Big Bang Theory PowerPoint
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1 Big Bang Theory PowerPoint
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3 Name: # Period: Recombination Photon Epoch Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Hadron Epoch Hadron Epoch Quark Epoch The Primordial Era Electroweak Epoch Inflationary Epoch Grand Unification Epoch Right on time Left is late
4 Big Bang Theory
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7 Color Code by Time Grand Unification Epoch Inflationary Epoch Electroweak Epoch Quark Epoch Hadron Epoch Lepton Epoch Photon Epoch
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9 Name: # Period: Recombination Photon Epoch Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Hadron Epoch Hadron Epoch Quark Epoch The Primordial Era Electroweak Epoch Inflationary Epoch Grand Unification Epoch Right on time Left is late
10 Big Bang Theory
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15 What is a Theory? A Theory is a system of rules and principles that can be applied to different circumstances. Usually there is evidence which suggests that a theory is true.
16 1) A Theory is only good until disproves it.
17 What is a Theory? A Natural Law is a theory that has been refined, tested, and confirmed. A Theory is only good until additional evidence disproves it.
18 1) A Theory is only good until additional evidence disproves it.
19 What is the Big Bang? The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory about the origin of the universe.
20 When was the universe created?
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34 CALVERT COSMIC TIMES 2016
35 When was the universe created? The universe was created between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago. It has been researched that the universe is 13.8 billion years old. A cosmic explosion hurled matter in all directions when the universe was born.
36 When was the universe created? The universe continued to expand from a hot and dense state and is still expanding.
37 What is the Big Bang? According to the Big Bang, the universe was created sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter in all directions.
38 What is the Big Bang? Our best understanding is 13.8 billion years old.
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40 Who first proposed the Big Bang? In 1927, the Belgian priest Georges Lemaître was the first to propose that the universe began with the explosion of a primeval atom.
41 Georges Lemaître
42 Who first proposed the Big Bang? Lemaître s proposal came after observing the red shift in distant nebulas by astronomers.
43 Red Shift Red shift indicates objects moving away from an observer.
44 Red Shift Wavelengths are longer, moved towards the red part of the spectrum
45 Red Shift
46 Blue Shift Blue shift indicates objects moving towards an observer.
47 Blue Shift Blueshift Wavelengths are shorter, moved towards the blue part of the spectrum
48 Blue Shift Blueshift Wavelengths are shorter, moved towards the blue part of the spectrum
49 Blue Shift
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51 Evidence for the Big Bang In 1929, Edwin Hubble found experimental evidence to help justify Lemaître's theory and confirm the redshifts.
52 Edwin Hubble
53 Whirlpool Galaxy
54 Space everywhere expands by a small percentage per second. There is more space between you and a distant galaxy than between you and a nearby galaxy. A small percentage of "more space" is bigger than a small percentage of "less space." Therefore, the more distant galaxy recedes faster.
55 Evidence for the Big Bang He found that distant galaxies in every direction are going away from us with speeds proportional to their distance.
56 Evidence for the Big Bang Galaxies are vast collections of stars. Galaxies like the Milky Way have hundreds of billions of stars.
57 Evidence for the Big Bang Some galaxies have trillions of stars while others have only a few million stars.
58 Whirlpool Galaxy
59 What does this mean? This means that the closer Galaxies are moving away from us slowly.
60 What does this mean? The farther Galaxies are moving away faster yet.
61 What does this mean? This means that the closer Galaxies are moving away from us slowly. The farther Galaxies are moving away faster yet.
62 Space everywhere expands by a small percentage per second. There is more space between you and a distant galaxy than between you and a nearby galaxy. A small percentage of "more space" is bigger than a small percentage of "less space." Therefore, the more distant galaxy recedes faster.
63 Expanding Raisins Galaxies in the Universe are like raisin bread, the close ones only move a little when baked.
64 Expanding Raisins When the bread bakes, the far raisins move the most.
65 dia/990404b.gif
66 Hubble s Law Tests of the Big Bang: Expansion This simple ratio between the distance and the speed of galaxies moving away from each other, set
67 Tests of the Big Bang: Expansion This ratio is now known as Hubble s law. It shows that the universe is expanding.
68 An Expanding and Accelerating Universe
69 Distance vs. Velocity Hubble s Law
70 Origin of the term Big Bang The term "Big Bang" was coined in 1949 by Fred Hoyle during a BBC radio program,
71 Foundations of the Big Bang Model oundations of the Big Bang Model
72 Foundations of the Big Bang Model The first key idea dates to 1916 when Einstein developed his General Theory of Relativity which he proposed as a new theory of gravity.
