The Nature of Science

Transcription

1 Glencoe Science Chapter Resources The Nature of Science Includes: Reproducible Student Pages ASSESSMENT Chapter Tests Chapter Review HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity Laboratory Activities Foldables Reading and Study Skills activity sheet MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS Directed Reading for Content Mastery Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish Reinforcement Enrichment Note-taking Worksheets TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES Section Focus Transparency Activities Teaching Transparency Activity Assessment Transparency Activity Teacher Support and Planning Content Outline for Teaching Spanish Resources Teacher Guide and Answers

2 Designing an Experiment Procedure 1. Design an experiment to test the question: Which flashlight battery lasts the longest? 2. In your design, be sure to include detailed steps of your experiment. 3. Identify the independent variable, constants, dependent variable, and control. Hands-On Activities Independent Variable Constants Dependent Variable Control Analysis 1. List the equipment you would need to do your experiment. 2. Explain why you should repeat the experiment. The Nature of Science 3

3 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Overview The Nature of Science Directions: Complete the concept map by using the words below. scientific theories constants technology hypothesis dependent variables experiments independent variables One scientific method for problem-solving which can be the basis of a new involves developing a 1. that can be tested by designing which can lead to or the use of science for practical purposes composed of variables such as Directions: Circle the terms in parentheses that best complete the sentence. 8. Problems that deal with ethics (can, cannot) be solved using scientific methods. 9. Ethics deals with (moral values, scientific facts). 10. There (are, are no) limits to what science can explain. or scientific explanations that change that do not change that are measured The Nature of Science 17

4 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 1 Science All Around Directions: Study the drawing, then circle the words below the drawing that describe topics studied by Earth science. Q Q Earth science topics agriculture islands navigation fish precipitation the Sun birds people trees rivers oceans boats rocks bridges wind roads hills clouds maps weather 18 The Nature of Science

5 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 2 Scientific Enterprise Directions: Write the correct name of each weather instrument below to match the illustration. hygrometer barometer anemometer thermometer 1. The measures temperature Rain Stormy 100 Change 108 Fair dry Very The measures atmospheric pressure. 3. The measures wind speed. % 4. The measures the percentage of water vapor in the air. Directions: In the spaces provided, write Yes in front of each question that science can answer and No in front of those that science cannot answer. 5. Is it ethical to use animals in medical experiments? 6. Do humans have more value on Earth than other life forms? 7. What is the distance to the nearest star? 8. Should humans try to colonize other planets? 9. How can more rice be grown on an acre of land? 10. How do trees benefit humans? The Nature of Science 19

6 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Key Terms The Nature of Science Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle Across 2. The standard to which an experiment s results can be compared 4. The variable you want to test: variable 6. Problem solving procedures 10. Variable that does not change in an experiment 11. Explanation backed by results obtained from repeated tests or experiments: scientific 12. Factors that can change in an experiment 13. Deals with moral values about what is good or bad 13 Down 1. The process of observing and studying things in your world 3. Use of scientific discoveries for practical purposes 5. A personal opinion 7. Type of science that studies Earth and space 8. An educated guess 9. Rule that describes the behavior of something in nature: scientific 20 The Nature of Science

7 1 Reinforcement Science All Around Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 1. What is science? 2. Define the word hypothesis. Give an example of a possible hypothesis. 3. List the steps of the scientific method. 4. What are the constants in an experiment? 5. Compare dependent variable and independent variable. 6. Define control. 7. Define technology. Give an example of a technological advancement that you use daily. The Nature of Science 25

8 2 Reinforcement Scientific Enterprise Directions: Complete the paragraphs by writing the correct terms in the spaces. Early people observed their surroundings and relied on 1. to explain storms, volcanoes, and seasons. When people observed seasonal phenomena, they developed a 2. of about 365 days. Knowledge collected over time about weather evolved into the science of 3.. Instruments were developed to measure weather phenomena. The 4. gauge was probably the first weather instrument. In the 1600s in Italy other instruments were developed to set up weather stations. The 5. measures air pressure. The 6. measures temperature. Water vapor in the air is measured by a 7.. Wind speed is measured by an 8.. The first American to suggest weather could be predicted was 9.. The Weather Bureau of the late 1800s became the 10.. Scientists form and test 11.. New 12. is gathered over long periods of time. When tests are repeated, an explanation and hypothesis becomes a 13.. When a rule is proposed to describe the behavior of something in nature, it is called a 14.. Usually laws describe what will happen but don t give an The Nature of Science

