this lesson, you will: Use the law of conservation of mass and provide standard rules for writing and balancing equations. Write and balance equations