SECTIONALISM AND THE CIVIL WAR. 11 Pages

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1 SECTIONALISM AND THE CIVIL WAR 11 Pages

2 SECTIONALISM When people favor the interests of one region over the interests of the country as a whole Tariffs Slavery Industry Uses of land Political Parties North vs. South

3 A SPLITTING COUNTRY Various reasons and issues caused a rift in the country Tariffs: High tariffs helped the industrial North by making their prices cheaper against imports made people buy American-made goods The South imported most non-agricultural goods, saw tariffs as a burden imposed by the North their main trade partners were from Europe The West needed funding for roads, canals, railroads, etc. This was funded by the tariffs.

4 NULLIFICATION CRISIS 1832 A very high tariff had split the country Vice President John Calhoun left office to go help his home state of South Carolina South Carolina considered the tariff null and void, threatened military action, and threatened to secede from the Union Henry Clay helped reach a compromise tariff Both sides backed down and conflict was avoided States Rights -Revolved around the ability of a state to declare federal laws unconstitutional John C. Calhoun Claimed that state governments have the right to reject federal laws.

5 MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820 Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state Maine was admitted as a free state Any new states above the Missouri Compromise line would be free states Maintain balance in the Senate

6 A SPLITTING COUNTRY Slavery: North illegal since the Revolution Abolitionist societies and newspapers Underground Railroad Many didn t know what was going on with African Americans South slaves viewed as property Needed to maintain their way of life Considered a state s right issue Many fugitive slaves West fight over whether to extend slavery into the new territories

7 AFRICAN AMERICANS Free African Americans could own property and had some rights Slaves had no rights at all Discrimination happened in all areas of the country

8 HENRY DAVID THOREAU He disagreed with a country that had slavery and fought in wars His writing Civil Disobedience influenced many people to refuse to obey laws they considered unjust Martin Luther King Jr. would later use this philosophy

9 DEBATE OVER SLAVERY Victory in the Mexican War in 1848 added more than 500,000 square miles to the U.S. This renewed the debate over the expansion of slavery Some northerners wanted to prohibit slavery in all parts of the Mexican Cession

10 ELECTION OF 1848 Many candidates did not take a stance on slavery issues in the West This was in favor to Whig candidate Zachary Taylor Mexican War hero Zachary Taylor 12 th President Whig

11 COMPROMISE OF 1850 California gold rush caused a population spike that caused it to apply directly to be a state This raised the issue of whether to admit it as a free state or slave state upset the balance Many Southerners were upset about it Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi warned that they were about to permanently destroy the balance of power between the sections He and many others declared they would oppose the admission of California as a free state

12 COMPROMISE OF 1850 Henry Clay, nicknamed The Great Compromiser and Daniel Webster stepped forward with another plan: -Urged Congress to let California enter as a free state -Called for the rest of the Mexican Cession to be organized as a federal territory popular sovereignty should decide the status of slavery -Addressed a border dispute between Texas and New Mexico Texas gave up land in exchange for US paying off their debt. -Called for an end to slave trade not slavery- in the country s capital -Called for a new, more effective fugitive slave law

13 DANIEL WEBSTER Known as the Great Orator Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War

14 COMPROMISE OF 1850 This was the last time a compromise worked (Henry Clay died in 1852.)

15 THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners Made it a federal crime to help runaway slaves This pleased the South, but angered the North because they felt it was immoral

16 DEATH OF ANOTHER PRESIDENT Zachary Taylor died suddenly after 16 months in office His successor was Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore 13 th President Last Whig to be president

17 FRANKLIN PIERCE 14 th President Democrat

18 TROUBLE IN KANSAS People wanted to build a railroad to the Pacific In order to do so, the rest of the Louisiana Purchase had to be organized into federal territories In 1854 Stephen Douglas introduced what became the Kansas-Nebraska Act

19 KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT This would divide the rest of the Louisiana Purchase into two territories Kansas and Nebraska In each territory popular sovereignty would decide the question of slavery This did away with the Missouri Compromise line Anti-slavery Northerners were outraged President Pierce was a supporter of this act and got it signed into law

20 Many issues start popping up in Kansas as pro and antislavery groups rushed in to vote on the issue of slavery Fights between different groups Bleeding Kansas

21 REPUBLICAN PARTY One effect of this bill was to kill off the Whig party who was wishywashy on the subject of slavery In its place came the Republican Party, which was strongly against the spread of slavery Supported the Union

