Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo

Transcription

1 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo ( 213) March 216 Bureau of Environment Tokyo Metropolitan Government

2 Contents 1 Tokyo in the World Final Energy Consumption Concepts for Calculation Final Energy Consumption Entire Tokyo Industrial Sector Commercial Sector Residential Sector Transport Sector Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Concepts for Calculation Basic Matters Categorization of GHGs CO 2 Emission Factor for Scope of Calculation Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Entire Tokyo CO 2 Emissions (Variable Cases) Entire Tokyo CO 2 Emissions (Fixed Cases) Entire Tokyo [Reference] Trends in Each Sector Other GHG Emissions Overview CH N 2 O HFCs and Three Other Types Reference Materials [Material 1] Calculation Methods for Final Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions (Overview) [Material 2] Trends in Final Energy Consumption in Tokyo and Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in Tokyo... 4 [Material 3] Greenhouse Gas Reduction Target and Energy Reduction Target in Tokyo Figures and Tables Note: Values in this report have been rounded, and the sum of indicated values may not agree with the indicated total.

3 1 Tokyo in the World 1 Tokyo in the World Figure 1-1 indicates energy-derived CO2 emissions in major countries. Japan emits the fifth largest quantity after China, USA, India and Russia, accounting for 3.8% of the global emissions. Energy-derived CO2 emissions in Tokyo account for 5.2% of domestic emissions. This is considered to be approximately equivalent to the amount of one country, such as Greece, Austria, Finland, etc. (GHG emissions in Tokyo account for 5.% of domestic emissions.) Unit: M tons China USA India Russia Japan Germany South Korea Canada Iran Saudi Arabia Brazil Mexico UK Indonesia South Africa Australia Italy France Poland Turkey Taiwan Thailand Spain Malaysia Netherlands Vietnam Czech Philippines Belgium Greece Romania Austria Finland Singapore Portugal Switzerland Hungary Denmark Sweden Norway ,235 1,543 1,869 Tokyo: 63.8 M tons 5,12 東京の排出量矢印 円グラフは従来のとおり挿入 9,23 * The 15 EU states represent the EU membership at the time of UNFCCC-COP3 (Kyoto Conference). Figure 1-1 Energy-derived CO2 emissions by country (213) Note: The figure indicates the 2 largest emitters, from China (1st place) to Turkey (2th place), and other selected major countries. Sources: IEA, "CO 2 Emissions From Fuel Combustion Highlights (215 Edition)", and Ministry of the Environment, "Energy-derived CO 2 Emissions in the World" 1

4 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo 2 Final Energy Consumption 2.1 Concepts for Calculation This chapter clarifies the state of energy consumption as the main cause of CO2 emissions in Tokyo. Figure 2-1 indicates the flow of energy in Japan. First, the primary energy supply of petroleum, coal, natural gas, etc., is undertaken through domestic production or importation. By way of the power generation/conversion s (power plants, petroleum refineries, etc.), final energy consumption is undertaken by final demand s. In this survey, energy consumption excluding the losses in power generation, transmission, distribution, etc. on the final demand s (industrial/commercial/residential/transport s) (i.e. final energy consumption) in Tokyo is calculated. For the calculation methods for final energy consumption, an overview is indicated in Reference Material 1 (pages 37 to 39). Figure 2-1 Domestic Energy Balance and Flow (Overview) ( 213) Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, "Energy White Paper 215" Fuel Table 2-1 Heat conversion factors used in this survey ( 213) Specific unit Heat conversion factor MWh 3.6 Secondary energy conversion 1 m See materials of Tokyo Gas Other fuels (gasoline, kerosene, light oil,, etc.) Remarks (Unit: GJ/Specific unit) See the energy balance table, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, "Comprehensive Energy Statistics" Note: Secondary energy conversion is conducted for electricity, from the perspective of calculating final energy consumption, excluding losses in power generation, transmission, distribution, etc. 2

5 2.Final Energy Consumption 2.2 Final Energy Consumption Entire Tokyo The final energy consumption in Tokyo in 213 stood at 656 PJ, which was 18% reduction from 81 PJ in 2, and 2.1% reduction from 67 PJ in 212. Respective increase rates vs. 2 for the industrial, commercial, and transport s stood at -42%, -3.5%, and -4%, while consumption in the residential increased by +3.5%. Since 2, a decrease in gasoline and other fuel oils has substantially contributed to overall reduction in final energy consumption. Although electric consumption had been on an increasing trend, the behavior of power conservation took root in 211 and after, and power consumption has remained at the same level as 2 since then. Table 2-2 Final energy consumption by in Tokyo, and increases up to 213 Final energy consumption (PJ) Increase rate (%) Vs. 2 Vs. 21 Vs. 212 Industrial % - 2% - 6.6% Commercial % - 8.9%.% Residential % - 5.5% - 1.5% Transport % - 1% - 4.3% Final consumption s total % - 9.3% - 2.1% Note 1: The residential does not include fuel consumption by family cars, which is included in the transport. Note 2: In the transport, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines includes service in Tokyo. Table 2-3 Final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo, and increases up to 213 Final energy consumption (PJ) Increase rate (%) Vs. 2 Vs. 21 Vs % - 9.3%.% % - 6.3% - 2.% % - 11% -.5% Fuel oil % - 12% - 5.8% Other % 11% - 32.% Total % - 9.3% - 2.1% Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc. (PJ) Fuel oil Fuel oil Other Fuel oil Other Fuel oil Industrial Commercial Residential Transport Figure 2-2 Final energy consumption by in Tokyo ( 213) 8 3