9 1 Enrichment Saving the Ozone Layer There is no doubt that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere are contributing to the depletion of Earth s ozone layer. Why does this matter? Atmospheric ozone, most of which is concentrated in the stratosphere about kilometers above Earth s surface, absorbs the most dangerous ultraviolet light (UV-B) from the Sun. UV-B is known to cause skin cancer and to damage eyes. It also harms various crops and forms of marine life. The CFCs, which were manufactured for use as refrigerants and other applications, can eventually be carried by winds high into the stratosphere. Normally they are very stable, but in the stratosphere they break down and release atomic chlorine. The chlorine atoms then react with ozone molecules. It is estimated that it takes only one chlorine atom to destroy 100,000 ozone molecules. Early Experiments This knowledge came about because of experiments begun in the 1880s when scientists began to find ways of detecting and measuring the various gases present in the atmosphere. One experiment lead to another as new hypotheses were tested and either discarded or proven true. It was at this time that ozone was shown to be the substance protecting Earth from UV-B radiation. In 1970, a British scientist was able to detect CFCs carried by winds to many parts of the globe. This is not surprising; at that time nearly 1 billion kilograms of CFCs were being manufactured yearly. No one yet knew the danger they posed. 1. Why didn t scientists know before the 1880s the role that ozone plays in the atmosphere? 2. What is it in CFCs that destroys ozone? Rowland-Molina Hypothesis Two scientists, Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, decided to find out what happened to all the CFCs. Basing their studies on work previously done by many other scientists, they asserted that CFC chlorine atoms were combining with and destroying ozone molecules in the stratosphere. Not all scientists agreed. Some advanced the hypothesis that chlorine from volcanic eruptions and other natural sources accounted for ozone depletion. Two years later the Rowland-Molina hypothesis was confirmed by the National Academy of Sciences. Hole Over Antarctica In 1984, a hole in the ozone layer was discovered over Antarctica. This was verified the following year by a NASA satellite. The danger was now real. More than 160 countries agreed to reduce the amount of CFCs released into the atmosphere. Deadlines have been set for their complete elimination. In the meantime, there has been a new hypothesis regarding the effect of global warming on ozone depletion, and new experiments will have to be conducted. It will be many years before the ozone layer once again fully protects Earth from UV-B radiation. Had it not been for the curiosity of scientists like Rowland and Molina and their painstaking approach to the scientific testing, it might not have been discovered until it was too late. 3. Why were nearly 1 billion kilograms of dangerous CFCs being manufactured in 1970? The Nature of Science 27

10 Note-taking Worksheet The Nature of Science Section 1 Science All Around A. Scientists are like trying to solve mysteries. 1. Scientists gather information and in their search for answers to questions. 2. A is an educated guess about a possible solution to a mystery. B. Scientists use a problem-solving procedure called the ; it includes identifying a problem, gathering information, making hypotheses, testing the hypotheses, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions. C. is a process of observing, studying, and thinking about things to gain knowledge to better understand the world. 1. Any attempt to find out and things look and behave the way they do is a performance of science. 2. is the study of Earth and space. D. Testing, or, is an important part of science. 1. are the different factors that can change in an experiment. a. An experiment should be designed so that only variable at a time is tested. b. The variable that changes, the one being tested in an experiment, is the. c. Constants are variables that change. d. A is the variable being measured. 2. A is a standard to which results can be compared; the same experiment done with the same variables, except it omits the variable. 3. For results to be valid or reliable, tests should be repeated times. 4. and recording data and discoveries are important parts of an experiment. a. Data and observations must be analyzed to draw. b. Unexpected may be important and should be recorded, as well. The Nature of Science 29

11 Note-taking Worksheet (continued) E. use of scientific discoveries for practical purposes such as making pottery or extracting metals from rocks 1. Technology is, meaning it can be applied to new situations. 2. Earth scientists and biologists use information from to gather weather data and track animals. Section 2 Scientific Enterprise A. Early people believed mythological were responsible for natural phenomena such as weather or seasons. 1. Early civilizations used observations of recurring natural events like floods and the appearance of stars to create. 2. Civilizations advanced to the use of to measure things observed and developed a scientific approach for testing inferences, or conclusions. B., the study of weather, is a science developed over time. 1. A, used as early as 321 B.C., was probably the first weather instrument; in the late 1600s, Italian scientists developed the barometer, thermometer, hygrometer, and anemometer. 2. Benjamin Franklin was the first American to suggest that weather could be. a. By 1849, volunteer weather observers were telegraphing information to the. b. In 1850, the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution began drawing weather. 3. The U.S. Weather Bureau was formed and functioning by the late 1800s and was renamed the in 1970 when it became part of the National and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA). 30 The Nature of Science

12 Note-taking Worksheet (continued) C. Scientific knowledge as testing procedures and instruments improve. 1. An explanation or model backed by results obtained from many tests or experiments is called a. 2. A is a rule that describes the behavior of something in nature, usually without explaining why the behavior occurs. D. Science cannot answer all questions. 1. deals with moral values about what is good or bad. 2. systems deal with religious questions that science cannot answer, such as: Do humans have more value than other life forms? E. It is important to prevent, or personal opinion, from influencing scientific observations. 1. Ethical and unbiased scientists keep detailed notes and allow other scientists to their work. 2. Scientific includes making up data, changing experiment results, or taking credit for another s work. The Nature of Science 31