22 JAMES BUCHANAN 15 th President Democrat

23 DRED SCOTT V. SANFORD Dred Scott was a slave owned by John Sanford He traveled with John Sanford throughout the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase When he returned he sued John Sanford for his freedom claiming he had been living in free lands The Supreme Court decided Scott could not be heard in federal courts because he was not a citizen of the U.S. and therefore had no protection under the Constitution Congress had no authority over slavery in the territories

24 SCOTT V. SANFORD This court case confirmed slaves as property and cannot bring cases to federal court Upon statehood each territory would determine whether or not it would be a slave state or a free state The South favored the decision, but the North did not This caused further tension between the North and the South Roger Taney Supreme Court Justice Appointed by Andrew Jackson

25 SCOTT V. SANFORD A Constitutional amendment would later be passed which completely outlawed slavery This could be considered a response from Congress to the ruling in the case

26 ABRAHAM LINCOLN 16 th President Republican He did not win a single Southern state s electoral vote.

27 BREAKING THE UNION Many southern states believed that once in power, Lincoln would move to abolish slavery Just four days after Lincoln s election South Carolina s legislature called a special convention They were considering secession After three days of speeches all delegates voted to secede

28 LINCOLN S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS Equality promised to not interfere with the rights of states and the institution of slavery The Union argued that the Union could not be dissolved The Government stated it was against the law to secede from the Union Liberty I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.

29 CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA By February, 1861 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had also seceded from the Union They established a new nation The Confederate States of America They passed their own constitution, closely resembling the U.S. Constitution except that citizens could own slaves

30 JEFFERSON DAVIS Elected president of the Confederate States of America 1861 His inaugural address states that the secession of the Southern states was similar to the colonists revolution against Britain Claimed that secession was a necessity, not a choice.

31 JEFFERSON DAVIS Equality Slaves were not even viewed as an issue of equality The Union Davis explained breaking away was a necessity if they were to continue to engage in commerce with the rest of the world The Government Similar to the U.S. government Liberty Contrasting Lincoln s discussion of liberty for individual people Rights of person and property have not been disturbed

32 Jefferson Davis inauguration Alabama State Capital

33 THE CIVIL WAR

34 CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR Sectionalism: Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns Three different cultural and business practices were happening in our country North South West North manufacturing and commerce, capital was invested in factories and transportation South cash-crop, capital was invested in slaves and overseas markets West depended on cheap land for expansion and good transportation networks to keep in touch with eastern businesses

35 CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR State s Rights: The political position advocating a strict interpretation of the Constitution The South turned to a states rights argument to protect slavery Southerners claimed that the federal government was prohibiting their 10 th Amendment right Southerners also said the federal government was not permitted to interfere with slavery in those states it already existed Southern states thought they had the right to secede Issues: Right to own slaves as property and federal tariffs

36 CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR Slavery: First began in Virginia during the Colonial era Throughout the first half of the 19 th century Southern politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of the federal government The North had embraced industrialization, large urban areas, experiencing high birth rates and large amounts of immigrants This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to maintain balance in the government They worried about the election of a Northern, anti-slavery president

37 EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR

38 FIRING ON FORT SUMTER April, 1861 An important federal post was Fort Sumter, it controlled the entrance to the Charleston Harbor, in South Carolina Running low on supplies, Abraham Lincoln decided to resupply them South Carolina demanded that the Union troops leave the fort Union troops refused Confederate guns opened fire on Fort Sumter The Civil War had begun

39 FREDERICK DOUGLASS He persuaded the Union to permit African Americans to fight in the army The number of African-Americans began to outnumber the white volunteers for the army.

40 Neither side was ready for a battle Both relied on volunteers the North had a larger population, therefore more soldiers General Winfield Scott developed the Union s two-part strategy He wanted to destroy the South s economy through a naval blockade of southern seaports and gain control of the Mississippi river. It would take time to succeed The strategies of the North and South led to a war fought on land and sea

41 HABEAS CORPUS: Chief Justice Taney Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment On April 27, 1861 Abraham Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus. He did this in response to riots, local militia actions and the threat that the border state of Maryland would secede from the Union, leaving the nation s capital surrounded by hostile territory. Lincoln acted without congressional approval.

