Name Class Date. KEY CONCEPT Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment.

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1 Section 1: Ecologists Study Relationships KEY CONCEPT Ecology is the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment. VOCABULARY ecology community ecosystem biome MAIN IDEA: Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization. Complete the table by filling in the blanks with the name of each level of organization studied by ecologists. Choose from the following terms: ecosystem, population, organism, biome, community. Level Description Example 1. Individual living thing A monkey 2. A group of the same species that live in one area Monkeys living in a forest 3. A group of different species that live together in one area 4. All of the organisms that live in a given area, as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks, and other nonliving things in that area 5. A major regional or global community of organisms, usually characterized by climate conditions and plant communities that live there Monkeys, birds, frogs, and plants that live together in a forest A decaying log in a forest Warm, moist regions near Earth s equator where tropical forests thrive Holt McDougal Biology 1 Principles of Ecology Section 1: Ecologists Study Relationships

2 continued MAIN IDEA: Ecological research methods include observation, experimentation, and modeling. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 6. is the act of carefully watching something over time. 7. A(n) survey makes use of evidence, such as the footprints left behind by animal, to follow animals that are difficult to track. 8. An experiment conducted in the takes place indoors and does not always reflect all of the interactions that occur in nature. 9. An experiment conducted in the takes place where an animal typically lives. 10. A scientist who studies an organism by using computers and mathematical data to simulate changes in its ecosystem uses a instead of an experiment. Vocabulary Check 11. is the study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their environment. 12. A contains both communities and ecosystems. Holt McDougal Biology 2 Principles of Ecology Section 1: Ecologists Study Relationships

3 Section 2: Biotic and Abiotic Factors KEY CONCEPT Every ecosystem includes both living and nonliving factors. VOCABULARY biotic abiotic biodiversity keystone species MAIN IDEA: An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors. Use a word from the box below to complete the sentence. abiotic living plants animals moisture temperature biotic nonliving 1. All ecosystems are made up of and components. 2. factors are living things. Examples of living things include and. 3. factors are nonliving things. Examples of nonliving things include and. MAIN IDEA: Changing one factor in an ecosystem can affect many other factors. Match each term to the letter of the phrase that best defines it. 4. biodiversity a. an organism that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem 5. keystone species b. the variety of living things in an ecosystem 6. approximate equilibrium c. the balance among the organisms living in an ecosystem Holt McDougal Biology 3 Principles of Ecology Section 2: Biotic and Abiotic Factors

4 continued Vocabulary Check Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence. 7. The beavers, fish, and birds that live in a pond are examples of. a. abiotic factors b. biodiversity c. keystone species d. biotic factors 8. An ecosystem that contains a large number of different species has a high level of. a. abiotic factors b. biodiversity c. keystone species d. biotic factors 9. The water in a pond and the soil along the edges and at the bottom of the pond are examples of. a. abiotic factors b. biodiversity c. keystone species d. biotic factors 10. By building dams, beavers can cause changes in a ecosystem that increase the number of fish, birds, and other animals that can live in there. Beavers are considered a(n). a. abiotic factors b. biodiversity c. keystone species d. biotic factors Holt McDougal Biology 4 Principles of Ecology Section 2: Biotic and Abiotic Factors

5 Section 3: Energy in Ecosystems KEY CONCEPT Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy. VOCABULARY producer autotroph consumer heterotroph chemosynthesis MAIN IDEA: Producers provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem. Complete the sentence with the correct term from the box below. autotrophs eating producers consumers heterotrophs sunlight 1. Organisms that get their energy from other organisms are called, or. 2. Organisms that make their own food are called, or. 3. Consumers survive by producers. 4. Most producers get their energy from. Holt McDougal Biology 5 Principles of Ecology Section 3: Energy in Ecosystems

6 continued MAIN IDEA: Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight. Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 5. true / false The process of using energy from sunlight to form carbohydrates is called chemosynthesis. 6. true / false Consumers cannot survive without producers. 7. true / false All of the energy in every ecosystem on Earth comes from sunlight. 8. true / false Some producers can live without sunlight. 9. true / false An animal that eats other animals does not depend on sunlight for its energy. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence. 10. The process of using energy from chemicals to form carbohydrates is called. Holt McDougal Biology 6 Principles of Ecology Section 3: Energy in Ecosystems