6 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Final Energy Consumption by Sector in Entire Tokyo In the composition in 213, the commercial took up the largest share (36%), followed by the residential (32%), transport (23%), and industrial (9%). As for al trends in the composition since 2, the commercial and the residential indicate an increasing trend, while the industrial and the transport have been showing a decreasing trend. (PJ) 1, 9 Three-year moving average Industrial (8.5%) 5 4 Commercial (36.1%) 3 2 Residential (31.9%) Transport (23.5%) () Figure 2-3 Trends in final energy consumption by in Tokyo 1% 9% Industrial 12.% Industrial 1.1% Industrial 9.7% Industrial 8.9% Industrial 8.5% 8% 7% Commercial 3.6% Commercial 34.7% Commercial 35.9% Commercial 35.3% Commercial 36.1% 6% 5% 4% 3% Residential 25.2% Residential 27.5% Residential 3.6% Residential 31.7% Residential 31.9% 2% 1% Transport 32.1% Transport 27.7% Transport 23.7% Transport 24.% Transport 23.5% % (81PJ) (788PJ) (723PJ) (67PJ) (656PJ) Figure 2-4 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by in Tokyo 4

7 2.Final Energy Consumption Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in Entire Tokyo In the fuel type composition in 213, electricity took up the largest share (45%), followed by city gas (28%) and fuel oil (25%). While the share of electricity temporarily decreased after the Great East Japan Earthquake due to the effect of power conservation, its share in 213 recovered to the level of the 21. In the meantime, the share of city gas has been slowly increasing. (PJ) 1, Other(<.1%) 6 Fuel oil(24.5%) 5 (2.6%) 4 (28.1%) (44.7%) () Figure 2-5 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo 1% Other.2% Other<.1% Other<.1% Other<.1% Other<.1% 9% 8% Fuel oil 35.5% Fuel oil 29.8% Fuel oil 25.4% Fuel oil 25.5% Fuel oil 24.5% 7% 6% 5% 4.1% 23.3% 26.8% 3.3% 27.2% 2.7% 28.1% 2.6% 28.1% 2.6% 4% 3% 2% 36.9% 4.% 44.7% 43.8% 44.7% 1% % (81PJ) (788PJ) (723PJ) (67PJ) (656PJ) Figure 2-6 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo 5

8 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Industrial Sector The final energy consumption in the industrial in 213 stood at 56 PJ, which was 42% reduction from 97 PJ in 2, and 6.6% reduction from 6 PJ in 212. Final energy consumption in the industrial has been decreasing since Final energy consumption by trade in the industrial In the trade composition in 213, manufacturing took up the largest share (71%), followed by construction (26%), agriculture, forestry and fishery (3%), and mining (< 1%). Final energy consumption has been continuously decreasing in manufacturing, which accounts for approximately 7% of the industrial. (PJ) Three-year moving average Agriculture, forestry and fisheries(2.6%) 5 Mining(.4%) Construction(25.8%) Manufacturing (71.3%) Figure 2-7 Final energy consumption by trade in the industrial () 1% Agriculture,forestry and fisheries 2.3% Agriculture,forestry and fisheries 2.5% Agriculture,forestry and fisheries 2.7% Agriculture,forestry and fisheries 2.6% Agriculture,forestry and fisheries 2.6% 9% 8% Construction 17.2% Mining.4% Mining Construction.3% 22.7% Construction 3.2% Mining.3% Construction 27.9% Mining.3% Construction 25.8% Mining.4% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% Manufacturing 8.1% Manufacturing 74.5% Manufacturing 66.8% Manufacturing 69.2% Manufacturing 71.3% 2% 1% % (97PJ) (79PJ) (7PJ) (6PJ) (56PJ) Figure 2-8 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by trade in the industrial 6

9 Final Energy Consumption Final Energy Consumption by fuel type in the Industrial Sector In the fuel type composition in 213, electricity took up the largest share (34%), followed by fuel oil (33%) and city gas (32%). Since 2, the share of fuel oil has been decreasing, indicating progress in the conversion from fuel oils to electricity and city gas. (PJ) Other(.2%) 5 Fuel oil(32.6%) (.7%) (32.3%) (34.3%) () Figure 2-9 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial 1% Other 1.8% Other.4% Other.2% Other.2% Other.2% 9% 8% Fuel oil 38.7% Fuel oil 35.2% Fuel oil 37.5% Fuel oil 35.8% Fuel oil 32.6% 7% 6% 5% 4% 28.7% 2.1% 32.9% 1.3% 3.5%.7% 3.8%.8% 32.3%.7% 3% 2% 1% 28.6% 3.3% 31.1% 32.4% 34.3% % (97PJ) (79PJ) (7PJ) (6PJ) (56PJ) Figure 2-1 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial 7

10 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Factor Analysis in the Industrial Sector - The Indices of Industrial Production (IIP)* for respective trade affect final energy consumption in manufacturing, the main trade in the industrial. - Since 199, IIP increase rates have been generally declining in manufacturing in Tokyo. This is considered to be substantially affecting the decreasing final energy consumption. - In comparison with the nationwide IIP increase rates, the rates in Tokyo became smaller in 1994, and the gap with nationwide rates has become substantial since around * The Indices of Industrial Production (IIP) are a systematic representation of various activities related to production, shipment, and inventory at domestic business sites that produce mining and industrial products. The IIP used here refers to production indices weighted by added value, which are calculated for 169 items (496 items for nationwide indices), based on the dynamic statistics of production, the Census of Manufacturers, etc. ( 199=1) Steel industry Chemical industry Ceramics industry Paper pulps Food products and cigarettes Textile industry Nonferrous metal mining Metal machinery Other industries Entire manufacturing () Figure 2-11 IIP increases in manufacturing in Tokyo ( 199=1) 12 1 Japan 8 Tokyo () Figure 2-12 Comparison of IIP between Tokyo and Japan Note: IIP figures are weighted by added value. Source: Tokyo: Prepared from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (hereinafter referred to as "TMG"), "Tokyo Industrial Indices" Japan: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan "EDMC/Energy Economics Statistics Summary" 8

