Lesson 4: Plate Tectonics
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1 Lesson 4: Plate Tectonics Introduction Watch one or more of the following videos about plate tectonics before you read the lesson material Tectonic Plates and Movement Plate tectonics is a scientifi c theory accepted by many geologists that explains how the Earth s surfaces behave. In simple terms it means that the structure of the Earth s outer shell is a set of plates. For a map of the plates, go to one or more of the following websites. For a list of the plates, go to the following website. When you look at a map of the plates, it is obvious that the plates don t exactly match the continents and oceans. The continents and ocean basins are part of the Earth s crust, while the plates are deeper in the Earth in the lithosphere. The plates are pieces in the lithosphere. Remember that the lithosphere is a solid rock layer. Right under it is a softer, hotter layer of rock called the asthenosphere. Because of its very hot temperatures, it can bend in a putty or taffy-like way. The lithosphere floats on the asthenosphere so the plates are constantly floating and changing position. This movement is very, very, very slow no more than a few centimeters a year. Even though the movement is very slow, plates do move in three different ways. In simple terms they move together, they move apart, or they move past each other. Because of these different movements, plates have three different kinds of boundaries or edges convergent, divergent and transform. 49
2 When plates move together, they converge. As you learned in Lesson 3, there are two kinds of crust oceanic and continental. The lithosphere and the plates are made of these same kinds. A plate can be all oceanic, all continental, or part oceanic and part continental. Therefore, when two plates converge, there are three possible types of convergence. They are oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, and continental-continental. During oceanic-oceanic and oceanic-continental convergence, when the leading edges or boundaries of the plates meet, one plate moves down. This downward movement is called subduction. Plates that are subducted move into and through the asthenosphere into the mantle. Some of this material gradually disappears. Some of it triggers the formation of magma. The magma erupts, and volcanoes form. Subduction does not happen during continental-continental convergence because the plates are too light to be carried into the mantle. Instead the crust buckles and crumples and is pushed upward or sideways. Slowly over time (millions of years) the plates have been pushed up to help form mountains like the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. When plates move apart, they diverge. The plates are pulled apart, not pushed apart. Divergence only happens with oceanic-oceanic and continental-continental plates. As the plates pull apart, they are subducted into the mantle where they partially melt and then expand and rise. It then attaches itself to the trailing edges of the divergent plates, causing the plate to grow. Most of these are in the ocean areas; many of these areas are underwater. When plates move or slide past each other, instead of moving together or apart, they transform. Crust is neither destroyed nor created during transformation. This is also called a transform fault. Most transform faults are found in ocean basins. A famous land transform fault is the San Andreas fault of California. To review plate tectonics, go to the following website
3 What You Will Do: Activity 9 Plate Tectonics with an Orange In this activity, you will use an orange to demonstrate plate tectonics. What You Will Need: oranges (one per student or one per pair of students) toothpicks clay or play dough (optional) What to Do: 1. For this activity pretend the orange is the Earth and the peel is the Earth s crust. 2. Peel the orange in as few pieces as possible without using a knife. 3. The orange peel is in pieces just like the Earth s crust. Lay the pieces on the work surface. What do the pieces look like now? Do they still look round or are they flatter? 51
4 4. Use the toothpicks and try to put the peel back on the orange. Make it fit as much as possible as it was before it was peeled. Does the orange look as round as it did before it was peeled? 5. The orange and its peel now look like the Earth and its cracked crust. 6. Experiment to see if the pieces will fit on the orange any other way. 52
5 What You Will Do: Activity 10 Continental Drift In this activity, you will take notes about continental drift and make predictions about the future. What You Will Need: computer with internet access paper and pencil or pen What to Do: 1. Watch at least two of the videos listed below or use a search engine to fi nd other websites about continental drift. As you watch or read, take notes on the lines below or on a separate piece of paper Things I learned about continental drift. 53
6 3. What do you think the world will look like in several million years? 54
7 Activity 11 Chocolate Movement What You Will Do: In this activity, you will use chocolate to demonstrate plate movement. What You Will Need: candy bar with several layers knife (plastic or metal) paper and pencil or pen What to Do: 1. Use the knife to make two or three cracks across the middle of the candy bar. The cracked layer is taking the role of the plates of the lithosphere. 2. Stretch the candy bar, pulling it apart just a little. The exposed caramel is similar to the new material that rises to form a new crust during divergence. 3. Push the candy bar back together. Push hard enough to form mountains. This is similar to what happens during convergence. 4. Continue to push the candy bar so that one part goes under the other part. This is similar to what happens during transform. 5. As you push and pull the candy, what happened to the top and bottom of the candy bar? How is this similar to what happens to the Earth? Write your thoughts below or on a separate piece of paper. 55
8 56
9 Review/Quiz Plate Tectonics Instructions: Answer the questions by filling in the circle beside the best possible answer. 1. The continents and ocean basin are part of the a. ionsphere b. asthenosphere c. crust d. lithosphere 2. True or false? The plates match the continents. a. true b. false 3. The plates are part of the a. ionsphere b. asthenosphere c. crust d. lithosphere 4. True or false? The structure of the Earth is a series of plates. a. true b. false 5. The lithosphere is a a. solid rock layer b. free of plates c. soft, hot layer d. none of the above 6. The asthenosphere is a. a solid rock layer b. free of plates c. a soft, hot layer d. none of the above 57
10 7. True or false? The lithosphere floats on the asthenosphere. a. true b. false 8. Plates move no more than a. a few meters a year b. a few centimeters a year c. a few feet a year d. a few kilometers a year 9. Plates move a. together b. apart c. past d. all of the above 10. When plates move together, they a. diverge b. transform c. converge d. conform 11. When plates move apart, they a. diverge b. transform c. converge d. conform 12. When plates move or slide past each other, they a. diverge b. transform c. converge d. conform 58
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