7 Section 4: Food Chains and Food Webs KEY CONCEPT Food chains and food webs model the flow of energy in an ecosystem. VOCABULARY food chain omnivore specialist food web herbivore detritivore generalist carnivore decomposer trophic level MAIN IDEA: A food chain is a model that shows a sequence of feeding relationships. Complete the sentence with the correct term. 1. A shows the feeding relationship that begins with one producer and links to a series of consumers within an ecosystem. Fill in the blank with the correct term from the box. carnivore generalist specialist decomposer detritivore herbivore omnivore 2. An organism that eats only plants is a(n). 3. An organism that eats only animals is a(n). 4. An organism that eats both plants and animals is a(n). 5. An organism that eats dead organic matter is a(n). 6. An organism that breaks down organic matter into simpler compounds is a(n). 7. An organism that eats primarily one species is a(n). 8. An organism that has a varied diet is a(n). Holt McDougal Biology 7 Principles of Ecology Section 4: Food Chains and Food Webs

8 continued Circle the letter of the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 9. The first consumer above the producer in a food chain is called an herbivore, or a. a. tertiary consumer b. secondary consumer c. primary consumer d. detritivore 10. In a food chain, the consumer that eats an herbivore is called a. a. tertiary consumer b. secondary consumer c. primary consumer d. detritivore 11. In a food chain, a consumer that eats a carnivore is called a. a. tertiary consumer b. secondary consumer c. primary consumer d. detritivore MAIN IDEA: A food web shows a complex network of feeding relationships. 12. A network of linked food chains forms a. 13. The type of organism that forms the base of every food chain is a. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 14. The levels of nourishment in a food chain are called. Holt McDougal Biology 8 Principles of Ecology Section 4: Food Chains and Food Webs

9 Section 5: Cycling of Matter KEY CONCEPT Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem. VOCABULARY hydrologic cycle biogeochemical cycle nitrogen fixation MAIN IDEA: Water cycles through the environment. Fill in the chart with the name of each process that describes how water moves through an ecosystem in the hydrologic cycle. Process Description 1. Rain or snow falls to earth. 2. Water vapor rises into the atmosphere. 3. Water vapor released by plants rises into the atmosphere. 4. Water vapor in the atmosphere forms clouds. Holt McDougal Biology 9 Principles of Ecology Section 5: Cycling of Matter

10 continued MAIN IDEA: Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 5. Plants, animals, and most other organisms need oxygen for cellular. 6. In the oxygen cycle, plants release oxygen as a waste product during the process of. 7. In the carbon cycle, plants take in from the air and convert it into organic material that becomes part of the plant s structure. 8. Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration and from the of dead organisms. 9. In the carbon cycle, the burning of fossil fuels releases into the atmosphere. 10. In the phosphorous cycle, that is released by the weathering of rocks can be taken up by plant roots and enter the food chain. Vocabulary Check Circle the letter of the phrase that best completes the sentence. 11. The conversion of gaseous nitrogen into ammonia by bacteria is called. a. photosynthesis b. respiration c. nitrogen fixation d. transpiration 12. The movement of a particular element through the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem is called a. a. hydrologic cycle b. phosphorous cycle c. nitrogen cycle d. biogeochemical cycle 13. The water cycle is also called the. a. hydrologic cycle b. phosphorous cycle c. nitrogen cycle d. biogeochemical cycle Holt McDougal Biology 10 Principles of Ecology Section 5: Cycling of Matter

11 Section 6: Pyramid Models KEY CONCEPT Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter in an ecosystem. VOCABULARY biomass energy pyramid MAIN IDEA: An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. Fill in the blank with the correct term or phrase from the box. biomass primary consumers tertiary consumers energy pyramid producers waste heat secondary consumers 1. The measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area is called. 2. When a consumer incorporates the biomass of a producer into its own biomass, a large amount of energy is lost as and. 3. The bottom tier of the energy pyramid shown below contains. 4. The second tier of the energy pyramid contains. 5. The third tier of the energy pyramid contains. 6. The top tier of the energy pyramid contains. Holt McDougal Biology 11 Principles of Ecology Section 6: Pyramid Models

12 continued MAIN IDEA: Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem s biomass and distribution of organisms. Complete the table by filling in the name of each pyramid model described. Model Description 7. Compares the amount of energy available at each trophic level of an ecosystem 8. Compares the biomass in each trophic level of an ecosystem 9. Compares the number of organisms present in each trophic level of an ecosystem Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 10. The conversion of from a producer into a consumer is not efficient. 11. A diagram that shows how the available energy changes from one trophic level to another is called a(n). Holt McDougal Biology 12 Principles of Ecology Section 6: Pyramid Models