11 2.Final Energy Consumption Commercial Sector The final energy consumption in the commercial in 213 stood at 237 PJ, which was 3.5% reduction from 245 PJ in 2, but almost no increase or decrease compared with that of the 212. Final energy consumption in the commercial has been increasing since 199, but took a downturn with a peak at around Final Energy Consumption by Building Application in the Commercial Sector In the building application composition in 213, office buildings took up the largest share (6%). Other applications included restaurants (8%), schools (7%), hotels (6%), etc. Since 2, the share of office buildings has been rising. This indicates the structural characteristics of Tokyo, where the corporate head office buildings, tenant buildings, etc., are accumulated. (PJ) Three-year moving average Other services(1.4%) Hospitals and medical facilities(4.9%) Schools(7.4%) Hotels(5.6%) Restaurants(8.2%) Other wholesalers and retailers(2.7%) 1 Other product retailers(<.1%) Department stores(1.1%) 5 Office buildings(59.6%) () Figure 2-13 Trends in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 14.% 13.8% 11.4% 11.% 1.4% 4.9% 5.% 4.9% 6.% 5.3% 7.% 7.2% 7.4% 6.9% 7.% 5.5% 5.7% 5.6% 5.4% 6.% 8..7% 8.5% 8.2% 8.7% 9.5% 3.1% 2.9% 3.5% 3.8% <.1% <.1% <.1% <.1% 1.3% 1.2% 1.5% 1.6% 58.% 58.6% 59.6% 53.9% 53.% Other services Hospitals and medical facilities Schools Hotels Restaurants Other wholesalers and retailers 2.7% Other product retailers <.1% Department stores 1.1% Office buildings 1% % (245PJ) (274PJ) (26PJ) (237PJ) (237PJ) Figure 2-14 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial 9

12 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Commercial Sector In the fuel type composition in 213, electricity (65%) and city gas (33%) combined accounted for 98% of the entire commercial. Since 2, the share of fuel oil has been decreasing, indicating progress in the conversion from fuel oils to electricity and city gas. (PJ) Kerosene(.9%) Heavy oil A(.7%) (.3%) (33.1%) 15 1 (65.%) () Figure 2-15 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial 1% 9% 8% Kerosene 1.5% 3.3% Heavy oil A 3.1% 1.6% Kerosene 1.3% 33.5% Heavy oil A 1.5%.8% Kerosene.7% 32.8% Heavy oil A.5%.3% Kerosene.9% 33.5% Heavy oil A.7%.3% Kerosene.9% 33.1% Heavy oil A.7%.3% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 63.5% 62.9% 65.7% 64.7% 65.% 2% 1% % (245PJ) (274PJ) (26PJ) (237PJ) (237PJ) Figure 2-16 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial 1

13 2.Final Energy Consumption Factor Analysis in the Commercial Sector - The total floor area by building application is an index that affects final energy consumption in the commercial. - Since 199, the total floor area has been increasing in the commercial. While the total floor area in the commercial is generally increasing across Japan, the remarkably high rate of office buildings is characteristic in Tokyo. - The total floor area of office buildings in Tokyo has been steadily increasing since 199. (1,m2) 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, Office buildings Department stores Wholesalers and retailers Restaurants Hotels Schools Hospitals Other () Figure 2-17 Trends in total floor area by trade in Tokyo (1,m2) 5, 45, 4, 35, 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Office buildings Department stores Wholesalers and retailers Restaurants Hotels Schools Hospitals Other () Figure 2-18 Trends in total floor area by trade in Japan Note: "Department stores" include large-scale retail stores and supermarkets. Source: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan "EDMC/Energy Economics Statistics Summary" 11

14 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Residential Sector The final energy consumption in the residential in 213 stood at 29 PJ, which was 3.5% increase from 22 PJ in 2, and 1.5% decrease from 212 PJ in 212. Final energy consumption in the residential has been increasing since 199, but this upward trend is weakening these years Final Energy Consumption by Household Type in the Residential Sector In the household type composition in 213, multiple-person households accounted for 68%, while single-person households made up 32%. Since 2, the share of single-person households has been increasing in final energy consumption, indicating increase in aged single-person households, etc. (PJ) 3 Three-year moving average Multiple-person households(67.8%) 1 5 Single-person households(32.2%) () Figure 2-19 Trends in final energy consumption by household type in the residential 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% Multipleperson households 76.% Multipleperson households 75.4% Multipleperson households 7.1% Multipleperson households 69.% Multipleperson households 67.8% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Singleperson households 24.% Singleperson households 24.6% Singleperson households 29.9% Singleperson households 31.% Singleperson households 32.2% (22PJ) (217PJ) (221PJ) (212PJ) (29PJ) Figure 2-2 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by household type in the residential 12

15 2.Final Energy Consumption Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Residential Sector In the fuel type composition in 213, electricity (5%) and city gas (42%) combined accounted for 92% of the entire residential. Although the share of electricity had been increasing since 2, it has remained at a level approximately several points lower than in 21 because behavior of power conservation was established after the Great East Japan Earthquake. In the meantime, the share of city gas has remained at a level approximately several points higher than in 21. (PJ) Kerosene(3.6%) (4.%) 15 (42.1%) 1 5 (5.2%) () Figure 2-21 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential 1% Kerosene 5.9% Kerosene 5.5% Kerosene 4.2% Kerosene 4.4% Kerosene 3.6% 9% 8% 4.2% 3.6% 2.8% 3.2% 4.% 7% 42.1% 43.1% 都市ガス 4.8% 42.6% 42.1% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 47.8% 47.8% 52.2% 49.8% 5.2% 1% % (22PJ) (217PJ) (221PJ) (212PJ) (29PJ) Figure 2-22 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential 13