42 HABEAS CORPUS U.S. Supreme Court case challenged the president s rights to suspend habeas corpus. Ex parte Merryman John Merryman Taney ruled that President Lincoln s suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional. Lincoln ignored the ruling. Lincoln defended his authorization for the suspension of habeas corpus primarily because the nation was at war. Congress authorized the Habeas Corpus Act in 1863 to relieve the president from being held liable for acting without congressional approval

43 ROBERT E. LEE Chief General of Confederacy When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the command of Union forces He refused, resigned from the U.S. Army and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces In 1862 Lee was appointed command of the Army of North Virginia His battle strategies are admired to this day

44 STONEWALL JACKSON Confederate General Considered to be one of the most gifted tactical commanders in U.S. history His death was a severe blow to the Confederacy and his men s morale

45 BATTLE OF ANTIETAM Maryland Confederate leaders hoped a victory on Northern soil might break Union spirits and convince Europe to help Both sides began drafting soldiers to meet the demand of troops The battle lasted for hours It was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war Union casualties more than12,000 Confederate casualties more than 13,000 Union victory

46 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION (JANUARY 1,1863) Lincoln proclaimed all enslaved people in Confederate lands to be forever free The proclamation could not be enforced in rebel areas, but as the Union took over rebel lands, slaves were set free instead of returned to their masters This was not a law passed by Congress This changes the nature of the war from preserving the Union to freeing the slaves

47 WEST VIRGINIA West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions, in which 50 northwestern counties of Virginia whose landowners owned few to no slaves decided to break away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state.

48 BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG Pennsylvania ,000 Union troops fought 76,000 Confederate troops The Union won This turned back the Confederate invasion of the North Considered the turning point of the Civil War

49 ULYSSES S. GRANT Chief General of the Union Army He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman s march through Georgia and his own assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia

50 GETTYSBURG ADDRESS (FOUR MONTHS AFTER THE BATTLE) Lincoln s speech: Four score and seven years ago Equality all men are created equal The Union Restore peace and keep the nation united The Government The government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth. Liberty Principles of liberty and equality based on the Declaration of Independence

51 SIEGE OF VICKSBURG The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern States

52 ABRAHAM LINCOLN SECOND TERM 1865

53 LINCOLN S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS March 4, 1865 Equality Denounces slavery The Union Restoration and peace for the Union The Government Lincoln stated that there were people trying to destroy the government with or without war Liberty War will continue until slavery ceases to exist

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55 LEE S SURRENDER April 9, 1865 Appomattox Court House Brings the Civil War to a close Lee surrenders the Confederate forces of Virginia to Grant

56 UNITED STATES WAR CASUALTIES American Revolution: 25,000 Civil War: 625,000 World War I: 116,000 World War II: 405,000 Korean War: 36,000 Vietnam War: 58,000 Afghanistan: 2,000 Iraq War: 4,000 War on Terror: 6,700 These are approximate counts. The numbers are generally a bit higher.

57 ORIGINAL TARGETS APRIL 14, 1865 A Abraham Lincoln President Andrew Johnson Vice President William Seward Secretary of State

58 FORD S THEATRE

59 ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth Southern Sympathizer April 14, 1865

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61 CONSPIRATORS Lewis Powell George Atzerodt Mary Surratt David Herold

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63 LINCOLN/KENNEDY COINCIDENCES Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846 John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946 Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860 John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960 The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters Both were particularly concerned with civil rights Both wives lost children while living in the White House. Both presidents were shot on a Friday Both were shot in the head Both were assassinated by Southerners Both were succeeded by Southerners Both successors were named Johnson Andrew Johnson was born in 1808 Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908 Both assassins were known by their three names John Wilkes Booth, Lee Harvey Oswald Both names have 15 letters Both assassins were assassinated before their trials

64 QUALITIES OF LEADERS Abraham Lincoln Led the U.S. as president during the Civil War Through his leadership the Union was preserved and slavery eventually abolished after his assassination in 1865 Last photograph of Abraham Lincoln. March 6, 1865

65 MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS

66 PHILIP BAZAAR Born in Chile In the Union Navy On board the USS Santiago de Cuba During the assault on Fort Fisher He bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle He was one of the six men who entered the fort from the fleet

67 WILLIAM CARNEY 54 th Massachusetts Regiment (Union) Battle of Fort Wagner He was the first black soldier to receive the award When his regiment s sergeant was shot down, Carney grabbed the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors When troops fell back he brought off the flag, under fierce fire he was severely wounded twice

68 Maroon - States that seceded before April 15, 1861 Red - States that seceded after April 15, 1861 Yellow - Union states that permitted slavery Blue - Union states that forbade slavery Gray - Territories, unaffiliated

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