73 Foundations of the Big Bang Model His theory generalizes Isaac Newton's original theory of gravity, c. 1680, in that it is supposed to be valid for bodies in motion as well as bodies at rest. Newton's gravity is only valid for bodies at rest or moving very slowly compared to the speed of light (usually not too restrictive an assumption!).
74 Foundations of the Big Bang Model A key concept of General Relativity is that gravity is no longer described by a gravitational "field" but rather it is supposed to be a distortion of space and time itself. Physicist John Wheeler put it well when he said "Matter tells space how to curve, and space tells matter how to move."
75 Foundations of the Big Bang Model Originally, the theory was able to account for peculiarities in the orbit of Mercury and the bending of light by the Sun, both unexplained in Isaac Newton's theory of gravity. In recent years, the theory has passed a series of rigorous tests.
76 Foundations of the Big Bang Model
77 Foundations of the Big Bang Model After the introduction of General Relativity a number of scientists, including Einstein, tried to apply the new gravitational dynamics to the universe as a whole. At the time this required an assumption about how the matter in the universe was distributed.
78 Foundations of the Big Bang Model The simplest assumption to make is that if you viewed the contents of the universe with sufficiently poor vision, it would appear roughly the same everywhere and in every direction.
79 Foundations of the Big Bang Model That is, the matter in the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when averaged over very large scales.
80 Foundations of the Big Bang Model This is called the Cosmological Principle. This assumption is being tested continuously as we actually observe the distribution of galaxies on ever larger scales..
81 Foundations of the Big Bang Model The following picture shows how uniform the distribution of measured galaxies is over a 30 swath of the sky.
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83 Foundations of the Big Bang Model In addition the cosmic microwave background radiation, which is the leftover heat from the Big Bang is called the CMB.
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85 Foundations of the Big Bang Model CMB has a temperature which is highly uniform over the entire sky. This fact strongly supports the notion that the gas which emitted this radiation long ago was very uniformly distributed.
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87 Foundations of the Big Bang Model General Relativity and Cosmological Principle These two ideas form the entire theoretical basis for Big Bang cosmology and lead to very specific predictions for observable properties of the universe.
88 Tests of Big Bang Cosmology Expansion The Light Elements The CMB
89 Confirmation of the Theory The Big Bang Theory received its strongest confirmation when the cosmic background radiation was discovered in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson.
90 Confirmation of the Theory Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, later won the Nobel Prize for this discovery.
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92 Penzias and Wilson Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in front of the Bell Laboratories Radio Telescope. Click the picture to hear the sound.
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94 Background Radiation Penzias and Wilson found radio signals in all areas of the sky. These radio signals have a hissing sound. The radio waves are at a temperature of 3 degrees above absolute zero.
95 Support for the Theory The big bang was initially suggested because it explains why distant galaxies are traveling away from us at great speeds.
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97 Support for the Theory The theory also predicts the existence of cosmic background radiation (the glow left over from the explosion itself).
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99 Cosmic Background Radiation The Cosmic Background Radiation is microwave radiation found in all parts of the sky.
100 Cosmic Background Radiation The color changes are due to only 0.1 degrees of temperature difference.
101 What Does This Mean? If all the Galaxies are moving away from us, are we at the center of the Universe?
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103 What Does This Mean? No, if we could be on another galaxy we would see the same thing, everything would be moving away from that galaxy.
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105 The Center? This means that all matter seen in the Universe was formed at the same time, at the same place, in the center of the Universe.
106 The Center? Everything can be considered to be at the center of the Universe, according to your perspective.
107 Reversing Time Astronomers have taken all the Galaxies and moved them backward in time to the point when they would have come from the same point.
108 Reversing Time This point is called a singularity.
109 What was it like? Astrophysicists do not know the proper physics to describe the beginning exactly, but have some ideas.
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111 What was it like? At one ten millionth of a second, the temperature of the Universe was very hot, over 1 Trillion degrees.