16 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Factor Analysis in the Residential Sector - The number of households is an index that affects final energy consumption in the residential. - Since 199, an increasing trend is more remarkable in single-person households than in multiple-person households. While this is also a nationwide trend, it is more remarkable in Tokyo. (thousand households) 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, All households Multiple-person households Single-person households 1, () Figure 2-23 Trends in the number of households in Tokyo Source: Prepared from Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (hereinafter referred to as "MIC"), "Census Report" and TMG, "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook" Inner circle: 199 Outer circle: 213 Inner circle: 199 Outer circle: 21 Singleperson 35.3% Singleperson 48.2% Singleperson 23.1% Singleperson 32.3% Multipleperson 64.7% Multipleperson 51.8% Multipleperson 76.9% Multipleperson 67.7% Tokyo Japan Figure 2-24 Comparison of the number of households between Tokyo and Japan Source: Prepared from MIC, "Census Report" and TMG, "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook" 14

17 2.Final Energy Consumption - The home appliance ownership rates are indices related to the shares of power consumption in the residential. - In general, ownership rates of major home appliances have been increasing in Tokyo. Since 2, the ownership rates of room air conditioners, PCs, toilets with warm water bidet, etc. have remarkably increased, as it reflects the growing needs for the comfort and convenience of life. (per 1 households) 35 3 Room air conditioners 25 Color TVs 2 15 Electric refrigerators VTR Optical disc players/recorders PCs 1 5 Electric carpets Microwave ovens Toilets with bidet () Figure 2-25 Trends in the ownership rates of home appliances in Tokyo Clothes dryers Note: The values for color TVs indicate the total of 29" or larger and below 29" for up to 23, and the total of CRT and flat-screen (LCD, plasma, etc.) for 24 and after. The values may not be continuous for some appliances between 23 and 29, due to the review of appliances in the source material. Source: Prepared from MIC "National Consumption Survey" and Cabinet Office "Trends in Household Consumption" Reference Data 1: Trends in energy consumption per household (GJ/household) GJ/household Japan GJ/household GJ/household Tokyo GJ /household () Figure 2-26 Comparison of energy consumption per household in Tokyo with Japan Source: Prepared from TMG, "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook" and MIC, "Population, demographics and the number of households based on the Basic Resident Register" 15

18 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Reference Data 2: Progress of energy saving for household electrical appliances (1) Air Conditioners (kwh/in cooling and heating season) 1,6 1,5 1,492 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1, 9 1,32 1,21 1,159 Power consumption in cooling and heating season 1,68 1, () Figure 2-27 Progress of energy saving for air conditioners Note: Simple average of the wall-mounted representative models with heating and cooling combined, cooling capacity of 2.8kW, and energy-saving function Source: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan "EDMC/Energy Economics Statistics Summary" (2) Electric Refrigerators (kwh/l) 3. After JIS Revision Annual power consumption per 1liter (rated Capacity) (kwh/l) (YR) Figure 2-28 Progress of energy saving for electric refrigerators Note: Average of the products from each company, corresponding to rated capacity of liters since 24 Source: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan "EDMC/Energy Economics Statistics Summary" 16

19 2.Final Energy Consumption Transport Sector The final energy consumption in the transport in 213 stood at 154 PJ, which was 4% reduction from 257 PJ in 2, and 4.3% reduction from 161 PJ in 212. Final energy consumption in the transport has been decreasing since Final Energy Consumption by Means of Transportation in the Transport Sector In the composition in 213 by means of transportation, road transportation took up the largest share (88%). Other means included railways (1%), navigation (2%), and civil aviation (< 1%). Road transportation accounts for approximately 9% of the transport. In addition to the decreased traffic in Tokyo, road conditions have been improved, and performance of individual automobiles have been enhanced, thereby improving the actual mileage, and leading to the continuous decrease in final energy consumption. (PJ) 3 Three-year moving average Civil aviation (.3%) 15 Navigation (1.7%) Railways (9.7%) 1 Road tansportation (88.4%) () Figure 2-29 Trends in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport 1% 9% 8% Civil aviation.2% Civil aviation.2% Civil aviation.2% Civil aviation.3% Civil aviation.3% Railways 6.1% Railways 7.2% Railways 8.9% Navigation Navigation 1.3% 1.3% Navigation 1.4% Railways 9.3% Navigation 1.8% Railways 9.7% Navigation 1.7% 7% 6% 5% 4% Road transportation 92.4% Road transportation 91.3% Road transportation 89.4% Road transportation 88.6% Road transportation 88.4% 3% 2% 1% % (257PJ) (218PJ) (171PJ) (161PJ) (154PJ) Figure 2-3 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport 17

20 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Transport Sector In the fuel type composition in 213, gasoline contained in fuel oil took up the largest share (57%), followed by light oil (27%) and electricity (1%). includes the consumption by railroad. Since 25, the share of gasoline has been decreasing, while the share of light oil consumed by diesel cars has been increasing. (PJ) Other (1.6%) Jet fuel (.3%) Gasoline (57.%) 5 Light oil (26.5%) (4.9%) (9.7%) () Figure 2-31 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport 1% Other 1.2% Other 1.2% Other 1.3% Other 1.8% Other 1.6% 9% Jet fuel.2% Jet fuel.2% Jet fuel.2% Jet fuel.3% Jet fuel.3% 8% 7% 6% Gasoline 57.7% Gasoline 63.3% Gasoline 61.3% Gasoline 58.3% Gasoline 57.% 5% 4% 3% 2% Light oil 27.8% Light oil 21.2% Light oil 21.4% Light oil 24.6% Light oil 26.5% 1% % 7.% 7.% Elecrticity 6.1% 7.2% 6.9% 5.7% 4.9% 8.9% 9.3% 9.7% (257PJ) (218PJ) (171PJ) (161PJ) (154PJ) Figure 2-32 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport 18