13 Chapter Review The Nature of Science Part A. Vocabulary Review Directions: Write the correct term in the spaces beside each definition. 1. a prediction or statement that can be tested 2. use of knowledge to make products or tools 3. a factor in an experiment that can change 4. a standard to which experimental results can be compared 5. variable being measured 6. variable that changes 7. problem-solving by following steps to draw a conclusion 8. a process of observing, studying, and thinking about things to gain knowledge 9. personal opinion that may affect. experiments Part B. Concept Review Directions: Number these steps for doing an experiment in the correct order in the blanks provided. 1. Draw conclusions. 2. Form a hypothesis. 3. Gather information (research). 4. Test your hypothesis. 5. Recognize the problem. 6. Analyze your data. Assessment The Nature of Science 33

14 Chapter Review (continued) Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the three choices in parentheses. 7. Scientists use (observations, experiments, observations and experiments) to find answers to problems. 8. The variables that do not change in an experiment are called (dependent, independent, constants). 9. An instrument used to measure air pressure is a (thermometer, barometer, hygrometer). 10. Scientific (theories, hypotheses, laws) describe what will happen, but do not explain why. 11. (Ethics, Science, Mathematics) deals with moral values about what is good or bad. Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences. 12. How do scientists deal with ethics in their jobs? 13. What does the term transferable technology mean? Give an example. Assessment 14. Explain the difference between scientific theories and scientific laws. 34 The Nature of Science

15 Chapter Test The Nature of Science I. Testing Concepts Directions: Match the description in the first column with the item in the second by writing the correct letter in the space provided. Some items in the second column may not be used. 1. variables that do not change in an experiment 2. an educated guess that can be tested 3. standard to which experimental results are compared 4. rule that describes behavior of nature 5. deals with morals and values 6. the use of scientific discoveries to make products or tools 7. a personal opinion 8. an explanation backed by results from repeated testing 9. a variable that can change in an experiment 10. study of Earth and space a. hypothesis b. Earth science c. variable d. constant e. control f. technology g. scientific theory h. scientific law i. independent j. ethics k. dependent l. bias Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. Rewrite false statements to make them correct. 11. Ethics deals with morals and values and can be measured and tested using the scientific method. 12. Until proven incorrect, there are no wrong hypotheses. 13. The more variables you can test in an experiment, the better the results. 14. Earth science is the study of rocks and trees only. Assessment 15. Bias, or personal opinions, never influence scientific results. The Nature of Science 35

16 Chapter Test (continued) Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following statements with the correct terms. 16. In 1970, in the United States, the Weather Bureau was renamed the. 17. In 1850, Joseph Henry, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, started drawing. 18. Although many advances in meteorology were made in the United States in the 1800 s, weather instruments such as the thermometer and the anemometer were invented in the in Italy. 19. Newton s observations about motion are examples of scientific. 20. Gathering information and testing hypotheses are examples of problem-solving procedures called. 21. The opposite of ethical behavior in science is, which could include such things as making up data, changing results, or taking credit for the work of others. 22. The process of observing, studying, and thinking about things to gain knowledge is called. Assessment II. Understanding Concepts Skill: Designing an Experiment 1. How could you use two beakers, distilled water, two hot plates, two thermometers, and salt to test if adding salt affects the boiling point of water? 2. Compare and contrast scientific methods with ethics and belief systems. 36 The Nature of Science

17 Chapter Test (continued) Skill: Concept Mapping Directions: Complete the following events chain for doing an experiment. 3. Identify a 4. develop a 5. the hypothesis make observations 6. the results 7. draw III. Applying Concepts Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 1. What method did Benjamin Franklin use to draw conclusions about weather predictions and what were those conclusions? Assessment The Nature of Science 37

18 Chapter Test (continued) 2. How did the invention of the telegraph in 1837 affect the science of meteorology? 3. The first known instrument used to gather scientific data about weather appears in history around 300 B.C. What was it and where was it used? 4. According to Newton s third law of motion, for every action, there is and equal and opposite reaction. Explain how this relates to the launching of rockets. 5. After eating at a restaurant, you become ill. Is that enough scientific data to conclude that the food from the restaurant made you sick? Why, or why not? If not, what sort of data would you need to draw a reliable conclusion? Assessment IV. Writing Skills Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences. 1. Give some reasons that would cause scientists to change a theory they have believed in for a long time. 2. If an experiment tested two variables at the same time, would the findings of the experiment be accurate? Why or why not? 3. When testing new medicines on humans, some of the test subjects are given placebos, or fake pills, that look like the real drug, but actually contain some harmless substance that has no medical effect. What purpose do you think this might serve in the experiment? Explain. 38 The Nature of Science