Respiratory System #2
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- Agnes May
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1 Respiratory System #2 The goal of these lectures is to discuss basic respiratory physiology. This lecture will discuss gas transport, control, hypoxia and non-respiratory functions of lungs. The sections for this lecture are: Transport of gases PO2, PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG, Hb saturation Bhor, Haldane, respiratory acidosis / alkalosis Neural control of ventilation Rhythmical breathing, PO2, PCO2, and H + conc. Exercise, other ventilatory responses Hypoxia and non-respiratory functions of lungs) Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude Non-respiratory functions of the lungs (start kidney) 12 Life is a series of chemical reactions occurring in compartmentalized environments. The main purpose of life is to keep itself alive Physiology, the study of how life works, is based on the simultaneous occurrence of the following three concepts: levels of organization structure / function relationship homeostatic regulation FROM YOUR FACEBOOK SITE S receptor E Dr. Advis Class Help (a Facebook site developed and run by undergraduate students) 1
2 Course Outline Topic # Topic lecture Silverthorn Week 1 to week 2 Topic #1 Topic #2 Introduction (pre-requisite material) Membranes (pre-requisite material) Pre-requisite Material (chapter # 5) Topic #3 Homeostasis and Signal Transduction 6 lectures, Topic #4 Endocrine Communication and the Endocrine System 7 recitations, Topic #5 Neural Communication and the Sensory System 8-11 office hours, review, Topic #6 Muscle, Muscle Contraction and their Regulation exam1 (chapter # 8) REVIEW #1 material from topic #01 #06 EXAM #1 material from topic #01 #06 (33%) Week 3 to week 4 Topic #7 Topic #8 Basic Physiology of the Cardiovascular System Basic Physiology of the Respiratory System lectures, recitations, review, exam2 Topic #9 Basic Physiology of the Renal System (chapter # 7) REVIEW #2 material from topic #01 #09 EXAM #2 material from topic #01 #09 (33%) Week 5 to week 6 Topic #10 Topic #11 Basic Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System Food Intake, Metabolism, Energy Balance and Exercise lectures, recitations, review, exam3 Topic #12 From Sexual Differentiation to Adult Reproduction 26 (chapter # 6) REVIEW #3 material from topic #01 #12 EXAM #3 material from topic #01 #12 (33%) (all tests are cumulative) PCO2 PO2 ph Pa inputs neural CV center cardio + cardio - vasoconstriction output chemo & baroreceptors extrinsic periphery heart intrinsic lung (local control) (local control) baroreceptor mechanism (e.g. carotid sinus) where we would like to be at the end of the cardiovascular and respiratory sections, by the end of this week 2
3 Respiratory System ( lectures ) Introduction (lecture #11) Structure / function, gas laws, lungs / chest wall relations, pressures / forces Lung mechanics (lecture #11) Ventilation, inspiration / expiration, complience / resitance Lung volume /capacities, alveolar ventilation / dead space Partial pressures of gases and their diffusion in liquids Alveolar gas pressures and alveolar - blood exchange Matching alveolar ventilation and alveolar blood flow Gas exchange in tissues Transport of O2, CO2 & H ions in blood (lecture #12) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis Control of respiration (lecture #12) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc Control of ventilation during exercise Other ventilatory responses Hypoxia and non-respiratory functions of lungs (lecture #12) Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude Non-respiratory functions of the lungs Transport of gases ( Hb role ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis 3
4 Transport of gases ( Hb role ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis Transport of gases ( Hb role ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis 4
5 Transport of gases ( Hb role ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis Gas exchange as function of capillary length Transport of gases ( Hb role ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis 5
6 Transport of gases ( O2 diffusion ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis 6
7 Transport of gases ( O2 diffusion ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis HCO3 ph = pk + log H2CO3 (increased affinity) (decreased affinity) base ph = pk + log acid ph = pk + log Bohr effect HCO3 PCO2 Transport of gases ( O2 diffusion ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis In the lungs ph = pk + log base acid HCO3 ph = pk + log H2CO3 ph = pk + log HCO3 PCO2 7
8 In the lungs Transport of gases ( CO2 diffusion ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis HCO3 ph = pk + log H2CO3 ph = pk + log HCO3 PCO2 8
9 Transport of gases ( O2-Hb ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis (increased affinity) (increased affinity) (decreased affinity) (decreased affinity) (increased affinity) ph = pk + log base acid (decreased affinity) HCO3 ph = pk + log H2CO3 ph = pk + log HCO3 PCO2 9