21 2.Final Energy Consumption Factor Analysis in the Transport Sector - The number of registered vehicles and the traffic are indices that affect final energy consumption by road transportation, the main means of transportation in the transport. - For the numbers of registered vehicle in Tokyo, those of passenger cars and light cars have been increasing, while those of compact passenger cars and freight vehicles have been decreasing. The overall number remains mostly at the same level, with a slight decrease. - The traffic of passenger vehicles in Tokyo had been increasing until 2, and then took a downturn. In the meantime, freight vehicles have been slowing decreasing since 199. (1, cars) 4,5 Freight cars Compact freight cars Passenger cars Compact passenger cars Light cars 4, 3,5 Light cars 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 Passenger vehicles 1, 5 Freight vehicles () Figure 2-33 Trends in the number of registered vehicles in Tokyo Note: "Light cars" include light passenger cars and light freight cars. Sources: TMG "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook" Registered Vehicles Based on Materials of the Road Transport Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (hereinafter referred to as "MLIT"), March 214 (Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association) (M car kilometers) 45, 4, 35, 3, 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, Passenger vehicles Freight vehicles Figure 2-34 Trends in the traveling kilometers of vehicles in Tokyo () Note: Passenger vehicles: light passenger cars, compact passenger cars, passenger cars, and buses Freight vehicles: light freight cars, compact freight cars, freight/passenger cars, freight cars, and special freight cars 19

22 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3.1 Concepts for Calculation Basic Matters This chapter clarifies the status of GHG emissions in Tokyo. The scope of GHGs includes carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), dinitrogen oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). These seven types of gas are defined in the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures. The GHGs other than CO2 (CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3) are referred to as "Other GHGs". In this survey, the values are calculated based on the Ministry of the Environment, "Manual for Formulating Action Plans (Regional Measures) for Municipal Governments against Global Warming". This manual describes calculation methods for GHG emissions in each prefecture. Calculation methods used here reflect the actual status in Tokyo more accurately, incorporating information and findings that have been uniquely collected by TMG. For the calculation methods for GHG emissions in this survey, an overview is indicated in Reference Material 1 (pages 37 to 39). GHG Table 3-1 GHGs and main source(s) of emission Global warming Main source(s) of emission potential CO 2 Carbon dioxide 1 Combustion of fuel, incineration of waste, industrial process, etc. CH 4 Methane 25 N 2 O Dinitrogen oxide 298 Agriculture, waste, industrial process, combustion of fuel, leak from fuel, etc. Agriculture, waste, industrial process, combustion of fuel, leak from fuel, etc. HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons 124 to 14,8 Coolant, foaming agent, heat insulation material, aerosol and MDI, etc. PFCs Perfluorocarbons 7,39 to 12,2 Solvents, manufacturing of semiconductors and LCDs, etc. SF 6 Sulfur hexafluoride 22,8 Electrical equipment using insulating gas, manufacturing of semiconductors and LCDs, etc. NF 3 Nitrogen trifluoride 17,2 Leak from manufacturing of NF 3, manufacturing of semiconductors and LCDs, etc. Note: The "Global Warming Potential (GWP)" is a factor of the extent of greenhouse effect of a GHG, indicated in proportion to the extent of greenhouse effect of CO 2. The values indicated here are based on the Fourth Assessment Report (27) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Categorization of GHGs GHGs are categorized into CO2 and other GHGs. CO2 is further categorized into energy-derived CO2 emissions and non-energy-derived CO2 emissions. "Energy-derived CO2 emissions" refers to CO2 that are generated through final energy consumption of electricity, etc. In this survey, non-energy-derived CO2 emissions include CO2 derived from incineration of waste. Categorization Energy-derived CO2 emissions Non-energy-derived CO2 emissions Table 3-2 Categorization of carbon dioxides Targeted Final demand s * The amount of emission from the final energy consumption of respectively for the industrial, commercial, residential, and transport s Waste * The amount of emission from the incineration of waste is calculated. 2

23 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO 2 Emission Factor for The CO2 emission factor for electricity changes every year, based on the power supply mix on the supply side. In this survey, "variable cases" are calculated applying yearly emission factors for the purpose of incorporating the influence of variation in power supply mix. At the same time, "fixed cases" are also calculated, fixating emission factors in 21 and later to the emission factor in 2 for the purpose of excluding the influence of variation in power supply mix. For the calculation of variable cases, the yearly emission factor is used for General Utility, and the yearly average emission factor is used for Power Producer and Suppliers (PPS). For the calculation of fixed cases, the emission factor for General Utility and the average emission factor for PPS in 21 and later are fixated to the relevant factors in 2 (General Utility:.328 kg-co2/kwh, and PPS:.493 kg-co2/kwh). Table 3-3 CO2 emission factors for electricity used in this survey (Unit: kg-co 2 /kwh) General Utility PPS (average) All power supplies in Tokyo (average) General Utility PPS (average) All power supplies in Tokyo (average) Note: "Average" refers to the weighted average calculated in this survey is used, based on emission factors and sold electricity of electricity utilities that supply power in Tokyo. Table 3-4 Categorized calculation methods based on CO2 emission factors for electricity Classification Energy type Application of CO 2 emission factors Energy-derived CO2 emissions Variable cases Fixed cases Yearly emission factors are applied Emission factors in 21 and later are fixated to the emission factor in Scope of Calculation Most agricultural, forestry and fishery products, industrial products, etc., that are supplied in Tokyo are produced outside Tokyo, and therefore CO2 emissions from such activities occur outside Tokyo. Such CO2 emissions are excluded from this survey. CO2 emissions through power consumption are calculated using emission factors at sale, and include emissions during power generation outside Tokyo (these emissions are allocated to the final demand s in accordance with the amount of power consumption). Figure 3-1 Image of GHG emissions in Tokyo 21

