Theories of Personality

Transcription

1 EIGHTH EDITION Theories of Personality Richard M. Ryckman University of Maine THOMSON * WADSWORTH Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

2 Preface xvii PART ONE An Introduction to the Discipline CHAPTER 1 PERSONALITY AND THE SCIENTIFIC OUTLOOK 2 Why Study Personality? 2 Defining Personality 4 The Scientific Study of Personality 5 Building Scientific Theories 6 Inductive versus Deductive Approaches 6 The Establishment of Laws 8 Testing the Theories: Research Methods 8 Experimental Method 9 Correlational Method 11 Case-Study Method 15 Criteria for Evaluating Scientific Theories 17 Critical Thinking Questions 20 Glossary 21 Suggested Readings 24 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 25

3 Part Two Psychoanalytic and Neoanalytic Perspectives 27 CHAPTER 2 FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY 32 Biographical Sketch 32 Concepts and Principles 36 The Role of Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious Forces in Personality 36 Instincts: The Driving Forces in Personality 37 Structural Theory of Personality and Its Dynamics 39 Defense Mechanisms 41 Personality Development 45 The Theory of Psychosexual Development 45 Character Types 50 Research Evidence for the Theory of Psychosexual Development 51 Assessment Techniques 55 Free Association 55 Dream Analysis 58 Transference 59 Theory's Implications for Therapy 61 Evaluative Comments 64 Critical Thinking Questions 68 Glossary 69 Suggested Readings 73 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 73 CHAPTER 3 JUNG'S ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY Biographical Sketch 74 Concepts and Principles 77 The Psyche 78 Archetypes 80 The Theory of Psychological Types 88 Personality Development 96 Self-Realization 96 Neurosis and Psychosis 97 Assessment Techniques 98 Dream Analysis 98 Method of Amplification 100 Word Association Test 101 Painting Therapy

4 vi Contents Theory's Implications for Therapy 102 Evaluative Comments 104 Critical Thinking Questions 107 Glossary 107 Suggested Readings 110 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 110 CHAPTER 4 ADLER'S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY 111 Biographical Sketch 111 Concepts and Principles 113 The Struggle for Perfection 114 Creative Evolution and Social Interest 115 Feelings of Inferiority and the Striving for Superiority 116 Style of Life and the Creative Self 118 Personality Development 118 Parental Influence in Early Childhood 118 Birth Order 120 Birth Order Research Evidence 121 Development of a Destructive Lifestyle 126 Development of a Constructive Lifestyle 127 Adler's Four Major Lifestyle Types 127 Assessment Techniques 129 Early Recollections 129 Dream Analysis 131 Birth-Order Analysis 131 Theory's Implications for Therapy 132 Evaluative Comments 133 Critical Thinking Questions 135 Glossary 135 Suggested Readings 136 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 137 CHAPTER 5 HORNETS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PSYCHOANALYSIS 138 Biographical Sketch 138 Concepts and Principles 141 Hypercompetitiveness: The Unfailing Center of Neurosis 141 The Etiology of Neuroses in the Family 143 The Use of Neurotic Strategies to Cope with Feelings of Basic Anxiety 143 The Three Basic Neurotic Trends 148 The Basic Conflict in Neurosis 149

5 vii Personality Development 152 Horney's Critique of Freud 152 Horney's Humanistic View of Development 156 Empirical Evidence: Irrational Beliefs and Psychopathology 160 Assessment Techniques 162 Theory's Implications for Therapy 163 Evaluative Comments 164 Critical Thinking Questions 166 Glossary 167 Suggested Readings 168 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 169 CHAPTER 6 ERIKSON'S PSYCHOANALYTIC EGO PSYCHOLOGY 170 Biographical Sketch 170 Concepts and Principles 175 Ego Psychology: Liberalizing the Psychoanalytic Position 175 The Epigenetic Principle 176 Personality Development 177 The Stages of Ego Development 177 Research Support for the Theory of Ego Development 187 Assessment Techniques 199 Theory's Implications for Therapy 201 Evaluative Comments 203 Critical Thinking Questions 205 Glossary 206 Suggested Readings 209 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 209 CHAPTER 7 KOHUT'S SELF PSYCHOLOGY 210 Biographical Sketch 210 Concepts and Principles 212 Self Psychology: The Newest Development in Classical Psychoanalysis 212 Self Psychology as Object-Relations Theory 213 Personality Development 214 Pre-Oedipal Development of the Nuclear Self 214 Pre-Oedipal Development: The Oral and Anal Stages 219 Oedipal Development: The Phallic Stage 220 Post-Oedipal Development: The Latency and Genital Stages 222