10 Transport of gases ( O2-Hb ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis 10
11 Transport of gases ( O2-Hb ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase In the tissue Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis ph = pk + log base acid HCO3 ph = pk + log H2CO3 ph = pk + log HCO3 PCO2 In the tissue 11
12 Transport of gases ( CO2 diffusion ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis H ion binding by Hb 12
13 Transport of gases ( CO2 diffusion ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis CO2 mechanism for B & C??? mechanism for B & C??? CO2 13
14 Transport of gases ( dysfunctions ) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation Blood PCO2, H + conc, t C, DPG on Hb saturation Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis 1, respiratory acidosis 2, respiratory alkalosis 3, metabolic acidosis 4, metabolic alkalosis HCO mmhg 40 mmhg 4 2 PCO2 20 mmhg ph = pk + log HCO3 PCO ph Control of respiration ( structures ) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc ventilation during exercise stimulatory inhibitory Inspiratory center is tonically active E Expiratory center is active only when stimulated I PONS pneumotaxic apneustic MEDULLA other inputs SPINAL CORD control of respiration means control of amplitude and frequency lung stretch receptors inspiratory muscles expiratory muscles 14
15 Control of respiration ( structures ) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing 15
16 Control of respiration ( baroreceptors ) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc ventilation during exercise Control of respiration ( chemoreceptors ) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc ventilation during exercise 16
17 Control of respiration ( ventilation ) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc ventilation during exercise 17
18 Control of respiration ( ventilation ) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing 2 ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc ventilation during exercise 2 18
19 Control of respiration ( ventilation ) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc ventilation during exercise S receptor E 19
20 Control of respiration ( ventilation ) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc ventilation during exercise stimulate inspiratory center periphereal mechanoreceptors (skin, joints, etc..) inhibit inspiratory center upper respiratory tract (swallowing, diving reflex) increase baroreceptor activity decreases inspiration & venous return decrease baroreceptor activity increases inspiration & venous return increase PCO2 --> increases Va decrease PCO2 --> decrease Va increase H --> increase Va decrease H --> decrease Va increase Po2 --> decrease Va decrease PO2 --> increase Va Control of respiration Low PO2 High PCO2 20
21 Low PO2 S receptor E High PCO2 S receptor E 21
22 Control of respiration ( high PCO2 ) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc ventilation during exercise 22
23 Control of respiration Neural generation of rhythmical breathing ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc ventilation during exercise 23
24 Control of respiration ( exercise ) Neural generation of rhythmical breathing ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H + conc ventilation during exercise Hypoxia ( dysfunctions ) Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude 24
25 25
26 Hypoxia ( dysfunctions ) Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude Hypoxia ( dysfunctions ) Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude 26
27 Respiratory System 27
28 Respiratory System S receptor E Respiratory / cardiovascular interaction DR=PD x A x DC / D (DC, CO2 = 20 DC, O2) V=RF x TV CO=HR x SV control of amplitud & frequency venous return VA / Q ventilatory pump circulatory pump CNS PO2 chemoreceptors baroreceptors BP O2 content O2 supply blood flow Hemoglobin integrators compare what it should be with what it actually is and generate an error signal 28
29 Respiratory System AP NEURAL RESPIRATORY CENTER inputs AP inspiratory expiratory O2 CO2 THORACIC COMPO- NENTS O2 CO2 O2 CO2 Distribution Center DISTRIBUTION CENTER PCO2 ph PO2 Pa O2 CO2 S receptor E METABOLIC COMPONENTS (all cells) blood related neurogenics AP integrators compare what it should be with what it actually is and generate an error signal PCO2 PO2 ph Pa inputs neural CV center cardio + cardio - vasoconstriction output chemo & baroreceptors extrinsic periphery heart intrinsic lung (local control) (local control) baroreceptor mechanism (e.g. carotid sinus) where we would like to be at the end of the cardiovascular and respiratory sections, by the end of this week 29
30 AT THE MIDDLE OF THE ROAD I wonder how will I look after the next section??? Kidney hat Resp hat CV hat metabolism hat GI hat repro hat I D RATHER BE AT THE BEACH 30
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