24 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo 3.2 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Entire Tokyo The total GHG emissions in 213 stood at 7.1 million tons of CO2 equivalent. This is 13% increase from 62.1 million tons in 2, and almost no increase or decrease compared with that of the 212. Table 3-5 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Variable cases] (Unit: 1, t-co 2 eq) CO2 5,442 5,731 5,853 5,672 5,911 5,818 5,687 5,749 5,677 5,769 5,888 5,668 6,319 6,765 6,185 6,165 5,753 6,58 6,283 5,892 5,872 6,16 6,576 6,547 CH N2O HFCs PFCs SF NF Total 5,746 6,46 6,172 5,985 6,228 6,212 6,94 6,161 6,68 6,11 6,27 5,97 6,61 7,49 6,459 6,443 6,38 6,812 6,613 6,239 6,241 6,52 7,8 7,7 Note: CO 2 emissions are calculated in the variable cases, where yearly CO 2 emission factors for electricity are applied. (1, t-co 2 eq) 8, 7, 6,46 6,172 5,985 6, 5,746 6,228 6,212 6,94 6,161 6,68 6,11 6,27 5,97 6,61 7,49 6,459 6,443 6,38 6,812 6,613 6,239 6,241 6,52 7,8 7,7 HFCs and three other types N 2 O CH 4 5, CO 2 4, 3, 2, 1, () Figure 3-2 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Variable cases] Table 3-6 (Reference) Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Fixed cases] (Unit: 1, t-co2 eq) CO2 5,442 5,731 5,853 5,672 5,911 5,818 5,687 5,749 5,677 5,769 5,888 5,759 5,882 5,71 5,758 5,845 5,685 5,691 5,555 5,446 5,511 5,18 5,12 5,6 CH N2O HFCs PFCs SF NF Total 5,746 6,46 6,172 5,985 6,228 6,212 6,94 6,161 6,68 6,11 6,27 6,61 6,173 5,994 6,32 6,124 5,969 5,995 5,885 5,794 5,88 5,54 5,534 5,521 Note: CO 2 emissions are calculated in the fixed cases, where CO 2 emission factors for electricity for 21 and after are fixed to the emission factor in 2. 22

25 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions In the total GHG emissions, CO2 emissions account for 93.4% in 213, which was 1.4-point reduction from 2, and.7-point reduction from 21. In comparison with the national shares by GHG in 213, the share of 4 gases in Tokyo is larger than that in Japan (Japan 2.7%, Tokyo 5.%). 1% 1.3% 4.1% HFCs and three other types 5.% 1% 3.% 2.4% HFCs and three other types 2.7% 9% 8% 7% 1.6% 2.2%.9%.9% N 2 O.8% CH 4.8% 9% 8% 7% 2.2% 1.8% 3.% 2.9% N 2 O 1.6% CH 4 2.6% 6% 6% 5% 4% CO % CO % CO % 5% 4% CO % CO % CO % 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% % (Mt-CO 2 eq) 62.41(Mt-CO 2 eq) 7.7(Mt-CO 2 eq) % (Billion t-co 2 eq) 1.3(Billion t-co 2 eq) 1.41(Billion t-co 2 eq) Tokyo Japan Figure 3-3 Composition ratios by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan [Variable cases] Source: Preliminary figures for Japan's GHG Emissions Data ( ), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan (1,t-CO 2 eq) 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, HFCs and three other types (+24.%) 6,27 CO 2 N 2 O (-41.7%) CH 4 (-57.5%) (-.3%) HFCs and three other types (+38.2%) 6,241 N 2 O (-5.9%) CH 4 (-3.8%) 7,7 CO 2 (+11.5%) CO 2 (1Mt-CO 2 eq) HFCs and three other types (-25.6%) N 2 O (-22.5%) CH 4 (-7.7%) 13. HFCs and three other types (+23.7%) N 2 O (-3.3%) CH 4 (-5.8%) 14.1 CO CO 2 (-4.8%) CO2 (+8.2%) 2 2, 4. 1, Tokyo Japan Figure 3-4 Increase rates by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan [Variable cases] Note: The values in brackets respectively indicate increase in 21 from 2, and increase in 213 from 21. Source: Preliminary figures for Japan's GHG Emissions Data ( ), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan 23