6 viii Contents Disturbances to the Self 224 Typology for Narcissistic Personality and Behavior Disorders 226 The Role of Narcissism in the Development of the Self 230 Research Support for the Theory of Self Development 233 Assessment Techniques 237 Empathy as the Primary Data Collection Tool 237 Free Association 238 Dream Analysis 238 Transference 239 Theory's Implications for Therapy 241 Evaluative Comments 244 Critical Thinking Questions 248 Glossary 249 Suggested Readings 253 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 253 PART THREE Trait Perspectives 255 CHAPTER 8 ALLPORT'S TRAIT THEORY 262 Biographical Sketch 262 Concepts and Principles 264 A Humanistic View of Personality 264 The Theory of Traits 266 What Is a Trait? 267 Personality Development 269 The Proprium, or Self 269 Development of the Mature Personality 273 Functional Autonomy 274 Characteristics of Maturity 275 The Role of Religion as a Unifying Philosophy of Life 277 Study of Values 278 Assessment Techniques 279 Idiographic versus Nomothetic Approach 279 An Idiographic Analysis 281 Theory's Implications for Therapy 284 Evaluative Comments 285 Critical Thinking Questions 287 Glossary 288 Suggested Readings 289 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 289

7 CHAPTER 9 CATTELL'S STRUCTURE-BASED SYSTEMS THEORY 290 Biographical Sketch 290 Concepts and Principles 292 Approach to Theory Building 292 Methodology: Factor Analysis 294 Defining Personality 298 Classifying Traits 298 Major Source Traits or Primary Factors 301 Research with the 16 PF 307 Major Global or Second-Order Factors 308 The Major Abnormal Traits 309 Dynamic Traits and the Dynamic Lattice 309 The Econetic Model 313 Dynamic Calculus 314 Personality Development 316 The Role of Heredity and Environment 316 The Role of Learning 317 Theory of Abnormal Development 319 Assessment Techniques 322 Theory's Implications for Therapy 323 Beyondism: A New Morality Based on Science 324 Evaluative Comments 329 Critical Thinking Questions 331 Glossary 332 Suggested Readings 335 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 335 CHAPTER 10 EYSENCK'S BIOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY 336 Biographical Sketch 336 Concepts and Principles 339 Identifying and Measuring the Main Dimensions of Personality 340 Inhibition Theory 347 Arousal Theory 348 Personality Development 356 The Role of Heredity 356 The Role of Socialization 357 Intelligence, Heredity, and Social Policy 359 Assessment Techniques 363 Theory's Implications for Therapy 364 Acquisition of Neurotic Behavior through Classical Conditioning 365

8 Elimination of Neurotic Behavior through Counterconditioning 365 Use of Behavior Therapy to Eliminate Disorders Evaluative Comments 370 Critical Thinking Questions 372 Glossary 373 Suggested Readings 375 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms PART FOUR Cognitive Perspectives 377 CHAPTER 11 KELLY'S THEORY OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS 380 Biographical Sketch 380 Concepts and Principles 382 Constructive Alternativism 382 Every Person as Scientist 383 The Nature of Constructs and Construing 384 Additional Characteristics of Constructs 385 The Fundamental Postulate and Its Corollaries 388 Personality Development 391 Assessment Techniques 393 The Role Construct Repertory Test 393 Research Applications of the RCRT 396 Theory's Implications for Therapy 399 The Role of the Therapist 399 The Therapeutic Conference and Role Playing 402 Self-Characterization Sketches and Fixed-Role Therapy 403 Assessment and Treatment of Schizophrenics 405 Evaluative Comments 408 Critical Thinking Questions 410 Glossary 411 Suggested Readings 412 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 413 PART FIVE Humanistic/Existential Perspectives 415 CHAPTER 12 MASLOWS SELF-ACTUALIZATION POSITION 420 Biographical Sketch 420

