Atoms & Matter. Lecture 2, Oct. 6 Astronomy 102, Autumn Oct. 6, 2008 #1. Astronomy 102, Autumn 2008, E. Agol & J. Dalcanton U.W.
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1 Atoms & Matter Lecture 2, Oct. 6 Astronomy 102, Autumn 2009 Oct. 6, 2008 #1
2 Atoms & Matter Lecture 2, Oct. 6 Astronomy 102, Autumn 2009 Oct. 6, 2008 #2
3 Questions of the Day What is the structure of an atom? How do elements differ from each other? What are the four basic states of matter? How do they depend upon temperature? What is the condition of atoms in the various states of matter? Oct. 6, 2008 #3
4 I. The basic building block of normal matter is the atom 1. Electrons Small Mass Negative (-1) charge 2. Up quarks Massive Positive (+2/3) charge 3. Down quarks Massive Negative (-1/3) charge Not drawn to scale! Oct. 6, 2008 #4
5 Quarks ( subatomic particles ) Give protons & neutrons their mass and charge. As far as we know, quarks & electrons are the fundamental building blocks of matter! Oct. 6, 2008 #5
6 Murray Gell Mann (1929- ) Avid linguist & physicist Went to Yale at 15! Quark came from James Joyce Finnegan s Wake He likes whimsical names: Eightfold Way, up, down, strange quarks, Color charge, gluons, plectics,... Oct. 6, 2008 #6
7 The Nucleus Protons and Neutrons have almost the same mass. They are tiny in size Held together by the strong nuclear force nucleus size = 1/100,000 of the size of an atom Oct. 6, 2008 #7
8 The structure an atom: Electron Cloud 1/10 billion Atoms (300 million across this dot) m 1/100,000 Nucleus m Oct. 6, 2008 #8
9 II. The basic rules of atoms a) An atom wants to have as many electrons as protons (i.e. it wants to be electrically NEUTRAL, with no net charge) Oct. 6, 2008 #9
10 b) The number of protons strongly defines how the atom behaves chemically. # of protons ELEMENT Atomic Number Hydrogen Helium Carbon Oxygen Iron Oct. 6, 2008 #10
11 The Periodic Table Each box is a different element, with a different number of protons. Oct. 6, 2008 #11
12 The Periodic Table Andrew Plotkin C2003 Oct. 6, 2008 #12
13 c) Neutrons add mass, but don t change much about how the atom behaves # of neutrons Same element, but different isotopes. Atomic Mass Oct. 6, 2008 #13
14 d) The structure of the electrons is affected by the energy of the atom. Low energy electrons close in. High energy electrons further out. Oct. 6, 2008 #14
15 e) Highly energetic electrons can be stripped from the atom: Ionization See ya! p e Leftover positively charged atom is called an ion neutral hydrogen Oct. 6, 2008 #15
16 f) Atoms combine to form molecules by sharing electrons, but the nuclei don t interact (usually). H H O H 2 0 = Water! Oct. 6, 2008 #16
17 Question 1: An ordinary atom of Helium has 2 protons + 2 neutrons in its nucleus. An atom with: 2 protons is: 1 neutrons 2 electrons A. Neutral Helium B. Ionized Helium C. A neutral isotope of Helium D. An ionized isotope of Helium E. An element other than Helium Oct. 6, 2008 #17
18 Question 2: An ordinary atom of Helium has 2 protons + 2 neutrons in its nucleus. An atom with: 3 protons is: 2 neutrons 2 electrons A. Neutral Helium B. Ionized Helium C. A neutral isotope of Helium D. An ionized isotope of Helium E. An element other than Helium Oct. 6, 2008 #18
19 Question 3: An ordinary atom of Helium has 2 protons + 2 neutrons in its nucleus. An atom with: 2 protons is: 2 neutrons 1 electrons A. Neutral Helium B. Ionized Helium C. A neutral isotope of Helium D. An ionized isotope of Helium E. An element other than Helium Oct. 6, 2008 #19
20 Elements, Atoms, & Molecules: Why are they important? universe is made of elements, atoms, and/or molecules raw material for planets, stars, & galaxies Almost all light in the universe is generated through processes related to elements, atoms, & molecules. Oct. 6, 2008 #20
21 Of all the possible elements, the Universe is made up almost entirely of Hydrogen and Helium. Hydrogen Helium Anything heavier than helium= metals Oct. 6, 2008 #21
22 Of all the possible elements, the Universe is made up almost entirely of Hydrogen and Helium. Oct. 6, 2008 #22
23 III. Elements occur in many different forms a) Solids The surface of the moon, taken during the Apollo 17 mission. Interstellar dust cloud Oct. 6, 2008 #23
24 b) Liquids (not much) Oceans Oct. 6, 2008 #24
25 c) Gas (lots!) Optical Hydrogen Gas Milky Way Galaxy Oct. 6, 2008 #25
26 d) Plasma or ionized gas (electrons are ripped from atoms) Star formation regions Oct. 6, 2008 #26
27 IV. How does temperature affect the state of matter? Temperature alters the structure of the atoms and/or molecules. Oct. 6, 2008 #27
28 States of Matter Temperature changes how closely atoms and molecules are bound to each other Oct. 6, 2008 #28
29 At extreme temperatures: 1. Molecules dissociate = Atoms cannot remain bound together 2. Atoms lose their electrons = ionization = plasma p e See ya! (Wouldn t wanna be ya) Oct. 6, 2008 #29
30 Note: These changes in phase do not take place at the exact same temperature for all materials Nitrogen is a liquid even when it s very cold ( 77 degrees above absolute zero = -321 F) A saucepan is still solid even when water changes from liquid to gas Oct. 6, 2008 #30
31 Oct. 6, 2008 #31
32 Oct. 6, 2008 #32
33 Recap An atom is made of a nucleus (made of protons & neutrons) plus electron cloud Number of protons determines chemical element Number of neutrons -> isotope Number of electrons -> neutral or ion Atoms make up molecules - chemistry Solid, liquid, gas & plasma phases are determined by increasing temperature Oct. 6, 2008 #33
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