112 MAP has produced a new, more detailed picture of the infant universe. Colors indicate "warmer" (red) and "cooler" (blue) spots. The white bars show the "polarization" direction o oldest light. This new information helps to pinpoint when the first stars formed and provides new clues about events that transpired in the first trillionth of a second of the universe
113 Density of the Beginning The density was estimated to have been more than 5 x grams per cubic centimeter.
114 Density of the Beginning This matter was highenergy photons. According to Einstein s Theory, energy can convert to matter.
115 Matter in the Universe As energy converted to matter, antimatter was also created. This antimatter and matter collided, giving back energy to the system.
116 Matter in the Universe As the Universe continued to expand, the temperature cooled.
117 4 Seconds of Time After 4 seconds of time, the Universe had cooled enough for electrons, protons, and neutrons to form.
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120 30 Minutes of Time By the time the Universe was 30 minutes old it had cooled sufficiently that nuclear reactions had combined to form elements.
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122 30 Minutes of Time 75 % hydrogen 25 % helium
123 30 Minutes of Time 25 % helium 75 % hydrogen
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125 300,000 years At 379,000 years from the Big Bang, the Universe had cooled enough for it to become transparent and light could escape. Before this time, no light could escape.
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127 300,000 years The temperature had reached 3,000 degrees.
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129 Dark Age As the Universe continued to expand, the glow of the Big Bang had faded so it became dark.
130 Dark Age Eventually, matter coalesced from nebulas of dust and gas to form stars. These stars had no metals in them.
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133 First Stars The first stars formed with the ratio of 75% hydrogen (H) and 25% helium. These were massive stars and were very unstable and lived for a short time.
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136 First Stars These were massive stars and were very unstable and lived for a short time, before exploding in extreme violence as a supernova explosion.
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139 First Stars These massive stars exploded giving rise to more massive elements, such as oxygen, nitrogen, iron, and uranium.
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145 Element Abundance (% of total Abundance number of atoms) (% of total mass) Hydrogen Helium Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Silicon Magnesium Neon Iron Sulfur
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147 Birth of Black Holes As Galaxies formed, the first massive stars formed in the center of the Galaxy where most of the matter was found.
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149 Birth of Black Holes When these massive stars exploded they formed Black Holes. We see evidence of these Black Holes in the first Galaxies.
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152 Black Holes As matter gets sucked into the Black Hole, energy leaves as a jet at the poles.
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155 Is all matter light, such as hydrogen and helium? Our Solar System has a lot of heavier elements, such as iron and uranium. These elements were not found in the early Universe.
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157 Is all matter light, such as hydrogen and helium? It has been suggested that the matter for our solar system is 3 rd generation, meaning it has been a part of at least 2 other stars which have exploded.
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159 Star Dust Heavy elements can only be made from the explosion of massive stars.
160 Star Dust Due to the fact that our bodies are made of heavier elements, such as iron in our blood, we can say that humans are made of Star Dust.
161 19. Because humans have heavy elements In their bodies, we are made of
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164 Accelerating Universe When we look into the depths of space, we see a myriad number of galaxies, all moving away from us.
165 Accelerating Universe These galaxies are accelerating. This means they are going faster and faster.
166 What Causes This Acceleration? Something must be causing the Universe to go faster.
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168 What Causes This Acceleration? Dark Matter & Dark Energy are suggested to be causing this acceleration.
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171 The Visible Universe The dark energy is the push that causes our Universe to accelerate outward.
172 The Visible Universe is only 4% visible matter, dark matter about 30%, and dark energy about 66%.
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176 Will the Universe keep expanding? Astronomers think with the amount of matter found in the Universe, that the Universe will keep accelerating and expanding forever outward.
177 What will happen to the Universe? As the Universe continues to expand, the stars and galaxies will become farther away and more difficult to see.
178 What will happen to the Universe? Eventually, all the stars and galaxies that we currently see will slowly burn out leaving the Universe dark and cold.
179 The Hubble Deep Field picture shows thousands of galaxies, some at the beginning of their formation.
180 The Hubble Ultra Deep Field picture shows thousands of galaxies, some at the beginning of their formation.
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186 What is the End? This is the end of our powerpoint. The end of the universe will look like this
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191 The Dark Era BlackHole Era Degenerate Era Stelliferous Era Dark Ages Photon Epoch
192 The Dark Era BlackHole Era Degenerate Era Stelliferous Era Dark Ages Photon Epoch
193 Color Code by Time Grand Unification Epoch Inflationary Epoch Electroweak Epoch Quark Epoch Hadron Epoch Lepton Epoch Photon Epoch
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