Chapter 9. Writing a Balanced Nuclear Equation
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1 Chapter 9 The Nucleus, Radioactivity and Nuclear Medicine 3 December 213 Writing a Balanced Nuclear Equation Nuclear equation used to represent nuclear change In a nuclear equation, you do not balance the elements, instead... the total mass on each side of the reaction arrow must be identical the sum of the atomic numbers on each side of the reaction arrow must be identical 1
2 U 9Th 238 Alpha decay 4 2 He 238 = mass number 92 = atomic number Beta decay Upon decomposition, nitrogen-16 produces oxygen-16 and a beta particle In beta decay, one neutron in nitrogen-16 is converted to a proton and the electron, the beta particle is released 16 7 N 8O 16-1 e 2
3 Positron emission A positron has same mass as an electron, or beta particle, BUT opposite charge (+) Unlike beta decay, the product nuclide has the same mass number as the parent BUT the atomic number has decreased by one 11 6 C 11 5 B 1 e 11 6 C 11 5 B 1 Gamma production Gamma radiation occurs to increase the stability of an isotope The energetically unstable isotope is called a metastable isotope The atomic mass and number do not change Usually gamma rays are emitted along with alpha or beta particles 99m 99 43Tc 43Tc 3
4 Predicting Products of Nuclear Decay To predict the product, simply remember that the mass number and atomic number are conserved U X -1e What is the identity of X? Np Properties of Radioisotopes Nuclear Structure and Stability Binding Energy the energy that holds the protons, neutrons, and other particles together in the nucleus Binding energy is very large When isotopes decay (forming more stable isotopes,) binding energy is released 4
5 Stable Radioisotopes Important factors for stable isotopes Ratio of neutrons to protons Nuclei with large number of protons (84 or more) tend to be unstable The magic numbers of 2, 8, 2, 5, 82, or 126 help determine stability these numbers of protons or neutrons are stable Even numbers of protons or neutrons are generally more stable than those with odd numbers All isotopes (except 1 H) with more protons than neutrons are unstable Predicting the Extent of Radioactive Decay A patient receives 1. ng of a radioisotope with a half-life of 12 hours. How much will remain in the body after 2. days, assuming radioactive decay is the only path for removal of the isotope from the body. Calculate n, the number of half-lives elapsed using the half-life as the conversion factor n = 2. days x (1 half-life /.5 days) = 4 half lives Calculate the amount remaining 1. ng 5. ng 2.5 ng 1.25 ng.625 ng 1 st half-life 2 nd half-life 3 rd half-life 4 th half-life.625 ng remain after 4 half-lives 5
6 Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon dating the estimation of the age of objects through measurement of isotopic ratios of carbon Ratio of carbon-14 and carbon-12 Basis for dating: Carbon-14 (a radioactive isotope) is constantly being produced by neutrons from the sun Living systems are continually taking in bioavailable carbon The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 stays constant during its lifetime in bio-available sources (cosmic rays) Radiocarbon Dating 1 n + 14 N 14 C + 1 p Once the living system dies, it quits taking in carbon. The amount of carbon-14 decreases according to the reaction: C 7N The half-life of carbon-14 is 573 years This information is used to calculate the age -1 e 6
7 Nuclear Power Energy Production E = mc 2 Equation by Albert Einstein shows the connection between energy (E) and mass (m) c is the speed of light The equation shows that a very large amount of kinetic energy can be formed from a small amount of matter Release this kinetic energy to convert liquid water into steam The steam drives an electrical generator producing electricity Nuclear Fission Fission (splitting) occurs when a heavy nuclear particle is split into smaller nuclei by a smaller nuclear particle n 92U 92U 36Kr 56Ba 3 n energy Accompanied by a large amount of energy Is self-perpetuating Can be used to generate steam 7
8 Fission of Uranium-235 Chain reaction the reaction sustains itself by producing more neutrons Representation of the Energy Zones of a Nuclear Reactor A nuclear power plant uses a fissionable material as fuel Energy released by the fission heats water produces steam drives a generator or turbine converts heat to electrical energy 8
9 Nuclear Fusion Fusion (to join together) combination of two small nuclei to form a larger nucleus Large amounts of energy is released Best example is the sun An example: H 1H 2He n energy No commercially successful plant exists yet. Breeder Reactors Breeder reactor fission reactor that manufactures its own fuel Uranium-238 (non-fissionable) is converted to plutonium-239 (fissionable) Plutonium-239 undergoes fission to produce energy 9
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