ASTR1070 Lecture 6 The Night Sky II: Moon Phases and Eclipses. Lecturer: Patrick Wilcox 6/21/2016. Calendar generated at stardate.
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1 ASTR1070 Lecture 6 The Night Sky II: Moon Phases and Eclipses Lecturer: Patrick Wilcox 6/21/2016 Calendar generated at stardate.org
2 Last time... Revolution vs. Rotation Right hand rule of rotation and revolution Synodic vs. Sidereal Seasons are caused by the Sun's light approaching different parts of the surface of the earth at varying angles Start day of seasons are special locations in Earth's orbit around the Sun
3 Image credit: NASA/JPL Review: Seasonal Landmarks Summer Solstice
4 This Time... Specific Terminology (again) Eclipses Tides Moon Phases
5 Specific Terminology Terminator the boundary between illuminated and dark regions A view of Earth from the Apollo 11 spacecraft Image Credit: NASA
6 Specific Terminology (cont.) Orbital Inclination the relative angle at which one body orbits compared to others Image credit: universetoday.com
7 Nightly Moon Motion Q: Regular motion in the night sky appears to be [ ] and the Moon appears to move [ ] than the background stars. 1. East to West; Slower 2. West to East; Slower 3. East to West; Faster 4. West to East; Faster
8 Nightly Moon Motion (cont.) Q: Regular motion in the night sky appears to be [ ] and the Moon appears to move [ ] than the background stars. 1. East to West; Slower 2. West to East; Slower 3. East to West; Faster 4. West to East; Faster
9 Nightly Moon Motion (cont.) Q: If I see a Full Moon here in Iowa City, what is the moon phase that same night in London (about ¼ of the way across the globe to the East)? 1. First Quarter 2. Last Quarter 3. Full Moon 4. New Moon
10 Nightly Moon Motion (cont.) Q: If I see a Full Moon here in Iowa City, what is the moon phase that same night in London (about ¼ across the globe to the East)? 1. First Quarter 2. Last Quarter 3. Full Moon 4. New Moon
11 Eclipses Lunar eclipse Earth's shadow is cast over the Moon Occurs during a Full Moon Visible to most of Earth Solar eclipse the Moon's shadow is cast over part of Earth Occurs during a New Moon Only visible by a portion of Earth
12 Eclipses (cont.) Q: Why don't eclipses happen every moon cycle? Sun A: Orbit of the moon is Inclined compared to plane of the solar system 5 Moon Earth Not to scale.
13 Eclipses (cont.) The moon's inclination is pretty well fixed Points where the Moon crosses the ecliptic (every 2 weeks) are called nodes When the nodes line up with a New or Full moon, an eclipse is possible The direction of the inclination changes over time (18.5yr cycle)
14 Lunar Eclipse Earth's shadow on the Moon Image credit: astronomy.starrynight.com
15 Lunar Eclipse (cont.) Two types of shadows cast Umbra area with total shadow Penumbra area with partial shadow A total eclipse will present penumbral shadows before the umbral shadow Some eclipses are partial the moon only goes through the penumbra and never is totally shadowed
16 Lunar Eclipse (cont.)
17 Lunar Eclipse (cont.) Visible to entire side of Earth at once so they tend to seem more frequent An eclipsed Moon often appears red due to some light getting bent through Earth's atmosphere Next Lunar Eclipses visible to us: Penumbral (partial) Lunar eclipse Feb 10, 2017 Total Lunar eclipse Jan 20, 2019 During this same timeframe: there are 2 partial and 2 total eclipses visible to Europe and Asia
18 Lunar Eclipse (cont.) Suppose this: what would a lunar eclipse look like from the surface of the moon?
19 Image credit: astronomy.starrynight.com Solar Eclipse
20 Solar Eclipse (cont.) Only a small part of the world will ever see a total Solar Eclipse at any time Three types: Total Solar Eclipse Annular Solar Eclipse ( ring of fire ) Partial Solar Eclipse Next Total Solar Eclipse Near Us: Aug. 21, 2017!!!
21 Solar Eclipse (cont.) Image credit and more info:
22 Tides Sun and Moon both have gravitational pull on Earth Earth's oceans mold to this gravitational pull Sun-Moon-Earth aligned = spring tides Large high-low tide difference Happens just after both New and Full Moon alignments Sun-Earth-Moon anti-aligned = neap tides Smaller tidal difference Happens just after First/Last Quarter alignments
23 Moon Phases Illumination of the Moon varies by the relative location of the Moon and Sun There are two primary phases and six intermediate phases Image: NASA
24 Moon Phases (cont.) The same phase is visible at all points on Earth (that can see the Moon at that time) The phase cycle is about 29 days (Moon-th) Image: NASA
25 Moon Phases (cont.) Idealized local time: We ignore tilt of Earth and the Sun is visible from 6am-6pm every day We presume that you have perfect local time according to the Sun 9am 3am noon midnight 3pm Day side Night side 9pm
26 Moon Phases (cont.) Idealized local time is based on the position of the Sun Local time issues Daylight savings time Time zones Days aren't really exactly 12 hours long all the time
27 Moon Phases (cont.) First, some new vocabulary: Culmination the highest elevation that a particular object reaches each night Meridian the imaginary line that runs North-South and directly overhead Objects always are on the meridian when they culminate. star trails video: v=udkpl75xg8c
28 Moon Phases (cont.) Demonstration of Moon Phases Note that the phase doesn't change based on location of the observer Knowing the phase and location of the moon in the sky one can tell the time Full moon culminates at Midnight New moon culminates at Noon What about First Quarter?
29 Moon Phases (cont.) Idealized local times for the rise and set of the moon. Phase Rise Set Culmination New 6am 6pm noon Waxing Crescent 9am 9pm 3pm First Quarter noon midnight 6pm Waxing Gibbous 3pm 3am 9pm Full 6pm 6am midnight Waning Gibbous 9pm 9am 3am Third Quarter midnight noon 6am Waning Crescent 3am 3pm 9am
30 Moon Phases (cont.) Try it: what time is it? Full moon on Eastern Horizon Hint: is the moon rising or setting? New moon on the Meridian First Quarter on the Western Horizon This image taken from the Eastern Horizon: Image source:
31 Summary Eclipses happen when Earth, Moon and Sun are aligned perfectly Tides are the gravitational influence of the Moon and Sun relative to Earth Moon phases are a predictable, regular, cycle of the Moon casting a shadow on itself
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