Families of Elements. By Samantha Welshons College Chemistry Period 6
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1 Families of Elements By Samantha Welshons College Chemistry Period 6
2 Hydrogen Hydrogen has one valence electron Considered fairly reactive because it only has one valence electron Not an Alkali Metal ~ Only considered group 1 because it has one valence electron Hydrogen is an odorless, colorless gas It is the most abundant element in the universe Hydrogen s atomic number is 1 and symbol is H The density of Hydrogen is the lowest of all gases
3 Group 1 Alkali Metals Alkali Metals are the most reactive Lithium is an Alkali Metal When it reacts, an Alkali Metal can lose an ion to form a +1 cation Alkali Metals are soft and shiny ~ It has 1 valence electron Lithium has the highest specific heat of any solid element ~ Because of this, it is often used for heat transfer applications Lithium is also used in air conditioning system It is a silvery colored metal The scientific number of Lithium is 3 and its symbol is Li
4 Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals (AEM) Alkaline Earth Metals have 2 valence electrons Strontium is an Alkaline Earth Metal Alkaline Earth Metals react with other elements to create +2 cations AEM are slightly less reactive than Alkali Metals ~ It has 2 valence electrons Strontium is a soft and silvery metal It burns in air and reacts with water The salts of Strontium are what make the color red in fireworks The atomic number of Strontium is 38 and symbol is Sr Originally thought that Strontium and Barium were the same element
5 Groups 312 Transition Metals Transition Metals are much less reactive than Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals Niobium is an example of a Transition Metal They can lose electrons to become + cations Elements in groups 3 through 12 can have either one or two valence electrons ~ It has 1 valence electron Niobium s atomic number is 41 and symbol is Nb It can be used in the jet engines of rockets Niobium has superconductive properties so it is used for superconductive magnets The color of Niobium depends on its thickness It was first named Colombium
6 Group 13 Boron Elements in Group 13 have 3 valence electrons These elements react with others to create +3 cations Boron is the only nonmetal in the group Gallium is a member of the Boron family ~ It has three valence electrons Gallium is a soft, shiny metal (much like Aluminum) It is used in microwaves Gallium is also used for recording temperatures of substances that would normally vaporize a normal thermometer The atomic number of Gallium is 31 and symbol is Ga Also used to make semiconductors
7 Group 14 Carbon Group 14 is the Carbon Family Silicon is a member of the Carbon Family Elements in this group have 4 valence electrons Carbon Family elements normally don t form ions, but share electrons The Carbon Family is usually very unreactive ~ Silicon has 4 valence electrons In a solid form, Silicon can be used for computer parts Silicon, as silicate, is used for pottery and hightemperature ceramics Silicon is the second most common element in the earth s crust It is a metalloid Silicon s atomic number is 14 and symbol is Si
8 Group 15 Nitrogen Elements in the Nitrogen Family have 5 valence electrons Arsenic is a member of the Nitrogen Family They gain three electrons to form 3 anions Elements in this group can be Metal, NonMetals, and SemiMetals ~ It has 5 valence electrons The atomic number of Arsenic is 33 and its symbol is As Prawns are known to have high levels of Arsenic within them Arsenic is a bright, silvergrey color It is a SemiMetal Arsenic is used in Pyrotechnics
9 Group 16 Oxygen Elements in Group 16 have 6 valence electrons Tellurium These elements can gain two electrons to form 2 anions Elements of the Oxygen Family tend to be fairly reactive is a member of the Oxygen Family ~ It has 6 valence electrons Tellurium s atomic number is 52 and symbol is Te It occurs as a grey powder The compounds of Tellurium are poisonous and cause body odors when a person comes in contact with them When added to lead, it improves its strength Tellurium can be used in ceramics
10 Group 17 Halogen Elements in Group 17 have 7 valence electrons Astatine is a member of the Halogen Family Halogen Family elements gain one electron to form 1 anions These elements are the most reactive of the nonmetals ~ It has 7 valence electrons The atomic number and symbol of Astatine are 85 and At It is dangerously radioactive and created in nuclear power plants Astatine acts chemically much like Iodine At room temperature, Astatine is a gas Astatine comes from the Greek word astatos, which means unstable
11 Group 18 Noble Gas Noble Gas Family Elements have 8 valence electrons Because their outermost layer is full, they do not form ions ~ This means that they are inert All Noble Gases conduct electricity Argon is a Noble Gas ~ It has 8 valence electrons The atomic number for Argon is 18 and the symbol is Ar Argon is used in fluorescent light bulbs It is the third most abundant gas in the atmosphere Argon is also used as a sort of blanket when producing reactive substances due to its lack of reactivity Argon wasn t truly discovered until 1894 when two people separated it from liquid air
12 Lanthanides Lanthanides are very reactive They have high melting and boiling points The Lanthanide group is named for the first element in the group, which is Lanthanum Samarium is a Lanthanide ~ It has 2 valence electrons The atomic number for Samarium is 62 and the symbol is Sm Samarium is a silvery metal It can be used for studio lighting and projection When used with calcium fluoride crystals, Samarium can be used for optical lasers This element is also used as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors
13 Actinides All Actinides are radioactive They can react with boiling water or dilute acid to create Hydrogen Gas The Actinide family is named for the first element in the group, which is Actinium Thorium is a member of the Actinide family ~ It has 2 valence electrons and is radioactive Thorium s atomic number is 90 and symbol is Th This element is used primarily for gas lights Thorium is about three times more abundant than Uranium Most likely, there is more energy available with Thorium than with Uranium combined with fossil fuels Thorium can be found in the USA in large deposits
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