26 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo 3.3 CO 2 Emissions (Variable Cases) Variable cases: yearly CO2 emission factors for electricity are applied, for the purpose of incorporating the influence of variation in power supply mix Entire Tokyo The total CO2 emissions in 213 stood at 65.5 million tons. This is 11% increase from 58.9 million tons in 2, and.4% reduction from 65.8 million tons in the previous fiscal year. The CO2 emissions from electricity in 213 increased by 26% from 21, due to the deteriorated emission factor after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Table 3-7 Total CO2 emissions by and increases up to 213 in Tokyo [Variable cases] CO2 emissions (1, t-co2) Increase rate (%) Vs. 2 vs. 21 vs. 212 Industrial % - 4.5% - 4.8% Commercial 1,891 2,319 2,243 2,322 2,66 2,626 39% 19% -.3% Residential 1,434 1,652 1,748 1,912 2,92 2,86 45% 17%.7% Transport 1,763 1,516 1,25 1,217 1,196 1,168-34% - 3.1% - 2.3% Energy-derived CO 2 emissions 5,767 6,65 5,716 5,949 6,416 6,375 11% 12% -.6% Non-energy-derived CO 2 emissions % 9.9% 6.8% Total CO 2 emissions 5,888 6,165 5,872 6,16 6,576 6,547 11% 11% -.4% Note 1: The residential does not include emissions by family cars, which is included in the transport. Note 2: In the transport, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines includes service in Tokyo. Table 3-8 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to 213 in Tokyo [Variable cases] CO2 emissions (1, t-co2) Increase rate (%) Vs. 2 vs. 21 vs ,696 3,265 3,39 3,717 4,228 4,258 58% 26%.7% 926 1, % - 6.3% - 2.% % - 12% - 1.% Fuel oil 1,93 1,592 1,241 1,18 1,157 1,17-43% - 11% - 4.3% Other % 41% - 3% Energy-derived CO 2 emissions 5,767 6,65 5,716 5,949 6,416 6,375 11% 12% -.6% Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc. (1,t-CO 2 ) 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, Other Fuel oil , ,211 Fuel oil , ,551 Fuel oil ,168 Fuel oil 93 Other Waste Industrial Commercial Residential Transport Other Figure 3-5 CO2 emissions by in Tokyo ( 213) [Variable cases] 24

27 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO 2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Sector, Total CO 2 Emissions) Combining energy-derived CO2 emissions (industrial, commercial, residential, and transport s) with non-energy-derived CO2 emissions (others), trends and composition ratios by in total CO2 emissions are as follows: (1,t-CO 2 ) 7, 6, 5, 4, 5,442 5,7315,853 5,911 5,818 5,749 5,769 5,888 5,672 5,687 5,677 5,668 6,319 6,765 6,185 6,165 5,753 6,58 6,283 5,892 5,872 6,16 6,576 6,547 Industrial (7.6%) Commercial (4.1%) 3, 2, 1, Residential (31.9%) Transport (17.8%) () Other(2.6%) Figure 3-6 Trends in total CO2 emissions by in Tokyo [Variable cases] 1% 9% Industrial 11.5% Industrial 9.4% Industrial 8.8% Industrial 7.9% Industrial 7.6% 8% 7% Commercial 32.1% Commercial 37.6% Commercial 38.2% Commercial 39.6% Commercial 4.1% 6% 5% 4% 3% Residential 24.4% Residential 26.8% Residential 29.8% Residential 31.8% Residential 31.9% 2% 1% % Transport 3.% Transport Transport Transport Transport 24.6% 2.5% 18.2% 17.8% Other 2.% Other 1.6% Other 2.7% Other 2.4% Other 2.6% (58.88Mt-CO 2 ) (61.65Mt-CO 2 ) (58.72Mt-CO 2 ) (65.76Mt-CO 2 ) (65.47Mt-CO 2 ) Figure 3-7 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by in Tokyo [Variable cases] Note 1: "Other" indicates CO 2 emissions from the incineration of waste. Note 2: Tokyo does not count the "energy conversion " because Tokyo allocates CO 2 emissions from the energy conversion to the final demand s in accordance with the amount of power consumption. Note 3: Tokyo does not count the "industrial process" due to the minimal CO 2 emissions from the industrial process and its difficulty of statistical grasp. 25

28 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo In comparison with the national CO2 emission structure by in 213, Tokyo has a smaller share of the industrial (8% vs. 33% nationwide), and larger shares of the commercial (4% vs. 21% nationwide) and the residential (32% vs. 15% nationwide). (Mt-CO 2 ) 1,4 1,2 1,227 1,241 1,254 1,251 1,217 1,252 1,273 1,256 1,293 1,298 1,297 1,34 1,282 1,318 1,234 1,212 1,261 1,296 1,311 1,154 1,163 1,173 1,166 1,161 Energy conversion (7.5%) 1, Industrial (32.9%) Commercial (21.3%) Residential (15.4%) Transport (17.1%) 2 Industrial process(3.5%) Waste(2.2%) Other(<.1%) () Figure 3-8 Trends in CO2 emissions in Japan Source: Preliminary figures for Japan's GHG Emissions Data ( ), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan 1% 9% 7.1% 7.9% 9.1% 8.1% Energy conversion 7.5% 8% 7% Industrial 36.7% Industrial 35.% Industrial 34.1% Industrial 33.4% Industrial 32.9% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Commercial 16.3% Residential 12.8% Commercial 18.3% Residential 13.8% Commercial 18.1% Residential 14.4% Commercial 19.6% Residential 15.7% Transport Transport Transport Transport Waste Waste Waste 2.% 2.4% 18.4% 2.3% 18.3% 2.2% 17.5% 4.5% 4.1% 3.7% 3.5% 2 Other 25 Other 21 Other 212 Other 213 Other <.1%.1%.1%.1% <.1% (1.27Billion t-co 2 ) (1.3Billion t-co 2 ) (1.21Billion t-co 2 ) (1.3Billion t-co 2 ) (1.31Billion t-co 2 ) Waste 2.2% Commercial 21.3% Residential 15.4% Transport 17.1% Industrial process 3.5% Waste 2.2% Figure 3-9 Composition ratios in CO2 emissions in Japan Source: Preliminary figures for Japan's GHG Emissions Data ( ), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan 26