9 Concepts and Principles 423 Humanistic Biology and Self-Actualization 423 The Hierarchy of Human Needs 423 B-Cognition and Actualization 430 Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People 431 Personality Development 433 Assessment Techniques 434 Identifying Self-Actualizers 434 The Personal Orientation Inventory 435 Research Applications of the POI 438 Theory's Implications for Therapy 439 Evaluative Comments 440 Critical Thinking Questions 442 Glossary 443 Suggested Readings 444 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 444 CHAPTER 13 ROGERS'S PERSON-CENTERED THEORY 445 Biographical Sketch 445 Concepts and Principles 448 The Fundamental Perspective: The Person's Experiences as the Ultimate Authority 448 The Master Motive: Self-Actualizing Tendency 448 Personality Development 449 The Valuing Process in Infants 449 The Valuing Process in Adults 451 The Fully Functioning Person 452 The Social Self and the True Self 454 Empirical Support for the Self Theory 456 Assessment Techniques 457 Theory's Implications for Therapy 458 Therapeutic Conditions That Facilitate Growth 459 Empirical Support for the Theory of Therapy 462 Theory's Implications for Education 464 Theory's Implications for Marriage 466 Evaluative Comments 469 Critical Thinking Questions 471 Glossary 471 Suggested Readings 472 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 473

10 xii Contents CHAPTER 14 MAY'S EXISTENTIAL-ANALYTIC POSITION 474 Biographical Sketch 474 Concepts and Principles 476 What Is Existentialism? 476 Existentialism and Psychoanalysis 480 Three Modes of Being-in-the-World 482 Values Disintegration in Modern Society and the Loss of Our Moral Compass 483 Emptiness and Loneliness 486 The Emergence of Anxiety 487 The Expansion of Consciousness 488 Personality Development 489 Assessment Techniques 491 Theory's Implications for Therapy 492 The Goal of Therapy 492 The Case of Mrs. Hutchens 492 Evaluative Comments 494 Critical Thinking Questions 495 Glossary 496 Suggested Readings 497 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 497 PART SIX Social-Behavioristic Perspectives 499 CHAPTER 15 SKINNER'S OPERANT ANALYSIS 505 Biographical Sketch 505 Concepts and Principles 508 Scientific Behaviorism 508 Free Will versus Determinism 510 Personality from the Perspective of a Radical Behaviorist 512 Operant Conditioning 513 Personality Development 524 A Schedule-of-Reinforcement Approach 524 The Development of Normal and Abnormal Personalities 525 Assessment Techniques 526 Theory's Implications for Therapy 527 Psychopathology and Behavior Modification 527 Discrimination Training 527 Time Out from Reinforcement 529 Theory's Implications for Education 538

11 Theory's Implications for Society 541 Evaluative Comments 545 Critical Thinking Questions 547 Glossary 548 Suggested Readings 551 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 551 CHAPTER 16 ROTTER'S EXPECTANCY-REINFORCEMENT VALUE MODEL 552 Biographical Sketch 552 Concepts and Principles 553 Motivation 554 Social-Learning Concepts 556 Personality Development 559 Assessment Techniques 561 Internal I External Control and the IE Scale 563 Research on I-E 564 Theory's Implications for Therapy 572 Evaluative Comments 575 Critical Thinking Questions 576 Glossary 577 Suggested Readings 578 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 578 CHAPTER 17 BANDURA'S SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY 579 Biographical Sketch 579 Concepts and Principles 580 Assumptions of the Social-Cognitive Approach 580 Modeling Theory 583 Aggression and Violence in Films, Television, and Video Games 585 Research Evidence for Aggression and Violence in Our Society 586 Efficacy Expectations 590 Research on Self-Efficacy 593 Personality Development 596 Assessment Techniques 600 Theory's Implications for Therapy 600 Modeling of Others as a Therapeutic Technique 600 Self-Modeling as a Therapeutic Technique 604 Efficacy Expectations and Phobia Reduction 605 Evaluative Comments 608

12 Critical Thinking Questions 610 Glossary 610 Suggested Readings 611 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 611 PART SEVEN The Role of the Grand Personality Theories in Contemporary Personality Psychology 613 CHAPTER 18 THEORY AND RESEARCH IN CONTEMPORARY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 615 Heuristic Value of the Grand Theories in Five Important Areas 615 Area 1: A Focus on Biological Contributions to Personality 616 Area 2: The Need for a Multicultural Perspective on Personality 623 Area 3: The Use of the Big Five Supertraits to Increase Our Understanding of Personality 637 Area 4: The Use of Personal Goals as a Unifying Concept in Understanding Personality 646 Area 5: The Promise of Positive Psychology to Broaden Our Understanding of Human Personality 652 Personality Psychology in the 21st Century 658 Critical Thinking Questions 659 Glossary 659 Suggested Readings 661 InfoTrac College Edition Search Terms 661 References 662 Credits 683 Name Index 685 Subject Index 691