29 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO 2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Fuel Type, Energy-derived CO 2 Emissions) Trends and composition ratios by fuel type in energy-derived CO2 emissions are as follows: (1,t-CO 2 ) 7, 6, 5, 6,217 5,777 5,767 5,623 5,716 5,683 5,54 5,551 5,621 5,563 5,642 5,567 5,339 6,643 6,91 6,65 5,654 6,399 6,155 5,75 5,716 5,949 6,416 6,375 Other(<.1%) Fuel oil(17.4%) (1.6%) (14.2%) 4, 3, 2, (66.8%) 1, () Figure 3-1 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases] 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% Other.3% Other <.1% Other <.1% Other <.1% Other <.1% Fuel oil 33.5% 16.1% 3.4% Fuel oil 26.2% 17.3% 2.6% Fuel oil 21.7% 16.9% 2.% Fuel oil 18.% 14.4% 1.6% Fuel oil 17.4% 14.2% 1.6% 4% 3% 2% 46.7% 53.8% 59.3% 65.9% 66.8% 1% % (57.67Mt-CO 2 ) (6.65Mt-CO 2 ) (57.16Mt-CO 2 ) (64.16Mt-CO 2 ) (63.75Mt-CO 2 ) Figure 3-11 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases] Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc. 27

30 Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo 3.4 CO 2 Emissions (Fixed Cases) Fixed cases: CO2 emission factors for electricity in 21 and later are fixated to the emission factor in 2, Entire Tokyo for the purpose of excluding the influence of variation in power supply mix The total CO2 emissions in 213 stood at 5.6 million tons. This is 14% reduction from 58.9 million tons in 2, and.8% reduction from 51. million tons in the previous fiscal year. The CO2 emissions from electricity in 213 decreased by 8.5% from 21, due to the exclusion of influence of the deteriorated emission factor after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Table 3-9 Total CO2 emissions by and increases up to 213 in Tokyo [Fixed cases] CO 2 emissions (1, t-co 2 ) Increase rate (%) Vs. 2 vs. 21 vs. 212 Industrial % - 19% - 5.6% Commercial 1,891 2,158 2,78 1,849 1,888 1,91 1.% - 8.1% - 1.3% Residential 1,434 1,536 1,597 1,51 1,513 1, % - 6.5% 1.1% Transport 1,763 1,499 1,185 1,162 1,114 1,84-39% - 8.5% - 2.7% Energy-derived CO 2 emissions 5,767 5,746 5,355 4,951 4,941 4,889-15% - 8.7% - 1.1% Non-energy-derived CO 2 emissions % 9.9% 6.8% Total CO 2 emissions 5,888 5,845 5,511 5,18 5,12 5,6-14% - 8.2% -.8% Note 1: The residential does not include emissions by family cars, which is included in the transport. Note 2: In the transport, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines includes service in Tokyo. Table 3-1 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to 213 in Tokyo [Fixed cases] CO 2 emissions (1, t-co 2 ) Increase rate (%) Vs. 2 vs. 21 vs ,696 2,946 3,3 2,719 2,754 2, % - 8.5%.6% 926 1, % - 6.3% - 2.% % - 12% - 1.% Fuel oil 1,93 1,592 1,241 1,18 1,157 1,17-43% - 11% - 4.3% Other % 41% - 3% Energy-derived 5,767 5,746 5,355 4,951 4,941 4,889-15% - 8.7% - 1.1% CO 2 emissions Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc. (1,t-CO 2 ) 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 Other Fuel oil , ,495 Fuel oil , Fuel oil ,84 Other 1 Fuel oil Waste Industrial Commercial Residential Transport Other Figure 3-12 CO2 emissions by in Tokyo ( 213) [Fixed cases] 28

31 3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO 2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Sector, Total CO 2 Emissions) Combining energy-derived CO2 emissions (industrial, commercial, residential, and transport s) with non-energy-derived CO2 emissions (others), trends and composition ratios by in total CO2 emissions are as follows: (1,t-CO 2 ) 7, * CO 2 emission factor for electricity is fixated to the value in 2 for calculation. 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5,442 5,731 5,853 5,672 5,911 5,818 5,749 5,677 5,769 5,888 5,759 5,882 5,71 5,758 5,845 5,685 5,691 5,687 5,555 5,511 5,446 5,18 5,12 5,6 Industrial (7.9%) Commercial (37.7%) Residential (29.5%) Transport (21.4%) () Other (3.4%) Figure 3-13 Trends in total CO2 emissions by in Tokyo [Fixed cases] 1% 9% Industrial 11.5% Industrial 9.5% Industrial 9.% Industrial 8.3% Industrial 7.9% 8% 7% Commercial 32.1% Commercial 36.9% Commercial 37.7% Commercial 37.% Commercial 37.7% 6% 5% 4% 3% Residential 24.4% Residential 26.3% Residential 29.% Residential 29.7% Residential 29.5% 2% 1% % Transport 3.% Other 2.% Transport 25.6% Other 1.7% Transport 21.5% Other 2.8% Transport 21.8% Other 3.1% Transport 21.4% (58.88Mt-CO 2 ) (58.45Mt-CO 2 ) (55.11Mt-CO 2 ) (51.2Mt-CO 2 ) (5.6Mt-CO 2 ) Other 3.4% Figure 3-14 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by in Tokyo [Fixed cases] Note 1: "Other" indicates CO 2 emissions from the incineration of waste. Note 2: Tokyo does not count the "energy conversion " because Tokyo allocates CO 2 emissions from the energy conversion to the final demand s in accordance with the amount of power consumption. Note 3: Tokyo does not count the "industrial process" due to the minimal CO 2 emissions from the industrial process and its difficulty of statistical grasp. 29